• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.41-46
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• 1979

Almost all Korean women in rural area breast feed their children for average 18 to 24 months. Since they breastfeed their children for long period the need for the lactating mot­hers to be nutritionally refurnished becomes evidently great. However the studies on the nutrient intake level of these mothers has been very scarce. We have studied the food and nutrient intake level of 93 lactating women randomly selected from rural areas of South Korea. Thirty one well trained and experienced surveyors conducted the dietary survey by the. combination method of precise weighing and interview for two 'consecutive days. Briefly stating the findings 1) The dietary pattern of the lactating women in rural Korea was not different from the ordinary Korean diet-i.e no conscientious effort to improve the quality of the diet was apparent. 2) Consequently over 90% of the total food intake was made up with the typical rice­kimchi diet. 3) The quantity of the total food intake was greater than the national average sufficient intake of calorie was observed. 4) No milk or the milk products were consumed by the lactating women in rural Korea. 5) Average intake of protein was 88 grams. Only 5% of these was provided by the animal foods. 6) Mean daily intakes of niacin, thiamin and ascorbic acid exceeded the recommended allowances. But vitamin A intake was 1171 IU-about 33% of the RDA-and the riboflavin intake was 0.92 mg. which is about 54% of the recommended level for the lactators. 7) Average calcium intake was 490 mg.-41% of the RDA. The iron intake was adequate.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.486-494
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was done to analyze children's play during hospitalization. Method: Data were collected from 36 play situations of hospitalized children, ages 2 to 6, hospitalized at 4 general hospitals, one in each city, Seoul, Suwon, Daejeon and Daegu. All observations were made in pediatric units during free-play periods. Each child was observed for 5 minutes at each observation and observed three times at each play session. Results: Of the children, 83.3% played on the bed. Play partners were mainly mothers. While 75.0% of children actively took part in play activity and 70.0% played with joy, 63.9% of play partners were more passive in the play. The most frequent play material was a small toy. The level of play was early stage of social and cognitive play, and dramatic play was observed in a few children over the age of 3 years. The play activities were conversional play, reflections of therapeutic procedures, imagination, and exploratory play. In the conversional play, children converted hospital equipments into play materials. Conclusion: It is recommended that health care team members should pay attention and actively participate in play of hospitalized children in order to help them have some control over the stress of the situation.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.628-636
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• 2020

Streptococcosis in the olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus can be caused by Streptococcus parauberis. We compared three routes of administration for experimental injections of the S. parauberis 19FBSPa0003 strain in the olive flounder. Pathological changes were observed during the experimental infection. Inflammation of the serous membrane in the liver, intestine, spleen and heart was the major pathological change found in the infected olive flounder. No mortality was observed in fish that received intraperitoneal (IP) injection at less than 1×10⁴ colony-forming unit (CFU)/fish. The lethal dose 50 for olive flounder, given an intravenous (IV) injection, was 7.94×10⁴ CFU/fish. Fish with a higher concentration of IV injected S. parauberis (1×10⁸ CFU/fish) died within a maximum of two days. However, serious necrosis and bacterial proliferation in ellipsoidal cells of the spleen and heart tissues were found in moribund or dead fish, 1-2 days after IV injection. Similar histopathological signs were observed in olive flounder inoculated by subcutaneous (SC) infected and naturally infected. In addition, SC was also strongly associated with bacteria concentration and cumulative mortality rate. Based on these results, SC is the recommended method for artificial infection by S. parauberis in the olive flounder.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제61권3호
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• pp.15-22
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• 2019

In order to preserve water environment, Total Maximum Daily Load(TMDL) is used to manage the total amount of pollutant from various sources, and the annual average load of source is calculated by the unit load method. Determination of the unit load requires reliable data accumulation and analysis based on a reasonable estimation method. In this study, we propose a revised unit load estimation method by analyzing the unit load calculation procedure of National Institute of Environment Research(NIER) method. Both methods were tested using observed runoff ratio and water quality data of rice paddy fields. The estimated values with the respective NIER and revised NIER methods were highly correlated each other. However, the Event Mean Concentration(EMC) and the runoff ratio considered in the NIER method appeared to be influenced by rainfall classes, and the difference in unit load increases as the runoff and EMC increase. The error can be further increased when the EMC and runoff ratio are changed according to changes in rainfall patterns by climate change and change of agricultural activities. Therefore, it is recommended to calculate unit load by applying the revised NIER method reflecting the non point pollution runoff characteristics for different rainfall classes.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제30권5D호
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• pp.453-459
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• 2010

교통안전연구에서 한 지점 (또는 구간)의 기대교통사고건수를 신뢰성 높게 추정하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 기대교통사고건수를 추정하기 위해 현재 국내에서는 주로 관측교통사고건수를 사용하고 있으나 국외에서는 포아송-감마 혼합모형에 기반한 경험적 베이즈 추정치를 활용하고 있는 추세이다. 그간 많은 연구들이 경험적 베이즈 추정치를 이용해 기대교통사고건수 추정 및 교통안전개선사업의 평가를 시도 하였으나 전술한 2가지 추정방법의 추정오차를 비교연구한 문헌은 없는 실정인 바 본 연구는 2가지 추정방법의 추정오차를 모의실험을 통해 비교 분석하여 제시하였다. 모의 발생된 총 3,000,000개 지점의 교통사고 자료를 분석한 결과 기대교통사고건수를 경험적 베이즈 추정방법을 이용해 추정했을 경우 그 추정오차는 관측교통 사고건수만을 이용했을 때 발생하는 추정오차에 비해 항상 작은 것으로 나타나 국내의 교통안전연구 가이드라인에 경험적 베이지안 추정방법의 도입이 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 사전분포의 불확실성이 높아질수록 두 가지 추정방법의 추정오차의 차이는 감소하는 것으로 나타나, 기대교통사고건수 추정 시 추정된 음이항 모형에 대한 종합적인 검증을 수행한 후 신뢰성 있는 초모수의 추정치를 이용해 경험적 베이지안 방법을 적용하는 것이 바람직하다고 판단된다.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제54권5호
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• pp.387-392
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• 2017

There is a constant demand for hull variation related to ship design. Various input variables are generally given to achieve the objective functions assigned by each variation process. When dealing with geometric shapes accompanied by nonlinear operations during the variation process, vague relationships or uncertainties among input variables are commonly observed. Therefore, it is strongly recommended to identify those uncertainty factors in advance. A method to modify the shape of a closed hull form with a new area and a centroid had been introduced as a new process of hull variation. Since uncertainty between input variables still existed in the method, however, it was not easy for the user to enter the area and the corresponding centroid. To overcome this problem, a method is presented in this paper to provide the feasible region of centroids for a given area. By utilizing the concept and techniques used in the statistics such as the number of samples, probability, margin error, and level of confidence, this method generates the distribution of possible centroids along the regression curve. The result shows that the method helps the user to choose an appropriate input value following his or her design intention.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.8.1-8.9
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• 2022

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the color change of the Giomer resin composite (Beautifil-Bulk) by using photographs obtained with a smartphone (iPhone 6S) associated with Adobe Photoshop software (digital method), with the spectrophotometric method (Vita Easyshade) after immersion in different pigment solutions. Materials and Methods: Twenty resin composite samples with a diameter of 15.0 mm and thickness of 1.0 mm were confectioned in A2 color (n = 5). Photographs and initial color readings were performed with a smartphone and spectrophotometer, respectively. Then, samples were randomly divided and subjected to cycles of immersion in distilled water (control), açai, Coke, and tomato sauce, 3 times a day, 20 minutes for 7 days. Later, new photographs and color readings were taken. Results: The analysis (2-way analysis of variance, Holm-Sidak, p < 0.05) demonstrated no statistical difference (p < 0.005) between the methods in all groups. Similar color changes were observed for all pigment solutions when using the spectrophotometric method. For the digital method, all color changes were clinically unacceptable, with distilled water and tomato sauce similar to each other and with statistical differences (p < 0.005) for Coke and açai. Conclusions: Only the tomato sauce produced a color change above the acceptability threshold using both methods of color assessment. The spectrophotometric and digital methods produce different patterns of color change. According to our results, the spectrophotometric method is more recommended in color change assessment.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.29-39
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• 2016

Background: In the treatment of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder, the goals of traditional physical therapy are not only to reduce the inflammatory process leading to pain, but also to decrease joint overload and muscle hyperactivity. To achieve those goals, physical therapists generally use a photo-therapy, joint mobilization, and massage. Objects: To examine the impact of an unloading technique using non-elastic taping on the pain, opening mouth, functional level, and quality of life in patients with TMJ disorder. Method: Twenty patients with TMJ disorder were included in this study and randomly divided into the experimental ($n_1$=10), and control ($n_2$=10) groups. Traditional physical therapy including massage and stretching for 30 min was performed in both groups. Non-elastic taping was performed in the experimental group after traditional physical therapy, and they were recommended to keep the tape attached for 12 hours. Outcomes for pain, functional level, and quality of life were measured using a survey. The opening mouth was measured using a general ruler. Result: Significant differences were observed in the pain level, opening mouth, functional level, and quality of life after the intervention and on follow-up in both groups. However, we found that while the levels of all parameters were maintained throughout the follow-up period in the experimental group, the functional status level was not maintained throughout the follow-up period in the control group. Conclusion: Our unloading technique using non-elastic tape results comparable to those achieved by traditional physical therapy in the treatment of TMJ. However, the unloading taping method using non-elastic tape is more effective than traditional physical therapy in maintaining the impact of intervention.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.108-122
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• 1986

Changing concepts of health care, are stimulating the demand for health care, thereby orienting society to health care rights to such an extent that they are deemed as fundamental ones inalienable to man. Concomitantly, qualitative as well as quantative improvement is being sought in the nursing service field. Today, efforts are being made in various areas, especially to qualitatively improve nursing services. A second issue concerns proper staffing. It is important to study staffing, in as much as it continues to be the most persistent and critical problem facing hospital nursing administrators today. It involves quantity, quality, and utilization of nursing personnel. A great deal of attention has been focused on this problem since mid 1930's when nursing services began to be felt as an important segment of hospital operation representing the largest single item of hospital budgets. Traditionally, the determination and allocation of nursing personnel resources has relied heavily on gloval approaches which make use of fixed staff-to-patient ratios. It has long been recognized that these ratios are insensitive to variations between institutions and among individual patients. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to point to the urgent need for the development of methodology and criteria suited to the reality of Korea. The present research selected one place, the W Christian Hospital, and was conducted over a period 10 days from January, and nurses who were them on duty in their unit. The total num-her of patients surveyed was 1,426 and that of 354. The research represents many variables affecting the direct patient care time using the result from the direct observation method, then using a calculation method to estimate the relationship between the patients care time and selected variables in the hospital setting. The amount of direct patient care time varies with many factors, such 89 the patients age. diagnosis and time in hospital. Differences are also found from hospital, clinic to clinic, ward to ward, and even shift to shift. In this research, the calculation method of estimating the required member of nursing staff is obtained by dividing the time of productive patient care activity(with the time of patient care observed), by the sum of the productive time that each the staff can supply, i.e., 360 minutes, which is obtained by deducting the time for personal activities. The results indicate a substantial difference between the time of productive patient care observed directing and the time of the productive patient care estimated using calculating method. If we know accurately the time of the direct patient care on a shift, there required number of staff members calculated if the proper method can be determinded should be able the time of the direct patient care be estimated by the patient classification system, but this research has shown this system to be in accurate in Korea. There are differences in the recommended time of productive patient care and the required number of nursing staff depending upon which method is used. The calculated result is not very accurate, so more research is needed on the patient classification system.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.99-112
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• 2019

Semi-rigid joints have been widely studied in literature in recent decades because they affect greatly the structural response of frames. In literature, the behavior of semi-rigid joints is commonly assumed to be identical under positive and negative moments which are obviously incorrect in many cases where joint details such as bolt arrangement or placement of haunch are vertically asymmetrical. This paper evaluates two common types of steel frames with asymmetrical beam-to-column joints by Direct Analysis allowing for plasticity. A refined design method of steel frames using a proposed simple forth order curved-quartic element with an integrated joint model allowing for asymmetrical geometric joint properties is presented. Furthermore, the ultimate behavior of six types of asymmetrical end-plate connections under positive and negative moment is examined by the Finite Element Method (FEM). The FEM results are further applied to the proposed design method with the curved-quartic element for Direct Analysis of two types of steel frames under dominant gravity or wind load. The ultimate frame behavior under the two different scenarios are examined with respect to their failure modes and considerably different structural performances of the frames were observed when compared with the identical frames designed with the traditional method where symmetrical joints characteristics were assumed. The finding of this research contributes to the design of steel frames as their asymmetrical beam-to-column joints lead to different frame behavior when under positive and negative moment and this aspect should be incorporated in the design and analysis of steel frames. This consideration of asymmetrical joint behavior is recommended to be highlighted in future design codes.