• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.35-42
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• 1999

A occupant load density of contemporary office buildings were surveyed by a building w walk through procedure in Korea. The survey results of ten office buildings are range from 1 2 2 2 213.14 m !person 041.4 ft !person) to 22.69 m /person (244.34 ft !person) with 95% confidence l level and the mean occupant load density is 17.92 m2/person 092.87 ft2/야rson). The impacts of occupant load on evacuation flow time was analyzed by applying time-based egress m model, SIMULEX with various occupant load densities from previous studies. I In order to demonstrate the validation of egress modeling method, fire evacuation exercise a and computer simulation were used to simulate the actual evacuation plan for a high-rise office building. An analysis and comparison of the results of these approaches was made to i illustrate the influence of model limitations on the result of prediction The result of the study shows that the introduction of occupant load concept in building c code of Korea is essential to achieving resonable building life safety design in future.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.409-415
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• 2018

Recently, many countries around the world began to show interest in safety against terrorism, fire, and natural disasters. This study aimed to propose a quantitative measurement system for emergency evacuation and safety for various kinds of terrorism and fire within high-rise multi-purpose facilities, which can measure the pedestrians' ordinary walking patterns in the concourse with the highest pedestrian volume out of all the spaces within multi-story buildings, predict pedestrians' evacuation walking lines when a sudden disaster breaks out, and analyze the gait coefficient, occupant density, and evacuation behavior time.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.134-140
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• 2018

This study examined the adequacy of a school classroom's occupant load density standard to cope with the issues associated with the decreasing number of students and regional variations. Therefore, this study analyzed the occupant load density standards of kindergarten, elementary school, middle school, high school, and universities using the data open to the public by the Ministry of Education. The results revealed a high variance in the occupant load density according to the school type. The median values were 1.49, 3.45, 2.64, 2.45, and $3.41m^2/person$ for kindergarten, elementary school, middle school, high school, and universities, respectively. Although the occupant load density was higher than the current standard ($1.9m^2/person$), except for kindergarten, the present standard did not need to be improved immediately, considering the purpose of calculating the maximum occupancy. On the other hand, if improvements are made in line with other enhancements of a national education policy, it will be possible to mitigate the measure to $2.5m^2/person$ based on the survey results.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.93-99
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• 2001

This study aims to improve the Evacuation Performance o( the I)inc()unto-store in underground that is rapidly new shopping store in Korea. In this paper, The architectural properties of the floor plan and section was reviewed with egress focus, occupant load density of the Discount-store was surveyed and the procedure and method of performance based egress design for this occupancy was analysed with SIMULEX model and calculation method. As a result of modeling, more longer available safe egress time (ASET) is expected than required safe egress time (RSET)in underground discount-store. In order to improve the Evacuation Performance for this type occupancy, egress capacity including escape stair, aisle width, escape door is calculated with based on occupant load density and review of shopping cart's structure and size and maximum escape capacity of the cash counter.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 1998.11a
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• pp.77-81
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• 1998

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.29-32
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• 2008

Recently with the increasing economics, many hish-rise and complicated building with new architecture features are constructed in Korea. These tall and big building have many difficulties of fire safety concerns, especially evacuation plan. so, If a fire breaks out in big shopping center in the super tall building, how should the occupants evacuate? In the side of this evacuate problem of big shopping center, It is the aim of this study to compare and analyze the difference between America and Korea. Considering the Physical Characteristics and Occupant Density.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.452-463
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate airborne concentrations of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) during nail art practice by college students. Methods: Personal samples for students were measured using passive samplers(OVM 3500) during three kinds of practice, including polish nail, gel nail and acrylic French sculpture at two universities located in Gyeongsangbuk-do Province. We also monitored area concentrations using active samplers and real-time total VOC monitors(ppbRAE 3000). All samples were analyzed with a gas chromatography flame ionized detector. Statistical analysis for monitored data were conducted using a web-based Bayesian toolkit, EXPOSTATS(www.expostats.ca). Results: Twenty-four personal samples and ten area samples were collected and five chemicals(acetone, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, ethyl methacrylate(EMA) and methyl methacrylate(MMA)) were detected. Acetone was detected in all personal samples and ranged from 2.58 ppm to 50.3 ppm. EMA was detected in all personal and area samples with a maximum concentration of 9.78 ppm during acrylic French sculpture. Personal exposure levels to acetone, butyl acetate and mixtures were significantly higher with high occupant density (p<0.05). Geometric mean (GM) concentrations of 3.61 ppm for EMA personal samples were significantly higher than that of area samples, 1.5 ppm (p<0.05). Since there was no local ventilation, total VOC concentration continued to increase as the practice progressed. Conclusions: In order to minimize VOCs exposure for trainees, it is necessary to introduce a local ventilation system and maintain adequate occupant density.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.53-59
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to verify the suitability of the current standards by predicting the density of the occupant load density for discount stores. An internal data survey as well as an actual survey using a People Counting System (PCS) were employed to ascertain the number of occupants and 95% confidence interval of nationwide discount stores. According to the results of the actual survey, the time and days on which the maximum number of occupants were reached was from 16:00 to 18:00 and Christmas Eve and the weekend before New Year's Day, respectively. From the results of the maximum number of occupants, a regression equation was derived from the relationship between the internal data and the amount of sales, and this equation was verified in a previous study. Thus, the internal data of 50 discount stores were analyzed using this process. As a result, the 95% confidence interval was determined to be $2.7{\sim}2.9m^2/pers.$ and the error level was not large compared to the domestic and foreign standards. Therefore, this study proposes that a conservative estimate of the standard occupant load density for discount stores is $2.7m^2/pers.$

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2013.04a
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• pp.80-81
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• 2013

최근 제정 시행되고 있는 지하연계 복합건축물에 대한 다양한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 그러나 화재위험성이 높은 지하 공간의 경우, 아직까지 관련 규정의 근거가 미약하여 현실적인 피난안전 설계에 어려움을 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 피난 계획을 위한 로우 데이터를 확보하고자 현재 사용 중인 선큰을 대상으로 실제 유동인구를 측정하여 재실자 밀도를 분석하였다. 선큰으로 연결되는 출입구들의 유동인구와 함께 유동계수를 측정하였으며 선큰내의 재실자 밀도 산정을 통하여 선큰의 대피기능을 위한 연구 진행의 토대를 마련하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2013.11a
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• pp.83-84
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• 2013

본 연구는 국내 현실적인 기준 반영을 위하여 인구 유동에 있어 출퇴근 이용자가 집중되고 상업활동이 복합된 지하상가의 유동인구를 측정하여 재실자 밀도를 분석하였다. 실측 결과, 지하역사의 연결부분은 퇴근 시간을 기점으로 하여 인원이 편중되었으며 상업시설은 11시, 14시, 17시 등 다양한 시간에 이용자가 편중되는 특성을 나타냈다. 아울러 재실자 밀도는 1.52인/$m^2$로 현재 국내 기준과는 달리 다소 높은 분포를 보여주고 있다.