• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.27-37
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• 2009

지진파의 푸리에 가속도스펙트럼(Fourier Acceleration Spectrum)에 기반한 계측진도 평가방법(Sokolov and Wald, 2002)의 국내 적용성을 평가하기 위해 관련 논문(연관희 등, 2009)에서 평가된 국내 지진의 진도 MMI ${leq}$ IV 범위에 대한 진도별 FAS 평균(m)과 표준편차(${\sigma}$) 모델을 이용하여, FAS 진도평가방법의 타당성을 평가하여 보았다. FAS 통계특성 모델 평가시 사용된 지진관측자 료의 FAS를 이용하고 본 연구에서 프로그램으로 구현된 FAS 진도평가기법을 적용할 경우 관측된 진도를 ${\sigma}$ = 0.74 MMI의 오차로 추정할 수 있었으며, 오차의 지진규모-거리 의존성을 추가로 보정할 경우 오차를 ${\sigma}$ = 0.61 MMI 까지도 저감할 수 있었다. 또한 본 방법을 MMI ${\leq}$ IV에 대한 국내 FAS 통계특성 모델과 MMI ${\geq}$ V에 대한 전 세계 FAS 통계특성 모델을 함께 이용하여, 진도 VI 이상인 국내 피해지진의 진도를 미소지진관측자료의 지진원특성을 이론적으로 증가시켜 도출된 스펙트럼을 이용하여 추정한 결과 최대 진도추정 오차 0.63 이내로 예측할 수 있었다.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.102-109
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• 2017

수원 등 4개의 시험포장에서 2008년부터 2013년까지 6년 동안 조사한 옥수수 품종의 생물계절(출사기 등) 자료와 시험포장 인근의 기상관측소에서 측정한 시간별 온도자료를 활용하여 온도기반의 Beta 함수 모형을 개발하였다. Beta 함수 모형을 이용하여 2종의 옥수수 품종에 대한 2014년과 2015년의 출사기 예측을 4개 조사지점에 대해서 각각 수행하였고, 그 결과를 활용하여 모형의 성능을 평가하였다. 모형에 의해 추정한 옥수수의 출사기는 시험포장에서 관측한 출사기보다 이르게 모의하였지만, 이들의 상관계수(r=0.859)는 높은 것으로 확인되었다. 모형의 성능은 지역과 연도에 따라서 다르게 평가되었는데, 이는 모형에 활용된 평균 모수의 표준편차가 커서 나타난 현상으로 추정되었고, 모수의 표준편차가 큰 현상은 시험포장의 기상관측자료의 부재로 다소 떨어진 인근의 기상관측자료를 활용한 것이 한 원인으로 판단되었다.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.3-11
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• 2018

This study aims to investigate whether there is intensionally changing eye - gaze on the cafe space images with floor finishing materials. In the Yarbus' experiment, he argued that changing information that an observer is asked to obtain from an image changes pattern of eye movements. Based on the scan path evidence, this research have questions as (1) the difference of visual attention on finishing floor material stimulus, (2) visual attention of initial activity time and type of movement paths on AOIs, and (3) visual relation floor area with another AOIs. Eye movements were recorded with the SMI REDn Scientific, which sampled eye position at 30Hz and lasted 2 minutes(120s). Although viewing was binocular, only the right eye was tracked. Of the 66 observers(mean age 22 years, standard deviation: ${\pm}1.82$) who participated in the experiment done by the four point calibration and validation procedures at the beginning tasks. Analyzing qualitative data from the number of fixation and duration on AOIs divided into four parts (AOI I-Floor, AOI II-Wall, AOI III-Ceiling, and AOI IV-Counter) in the stimulus. The results from this experiment analyzed as follows. First, it was significant in the difference of the average number of AOIs fixation times observed for the spatial image using the wood tile flooring material and the polishing tile. The wood tile flooring of stimulus had higher fixation number on AOI-II, AOI-III, and AOI-IV than the polishing tile. On seeing AOI-I was higher attention in the polishing tile stimulus. Second, the observers examined AOI-II intensively in both stimuli. However, the visual intensity was also followed by on the AOI-IV and AOI-I in the wood tile flooring stimulus, and on AOI-I, AO-IV in the polishing tile. Third, visual attention data on each AOIs have divided into the time range of "5 sec" for both images. In the wood tile stimulus, the horizontal movement path followed by AOI-II, AOI-IV, and AOI-II. In the polished tile stimulus, the movement path followed by moving vertically to AOI-II, AOI-I, and AOI-II. This study approached meaningfully and found out the characteristics of visual attention, according to the different intentions of visual attention, the relationship pathways of visual mechanism appeared and also activated by eye-tracking experiments.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.45-53
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• 2017

Background: There have been many studies on the growth conditions of Zostera marina and Zostera japonica, but few studies have examined how spatial and temporal factors affect growth in established seagrass beds or the distribution range and shoot density. This study aims to clarify the factors that determine the temporal and spatial distribution of Zostera marina and Zostera japonica in the Seto Inland Sea east of Yamaguchi Prefecture. Methods: The study site is in Hiroshima Bay of the Seto Inland Sea, along the east coast of Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. We monitored by diving observation to confirm shoot density, presence or absence of both species and observed water temperature, salinity by sensor in study sites. Results: The frequency of occurrence of Zostera marina was high in all seasons, even in water depths of D.L. + 1 to -5 m ($80{\pm}34%$ to $89{\pm}19%$; mean ${\pm}$ standard deviation), but lower (as low as $43{\pm}34%$) near the breakwall, where datum level was 1 to 2 m, and it was further reduced in datum level -5 m and deeper. The frequency of occurrence of Zostera japonica was highest in water with a datum level of +1 to 0 m. However, in datum level of 0 m or deeper, it became lower as the water depth became deeper. Datum level +1 m to 0 m was an optimal water depth for both species. The frequency of occurrence and the shoot density of both species showed no negative correlation. In 2011, the daily mean water temperature was $10^{\circ}C$ or less on more days than in other years and the feeding damage by S. fuscescens in the study sites caused damage at the tips. Conclusions: We considered that the relationship between these species at the optimal water depth was not competitive, but due to differences in spatial distribution, Zostera marina and Zostera japonica do not influence each other due to temperature conditions and feeding damage and other environmental conditions. Zostera japonica required light intensity than Zostera marina, and the water depth played an important role in the distribution of both species.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.61-74
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• 2017

One of the most reliable and simplest tools for structural vibration control in civil engineering is Tuned Mass Damper, TMD. Provided that the frequency and damping parameters of these dampers are tuned appropriately, they can reduce the vibrations of the structure through their generated inertia forces, as they vibrate continuously. To achieve the optimal parameters of TMD, many different methods have been provided so far. In old approaches, some formulas have been offered based on simplifying models and their applied loadings while novel procedures need to model structures completely in order to obtain TMD parameters. In this paper, with regard to the nonlinear decision-making of fuzzy systems and their enough ability to cope with different unreliability, a method is proposed. Furthermore, by taking advantage of both old and new methods a fuzzy system is designed to be operational and reduce uncertainties related to models and applied loads. To design fuzzy system, it is required to gain data on structures and optimum parameters of TMDs corresponding to these structures. This information is obtained through modeling MDOF systems with various numbers of stories subjected to far and near field earthquakes. The design of the fuzzy systems is performed by three methods: look-up table, the data space grid-partitioning, and clustering. After that, rule weights of Mamdani fuzzy system using the look-up table are optimized through genetic algorithm and rule weights of Sugeno fuzzy system designed based on grid-partitioning methods and clustering data are optimized through ANFIS (Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System). By comparing these methods, it is observed that the fuzzy system technique based on data clustering has an efficient function to predict the optimal parameters of TMDs. In this method, average of errors in estimating frequency and damping ratio is close to zero. Also, standard deviation of frequency errors and damping ratio errors decrease by 78% and 4.1% respectively in comparison with the look-up table method. While, this reductions compared to the grid partitioning method are 2.2% and 1.8% respectively. In this research, TMD parameters are estimated for a 15-degree of freedom structure based on designed fuzzy system and are compared to parameters obtained from the genetic algorithm and empirical relations. The progress up to 1.9% and 2% under far-field earthquakes and 0.4% and 2.2% under near-field earthquakes is obtained in decreasing respectively roof maximum displacement and its RMS ratio through fuzzy system method compared to those obtained by empirical relations.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.833-852
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• 1996

Regular long term dance movement could be one of ways to induce improvement of psychophysiological variables, resulting in improvement of quality of life. However, there have been few studies to evaluate the effect of dance movement training on both physiological and psychological variables in the elderly. This study was focused to determine the effect of Korean traditional dance movement training on psychophysiological variables-body weight, body fat, lean body mass, muscle strength, muscle endurance, flexibility, agility, resting heart rate and blood pressure, depression and life satisfaction-in Korean elderly women. Thirty four subjects, aged between 65 and 75years who have normal cognition, sensory function, cerebellum function, cardiovascular function, participated in this study. Seventeen experimental group subjects were selected from E-elderly university in Kyung Gi province, and Seventeen control group subjects were selected from N-welfare facility in Seoul City. Seventeen experimental group subjects participated for 12weeks dance movement program. Korean traditional dance movement program was developed on the basis of Korean traditional dance and music by the author. The program consisted of approximately 50minutes of dance, 3times a week for 12weeks. During 50minutes workout, there were 15minutes of warm-up dancing, 25minutes of conditioning dance and 10minutes of cool-down dancing. The intensity for the conditioning phase was at between 60% and 65% of age-adjusted maximum heart rates. The body weight, body fat, lean body mass, muscle strength(grip strength, leg strength), muscle endurance, flexibility, agility, resting heart rate and blood pressure, depression and life satis-faction were measured prior to and following the experimental treatment. The participants in dance movement were interviewed focusing on subjective feeling following 12 week's regular dance movement. Data were analyzed with mean, standard deviation, percentage of change, X²-test, t-test, and ANCOVA test using SPSS PC/sup +/ program. Subjective feeling was categorized into cognitopsy-chological and physiological responses. Results were obtained as follows : 1) The body weight (F=15.52, p=.000), body fat (F=18.33, p=.000) and lean body mass (F=7.28, p=.011) of the experimental group were significantly lower than those of the control group following the dance movement training. 2) The leg strength (F=30.96, p=.000), muscle endurance (F=9.06, p=.005), agility(F=44.92, 000), flexibility(F=6.84, p=.014) of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group following the dance movement training. There was no significant difference of grip strength(F=.43, p=.515) between experimental and control groups. 3) The heart rate(F=26.96, p=.000), systolic (F=10.40, p=.000) and diastolic(F=3.99, p=.005) blood pressure at rest of the experimental group were significantly lower than those of the control group following the dance movement training. 4) No significant difference of score of depression (F=3.49, p=.071) was observed between experimental and control groups. 5) Score of life satisfaction of experimental group was remarkably higher than that of control group following 12weeks of dance movement training (p<0.05). 6) Thematic responses about the dance movement following the training were positive. "I feel good" was the most frequent among cognitopsychological responses and "I feel lightness of body" was the most frequent among physiological responses. The results suggest that Korean traditional dance movement training can improve psychophysiological variables of Korean elderly.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.345-351
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• 2010

Objective : In this study, the Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program was applied to patients presenting with depression and anxiety after surgery from spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and the effects were assessed. Methods : The subjects were patients admitted for cerebral aneurysm rupture and treated by means of surgery from March to December, 2007. More than 6 months had passed after surgery, without any special lesions showing up on computed tomography (CT), and the Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) was 5 points. Among patients with anxiety and depression symptoms, 11 patients completed the program. The MBSR program was conducted once a week, 2.5 hours each, for 8 weeks. The evaluation criteria were : 1) the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI): it measures the type and level of depression, 2) the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory : the anxiety state of normal adults without mental disorder, and 3) Heart Rate Variability (HRV) : the influence of the autonomous nervous system on the sinoarterial node varies continuously in response to the change of the internal/external environment. Results : The BDI value was decreased from 18.5 ${\pm}$ 10.9 to 9.5 ${\pm}$ 7.1 (p = 0.013) : it was statistically significant, and the depression level of patients was lowered. The state anxiety was decreased from 51.3 ${\pm}$ 13.9 to 42.3 ${\pm}$ 15.2; the trait anxiety was reduced from 50.9 ${\pm}$ 12.3 to 41.3 ${\pm}$ 12.8, and a borderline significant difference was shown (p = 0.091, p = 0.056). In other words, after the treatment, although it was not statistically significant, a decreased tendency in anxiety was shown. In the HRV measurement, standard deviation normal to normal (SDNN), square root of the square root of the mean sum of squared differences between adjacent normal to normal intervals (RMSSD), and total power (TP) showed significant increase, Physical Stress Index (PSI) showed a significant reduction, and thus an improvement in the homeostatic control mechanism of the autonomic nervous system was ween. Conclusion : The MBSR program was applied to the patients showing anxiety and depression reaction after SAH treatment, and a reduction in depression symptoms and physiological reactions were observed. The application of the MBSR program may be considered as a new tool in improving the quality of life for patients after surgery.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.65-75
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• 1978

This study was carried out to investigate air pollution by total suspended particulate(T.S.P.), benzene soluble matter and benzo(a) pyrene in Seoul city. The sampling areas were divided into commercial(Kwang Hwa Moon), indus-trial(Ku Ro Dong) and residensial area(Shin Chon). Sampling was undertaken by High Voulme Air Sampler for four seasons from January 1917 to November 1977. The T.S.P. was extracted with Soxhlet apparatus by benzene and benzo(a) pyrene was separated by column chromatography and thin layer chromatography. The concentrations of benzo(a) pyrene were measured by means of fluorophotometer, and following results were obtained. 1. Arithmetic average concentration for 1-day averaging time of total suspended particulate were $275.6ug/m^3$ in Kwang Hwa Moon, $325.9ug/m^3$ in Ku Ro Dong and $193.0ug/m^3$ in Shin Chon. 2. The seasonal variance of total suspended parti-culate at Ku Ro Dong and Shin Chon were $102.7ug/m^3\;99.6ug/m^3$ respectively and at Kwang Hwa Moon $39.9ug/m^3$. And the concentration of autumn is higher than of that spring at Ku Ro Dong and at Shin Chon, but at Kwang Hwa Moon, the seasonal variance is very little. 3. The concentrations of 50% frequency from geometric mean for 1-day averaging time were $264ug/m^3,\;300ug/m^3\;and\;178ug/m^3$ at Kwang Hwa Moon, Ku Ro Dong and Shin Chon. And geometric standard deviation were 1.27, 1.38 and 1.41 respectively. 4. The concentrations of benzene soluble mater were $26.9ug/m^3$ at Kwang Hwa Moon, $22.7ug/m^3$ at Ku Ro Dong and $15.5ug/m^3$ at Shin Chon, and the ratios to the T.S.P. were 9.8%(range 5.6-14.8%), 7.0%(range 2.4-14.4%) and 8.0%(range 5.5-22.1%) respectively. 5. The concentrations of benzo(a) pyrene were $8.5ug/m^3$ (range $0.8-29.9ug/m^3$) at Kwang Hwa Moon $10.9ug/m^3$(range $1.1-52.0ug/m^3$) at Ku Ro Dong and $5.8ug/m^3$(range $1.5-11.4ug/m^3$) at Shin Chon. 6. The results of this investigation were relatively high in compared with the recommended standards of suspended particulate in air of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and observed levels of benzo(a)-pyrene in U.S. city.

• 재활치료과학
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.17-27
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• 2018

목적 : 본 연구는 만성 뇌졸중 환자를 대상으로 완전 몰입형 가상현실 기기를 이용한 작업치료 중재가 환자의 상지기능 향상에 미치는 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 본 연구의 연구 대상은 좌측 편마비를 가지고 있는 만성 뇌졸중 환자 1명이며, 개별사례 실험연구 중 ABA 설계를 사용하였다. 기초선 기간 4회, 중재 기간 12회, 기초선 회귀기간 4회로 총 20회의 실험을 휴지기간을 포함하여 총 10주간 진행하였다. 독립변수인 완전 몰입형 가상현실 기기를 이용한 작업치료 중재는 매 회기 30분씩 시행되었으며 종속변수 중 Fugl-Meyer Assessment(FMA) 평가는 각 기간 마다 1회씩 측정하였다. Box and Block Test(BBT) 평가와 Wolf Motor Function Test(WMFT) 평가는 매 회기 마다 시행하여 그 측정 결과를 꺾은선 그래프를 통해 제시하였다. 결과 : 완전 몰입형 가상현실 기기를 이용한 작업치료 중재 후 대상자의 환측 상지기능이 향상되었다. 기초선 회귀 기간에는 중재를 제거한 뒤 치료유지 효과를 확인하였지만 큰 변화는 나타나지 않았다. 결론 : 본 연구의 결과, 완전 몰입형 가상현실 기기를 이용한 작업치료 중재가 만성 뇌졸중 환자의 상지기능에 효과적인 중재라는 것을 알 수 있었다. 다만 치료유지 효과는 크지 않았기 때문에 보다 사용이 간편한 가정용 중재 프로그램 등의 개발이 필요하다.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.50-57
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• 2011

나이지리아의 나이저 삼각주 분지에 위치한 에포메 지역의 이상고압을 효과적이고 정확하게 예측하기 위해 탄성파 및 시추공 자료를 종합적으로 해석하였다. 정상 공극압 영역과 및 이상 공극압 영역을 평균 및 편차의 원리를 기초로 하여 평균속도 경향성으로부터 도시하였다. 두 경향성 사이의 전이는 이상고압영역의 상부경계면을 나타낸다. Dix 근사식에 의해 구해진 구간속도를 이용하여 탄성파자료로부터 이상고압 영역의 상부경계면을 일정한 간격에서 발췌하였다. 예측된 이상고압 영역의 정확도는 에포메(Efomch)01 시추공의 음파검증 자료를 통해 확인되었다. 이상고압 심도의 예측값과 관측값 사이의 편차는 에포메(Efomch)01 시추공에서는 10m 이하 이며, 99퍼센트 이상의 신뢰도를 갖는다. 이렇게 생성된 심도 단면도는 에포메 지역 이상고압 영역의 상부 경계면이 해수면 아래 2655${\pm}$2 m (2550 ms) to 3720${\pm}$2 m (2900 ms)사이에 분포하고 있음을 보여준다. 이 심도는 에포메01 시추공의 지층평가를 이용하면, 두꺼운 해양성 셰일층에 해당한다. 에포메 지역 내의 아그바다층(Agbada Formation)의 하부는 과도한 압력을 받고 있으며, 이상고압의 상부 심도는 조사 지역에 걸쳐 항상 층서경계와 부합되는 것은 아니다. 에포메 지역에 향후 설치할 심도 2440 m 이상 시추공들에서의 이상고압 영역 상부 경계면 예층은 순환손실의 방지와 보다 안전한 시추를 위해 매우 중요한 정보이다.