• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 1987년도 정기총회 및 창립40주년기념 학술대회 학회본부
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• pp.125-128
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• 1987

This paper deals with the topological observability analysis and the derivation of a reliability evaluation formula of a measurement system for state estimation. An analogy of the DC power flow method to the DC circuit analysis is introduced, and all the relationship between power flows and phase angles are replaced by the corresponding current-voltage relation. As a result, a set of topological measurement equation expressed in the form of the incidence matrix is derived for the topological analysis, and the observability test is carried out by examining the rank of the measurement matrix. The reliability evaluation formula was derived experimentally by testing the observability of sample systems of IEEE-14, IEEE-3.0, IEEE-57.

• 한국공작기계학회논문집
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.8-14
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• 2008

This paper aims at finding out dominant robot configurations with maximal position errors, which can be attributed to the parameter errors, by using Monte-Carlo simulation for error analysis of a 3-axis SCARA(Selective Compliance Assembly Robot Arm) type robot. In particular, the Monte-Carlo simulation is used for virtually measuring on the position errors, instead of physical measurement. In order to measure the observability of the model parameters with respect to a set of robot configurations, we propose the observability index which is defined as the product of singular values for error propagation matrices. Thus the index can be used for discriminating dominant robot configurations from a set of simulated ones in conjunction with standard deviation of positional errors, This paper analyzed error by robot positional error.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.1814-1820
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• 2018

State estimation of power systems has become vital in recent days of power operation and control. SCADA and EMS are intended for the state estimation and to communicate and monitor the systems which are operated at specified time. Although various methods are used we can achieve the better results by using PMU technique. On placing the PMU, operating time is reduced and making the performance reliable. In this paper, PMU placement is done in two ways. Those are 'optimal technique with pruning operation' and 'depth of unobservability' considering incomplete and complete observability of a network. By Depth of Unobservability Number of PMUs are reduced to attain Observability of the network. Proposed methods are tested on IEEE 14, 30, 57, SR-system and Sub systems (1, 2) with bus size of 270 and 444 buses. Along with achieving complete observability analysis, single PMU loss condition is also achieved.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.1253-1267
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• 2005

Misalignment can be an important problem in the integration of GPS/INS. Observability analysis of the alignment errors in the integration of low-grade inertial sensors and multi-antenna GPS is presented in this paper. A control-theoretic approach is adopted to study the observability of time-varying error dynamics models. The relationship between vehicle motions and the observability of the errors in the lever arm and relative attitude between GPS antenna array and IMU is given. It is shown that alignment errors can be made observable through maneuvering. The change of acceleration makes the components of the relative attitude error that are orthogonal to the direction of the acceleration change observable. The change of angular velocity makes the components of the lever arm error that are orthogonal to the direction of the angular velocity observable. The motion of constant angular velocity has no influence on the estimation of the lever arm.

• 한국항행학회논문지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.220-227
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• 2018

INS/GNSS 결합시스템을 구성하기 위해서 일반적으로 널리 사용되는 방법이 칼만필터를 이용한 통합항법 시스템을 구성하는 것이다. 하지만, 궤적에 따라 칼만필터의 상태변수들 중에서 가관측하지 않은 상태변수가 발생할 수도 있으며, 이 경우 해당 상태 변수들은 오차가 추정되지 않는다. 이런 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 일반적으로 통합항법 시스템을 구성한 이후에 가관측성 분석을 수행한다. 본 논문에서는 피치각 변화가 큰 궤적으로 움직이는 항체의 INS/GNSS 통합항법 시스템을 설계하기 위해서 24차의 위치 정합 칼만필터를 정의하였다. 설계에 적용된 오차 상태 변수들의 적절성을 검증하기 위해서 가관측성 분석을 수행하였다. 궤적을 5개의 segment로 구분하고 각 구간에서는 PWCS로 가정하여 가관측성을 해석적으로 분석했으며, 그 결과를 시뮬레이션을 통해서 검증하였다. 가관측성 해석 결과 및 시뮬레이션 결과를 통해서 칼만필터의 오차 상태 변수가 가관측하도록 잘 설계되었음을 확인 하였다.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.236-242
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• 2010

위성항법시스템과 INS가 결합된 항법 시스템은 가용 위성이 없는 경우 항법 정보를 제공하지 못하는 단점이 있다. 이러한 단점을 극복하기 위해 비전센서를 결합한 항법 시스템이 대안으로 사용되지만, 일반적으로 특징점만 사용하여 항법을 수행하므로 가관측성이 부족한 문제점이 존재한다. 이때 사전에 위치가 알려져 있는 랜드마크를 추가적으로 사용하면 특징점만 이용하는 경우에 비해 가관측성을 향상 시킬 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 추가적인 랜드마크를 사용하는 경우에 대하여, TOM/SOM 분석과 고유치 분석을 통해 가관측성 향상 정도를 분석하였다. 시뮬레이션 결과 특징점만 사용하는 경우 항상 가관측성이 부족하나 랜드마크를 사용하는 경우 2번째 갱신과정 이후에는 완전 가관측한 특성을 보였다. 따라서 랜드마크를 사용하면 가관측성이 향상되므로 전체 시스템 성능을 향상시킬수 있다.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.595-602
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• 2008

In this paper, performance of the initial alignment for INS whose attitude is not leveled is investigated. Observability of the initial alignment filter is analyzed and estimation errors of the estimated state variables are derived. First, the observability is analyzed using the rank test of observability matrix and the normalized error covariance of the Kalman filter based on the 10-state model. In result, it can be seen that the accelerometer biases on horizontal axes are unobservable. Second, the steady-state estimation errors of the state variables are derived using the observability equation. It is verified that the estimates of the state variables have errors due to the unobservable state variables and the non-leveling tilt angles of a vehicle containing the INS. Especially, this paper shows that the larger the tilt angles of the vehicle are, the larger the estimation errors corresponding to the sensor biases are. Finally, it is shown that the performance of the 8-state model excepting the accelerometer biases on horizontal axes is better than that of the 10-state model in the initial alignment by simulation.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제14권7호
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• pp.702-710
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• 2008

In this paper, the observability of the INS/GPS integrated system for a land vehicle is analyzed on measurements and different filters with respect to the measurements are designed. In the stationary case, it is shown that horizontal accelerometer biases and vertical attitude errors and gyro biases are unobservable. An 8-state filter is designed based on the observability analysis. When GPS signal is available, a 15-state filter is used with position and velocity measurements. To estimate the INS errors even in the case that GPS signal is blocked a filter is designed in consideration of the non-holonomic constraints of a land vehicle. In this case, the horizontal position and velocity errors and vertical attitude error are unobservable. However, a 12-state filter including the velocity states is designed to estimate the accelerometer biases. When GPS signal recovers, a 9-state filter is used excluding the sensor biases. This paper presents a multi-dimensional filter that switches the four filters according to the usable measurements and maneuver environments. A simulation is carried out to verify the performance of the proposed filter.

• 대한전기학회논문지:전력기술부문A
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• 제49권7호
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• pp.313-322
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• 2000

This paper presents optimal placement of minimal set of Phasor Measurement Units (PMU's) and observability analysis of the network with PMU's. In order to find a observable system, a symbolic method which directly assigns an appropriate symbol for measurement or pseudo-measurement to every entry of node-branch incidence matrix is proposed. It is much simpler and easier to analyze the observability of the network with PMU's than the conventional ones. For the optimal PMU placement problem, two approaches which are based on a modified Simulated-Annealing (SA) method and a Direct Combination method are proposed. Some case studies with IEEE sample system are made to show the performance of the proposed methods are almost alike and more effective than the conventional simulated-annealing method. It is also shown that the Direct Combination method is more effective than the modified simulated-annealing one in the sense of computation burden. The results of this study showed also that the accuracy of power system estimation and system observability can be improved the proposed PMU placements.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.1367-1378
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• 2002

This paper investigates observability properties of strapdown INS aided by a GPS antenna array. The motivation to consider a GPS antenna array is that the lever-arms between the GPS antennas and IMU play an important role in the estimation of vehicle attitude and biases of IMU. It is shown that time-invariant INS error models are observable with measurements from at least three GPS antennas. It is also shown that time-varying error models are instantaneously observable with measurements from three antennas. Numerical simulation results are given to show the effectiveness of multiple GPS antennas on estimating vehicle attitude and biases of IMU when IMU has considerable magnitude of biases.