• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.523-533
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• 2020

This paper suggests three available methods for finding nonnegative estimates of variance components of the random effects in mixed models. The three proposed methods based on the concepts of projections are called projection method I, II, and III. Each method derives sums of squares uniquely based on its own method of projections. All the sums of squares in quadratic forms are calculated as the squared lengths of projections of an observation vector; therefore, there is discussion on the decomposition of the observation vector into the sum of orthogonal projections for establishing a projection model. The projection model in matrix form is constructed by ascertaining the orthogonal projections defined on vector subspaces. Nonnegative estimates are then obtained by the projection model where all the coefficient matrices of the effects in the model are orthogonal to each other. Each method provides its own system of linear equations in a different way for the estimation of variance components; however, the estimates are given as the same regardless of the methods, whichever is used. Hartley's synthesis is used as a method for finding the coefficients of variance components.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the Otago exercise combined with action observation training on changes of the brain activity of the elderly. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: Thirty elderly women in the experiment were included. Participants were randomly assigned to the Otago combined with action observation training group, the Otago exercise group, and the control group (10 in each group). The Otago combined with action observation training group and the Otago exercise group performed the strength and balance exercises of the Otago exercise program for 50 minutes three times a week for 12 weeks. The Otago combined with action observation training group underwent additional action observation training for the Otago movement for 20 minutes three times a week. No intervention was performed in the control group. PolyG-1 (LAXTHA Inc., Daejeon, Korea) was used to measure the changes in the brain activity following intervention. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare the effects among the groups and a post-hoc test was performed. Results: The relative mu rhythms in the F3, C3, and C4 regions were significantly increased in the Otago combined with action observation training group. Relative beta wave activity in the Fp1, F3, F3, and C3 regions was significantly increased in the Otago combined with action observation training group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results indicated that the Otago exercise combined with action observation training was effective for promoting the brain activity of the elderly.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.377-386
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• 2019

Purpose: Percutaneous liver biopsy (PLB), a diagnostic procedure to identify several hepatobiliary disorders, is considered safe with low incidence of associated complications. While postoperative monitoring guidelines are suggested for adults, selection of procedural recovery time for children remains at the discretion of individual operators. We aim to determine if differences exist in frequency of surgical complications, unplanned admissions, and healthcare cost for children undergoing outpatient PLB for cohorts with same-day vs. overnight observation. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study in children 1 month to 17 years of age undergoing ultrasound-guided PLB from January 2009 to August 2017 at a tertiary care, pediatric referral center. Cohorts were defined by postprocedural observation duration: same-day (${\leq}8$ hours) vs. overnight observation. Outcomes included surgical complications, medical interventions, unscheduled hospitalization within 7 days, and total encounter costs. Results: One hundred and twelve children met study criteria of which 18 (16.1%) were assigned to same-day observation. No differences were noted in demographics, anthropometrics, comorbidities, biopsy indications, or preoperative coagulation profiles. No major complications or acute hospitalizations after PLB were observed. Administration of analgesia and fluid boluses were isolated and given within 8 hours. Compared to overnight monitoring, same-day observation accrued less total costs (US $992 less per encounter). Conclusion: Same-day observation after PLB in children appears well-tolerated with only minor interventions and complications observed within 8 hours of procedure. We recommend a targeted risk assessment prior to selection of observation duration. Same-day observation appears an appropriate recovery strategy in otherwise low-risk children undergoing outpatient PLB.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.164-168
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• 2017

Purpose: Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is a device that activates the sensorimotor cortex through electrodes attached to the surface of the skin. However, it is difficult to expect positive changes if the recipient is not attentive to the motion. To complement the perceived cognitive limitations of FES, we attempted to investigate the changes of sensorimotor cortex activity by simultaneously providing action observation with FES. Methods: Electroencephalogram was measured in 28 healthy volunteers. Relative band power over the sensorimotor cortex was analyzed and compared in three conditions: during rest, during FES alone, during action observation with FES. Results: The results showed significant differences in each relative band power. Relative alpha power and relative beta power were the lowest by application of FES combined with action observation, while the relative gamma power was the highest. Conclusion: These results suggest that combining FES with observation could be more effective than FES alone in neurorehabilitation.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.176-182
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• 2016

Purpose: To investigate the effect of treadmill training applied simultaneously with gait related action observation on walking ability in chronic stroke patients. Methods: Sixteen chronic stroke patients participated in this study. Participants were randomly allocated into either the treadmill applied simultaneously with action observation training group (TAG) or treadmill applied simultaneously with landscape observation training group (TLG). The participants in both group underwent treadmill training for four weeks (a total of twelve minute, once a day, three times weekly for a four week period). All participants were measured to gait speed (10 m walking test, 10 MWT), gait endurance (6 minute walk distance, 6 MWD), dynamic gait index (DGI). In order to assure the statistical significance of the results, we used for SPSS 15.0 for windows. The Wilcoxon signed ranks test was used to compare pre-test and post-test result, and the Mann-Whitney U-test was employed for comparison between groups. Results: The 10 MWT, 6 MWD, DGI was significantly different between the TAG and the TLG group. Conclusion: According the results of this study, treadmill applied simultaneously with action observation (TAG) is effective intervention for improvement of walking ability in chronic stroke patient.

• 대한수학교육학회지:학교수학
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.435-461
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• 2002

In this paper I attempt to survey on the theories of observation and analysis of mathematics classroom discourse. In order to discuss applicability of the theories I look at preservice teachers' observation of mathe-matics classroom and teachers' conception of mathematics lesson. In examining reports from preservice teachers' I identify how they understand mathematics lesson and how the theories can enhance their understanding. Not surprisingly, there are lots of obstacles for teachers to practice mathe-matics educational theories. 1 find some features of their efforts or attempts to overcome the obstacles in an attempt to gain insights into alternative ways of concep-tualizing the methods of observation and analysis through the interview and the discussion with teachers.

• 전자공학회논문지S
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• 제34S권4호
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• pp.57-65
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• 1997

The purpose of this paper is to propose the HMM (hidden markov model) based on multi-observation sequence for the isolated word recognition. The proosed model generates the codebook of MSVQ by dividing each word into several sections followed by dividing training data into several sections. Then, we are to obtain the sequential value of multi-observation per each section by weighting the vectors of distance form lower values to higher ones. Thereafter, this the sequential with high probability value while in recognition. 146 DDD area names are selected as the vocabularies for the target recognition, and 10LPC cepstrum coefficients are used as the feature parameters. Besides the speech recognition experiments by way of the proposed model, for the comparison with it, the experiments by DP, MSVQ, and genral HMM are made with the same data under the same condition. The experiment results have shown that HMM based on multi-observation sequence proposed in this paper is proved superior to any other methods such as the ones using DP, MSVQ and general HMM models in recognition rate and time.

• 신경치료
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.7-10
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• 2018

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference of brain activity during action observation training and image training throughout EEG. Methods This study was participated 1 healthy college student without mental illness or cognitive impairment. The subject was randomly selected from university students and was interested in participating in the experiment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the visual and auditory stimuli (action observation) and brain image training. Results The results of our study, EEG value measured o.1 during resting. But brain activity changed to 0.3 during action observation. Finally, it changed to .05 after brain image training. Conclusion EEG measurement results were showed that after watching the Ball squat video, Brain activity increased.

• 암석학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.119-138
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• 2014

활화산을 감시하는 방법은 육안으로 직접 관찰하는 방법, 과거의 분화 기록 문건을 참조하는 방법, 직접적으로 관측 장비를 동원하여 화산체를 감시하는 방법 등이 있다. 이 중 관측 장비를 이용하여 화산체를 감시하는 방법 중 가장 기본적인 것은 지진활동도의 감시이며, 이외에도 지진계에 기록된 지진활동 중 인위적인 노이즈를 걸러내는 데 효과적인 공진 관측, 그리고 정밀수준기, 전자거리측정기, 경사계, GPS, InSAR 관측법을 통한 지표변형의 감시, 화산가스 감시, 수문학적/기상학적 감시, 기타 지구물리학적 감시 등의 방법이 있다. 이러한 감시 기법을 통해 화산의 활동을 효과적으로 감시하고 이를 통해 지하 마그마방에서의 마그마 거동을 파악함으로써 미래의 화산 분화를 보다 정확하게 예측하고 조기 경보하여 그에 따른 재해의 피해를 경감하고 최소화 할 수 있다.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.200-209
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• 2022

실시간 위치 정보를 제공하는 것이 국가산업의 주요한 목표로 부상하고 있는 실정이다. 이러한 실시간 위치 정보(3차원 공간 정보)를 제공하기 위해서는 위성 측위 방법의 기술 발달이 필수적이다. 그래서 국가에서는 Network RTK GNSS방식을 도입하여, 수요자의 요구에 만족도를 증가시키는 노력을 지속적으로 하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 국토지리정보원에서 제공하고 있는 Network RKT GNSS(Global Navigation Satellite System) 방식 중 VRS(Virtual Reference Station)과 FKP(Flachen-Korrektur Parameter)을 이용하여 통합기준점에서 연속 관측과 단독 관측을 측량하여 정확도 평가를 하였다. 또한 현장에서 급속하게 증가하고 있는 Network RTK GNSS 방법에 대하여 정확도를 제시하여 효율성을 극대화하고자 한다.