• 제목/요약/키워드: objective economic level

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불만족 상황에서의 보상방식이 소비자의 반응회복에 미치는 영향의 차이에 관한 연구 - 보상시기와 보상강도의 조절효과를 중심으로 - (Research on the Difference in the influences upon consumers' Response Recoveries of Reward Method in the dissatisfaction Situation - Focusing on the Moderating Effects of Reward Timing and Reward Intensity -)

  • 김숙희;김용호
    • 경영과정보연구
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    • 제33권2호
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    • pp.225-239
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    • 2014
  • 촉진 활동과 관련된 보상 프로그램의 효과는 단기적 성과에 집중되거나 일시적인 재구매를 유도하는 한계를 지니고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 불만족 보상 연구의 확장을 위해 보상방식이 소비자의 반응회복에 미치는 영향에 있어 보상시기와 보상강도의 상호작용 효과를 중심으로 검증하였다. 본 연구의 목적은 첫째, 보상방식인 경제적, 비경제적 그리고 결합보상이 소비자의 인지적 반응회복과 감정적 반응회복에 미치는 영향의 차이를 검증하는 데에 있다. 둘째, 보상방식에 따른 소비자의 반응회복 효과에 있어 보상시기와 보상강도의 조절적 역할을 확인하는 데에 있다. 연구의 설계를 위해 3X2X2의 피험자 간 완전 요인설계를 이용하였다. 주요 연구 결과 첫째, 보상방식에 따라 소비자의 반응회복에 미치는 영향의 차이가 있었다. 둘째, 보상방식이 소비자의 반응회복에 미치는 영향은 보상시기에 따라 차이가 있었다. 셋째, 보상방식이 소비자의 반응회복에 미치는 영향은 보상강도에 따라 차이가 있었으며, 소비자 반응 회복정도는 결합보상에서 영향력이 가장 큰 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구는 일반적인 보상 프로그램에서 다루어지는 보상 시기를 소비자들의 불만족 상황에 새롭게 적용시키는 것에 의의를 두고 있으며, 본 연구를 통해 선행 연구들의 실증분석 결과를 지지하고 그 역할을 여러 각도에서 확장시키고자 하였다.

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Costing of a State-Wide Population Based Cancer Awareness and Early Detection Campaign in a 2.67 Million Population of Punjab State in Northern India

  • Thakur, JS;Prinja, Shankar;Jeet, Gursimer;Bhatnagar, Nidhi
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제17권2호
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    • pp.791-797
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    • 2016
  • Background: Punjab state is particularly reporting a rising burden of cancer. A 'door to door cancer awareness and early detection campaign' was therefore launched in the Punjab covering about 2.67 million population, wherein after initial training accredited social health activists (ASHAs) and other health staff conducted a survey for early detection of cancer cases based on a twelve point clinical algorithm. Objective: To ascertain unit cost for undertaking a population-based cancer awareness and early detection campaign. Materials and Methods: Data were collected using bottom-up costing methods. Full economic costs of implementing the campaign from the health system perspective were calculated. Options to meet the likely demand for project activities were further evaluated to examine their worth from the point of view of long-term sustainability. Results: The campaign covered 97% of the state population. A total of 24,659 cases were suspected to have cancer and were referred to health facilities. At the state level, incidence and prevalence of cancer were found to be 90 and 216 per 100,000, respectively. Full economic cost of implementing the campaign in pilot district was USD 117,524. However, the financial cost was approximately USD 6,301. Start-up phase of campaign was more resource intensive (63% of total) than the implementation phase. The economic cost per person contacted and suspected by clinical algorithm was found to be USD 0.20 and USD 40 respectively. Cost per confirmed case under the campaign was 7,043 USD. Conclusions: The campaign was able to screen a reasonably large population. High to high economic cost points towards the fact that the opportunity cost of campaign put a significant burden on health system and other programs. However, generating awareness and early detection strategy adopted in this campaign seems promising in light of fact that organized screening is not in place in India and in many developing countries.

여자대학생의 스트레스와 학교생활 만족도의 관계에서 마음챙김의 조절효과 (Moderating Effects of Mindfulness between Stress and School-life Satisfaction among Female College Students)

  • 김재희;박광희
    • 한국응용과학기술학회지
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    • 제37권6호
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    • pp.1779-1789
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    • 2020
  • 본 연구의 목적은 여자 대학생들의 마음챙김이 스트레스와 상호작용하여 학교생활만족도에 대한 스트레스의 부정적 영향을 완화시키는 지를 분석하는 것이다. 연구대상은 수도권과 충청도 지역 4개 대학의 여자 대학생 550명이었다. 대상자의 일반적 특성에 따른 종속변수의 차이는 ANOVA를 사용해서 분석했다. 마음챙김의 조절효과는 위계적 회귀분석을 사용하여 분석하였다. 연구결과 대상자의 스트레스와 대인관계관련 스트레스는 학년, 주관적 경제수준, 주관적 건강수준에 따라 차이가 있었다. 마음챙김은 주관적 경제수준과 주관적 건강수준에 따라 차이가 있었다. 학교생활만족도는 학년, 주관적 경제수준, 주관적 건강수준에 따라 차이가 있었다. 스트레스와 학교생활 만족도의 관계에서 마음챙김의 조절효과가 있었다. 또한 대인관계관련 스트레스와 학교생활 만족도의 관계에서 마음챙김의 조절효과가 있었다. 상기 연구결과를 근거로 보았을 때 여자 대학생의 학교생활만족도를 높이기 위해 마음챙김 정도를 고려한 스트레스 감소 접근이 필요하다고 하겠다. 이때 학년, 경제적 수준, 건강 수준 등의 특성을 고려하여 대상자를 구분함으로써 효과를 높일 수 있을 것이다.

관상동맥질환 치료를 위한 시롤리무스 방출 스텐트 ($CYPHER^{TM}$)의 경제성 분석 (Economic Value of the Sirolimus Eluting Stent($CYPHER^{TM}$) in Treating Acute Coronary Heart Disease)

  • 이후연;박은철;박기동;박지은;김영;이상수;강혜영
    • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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    • 제36권4호
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    • pp.339-348
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    • 2003
  • Objective : To quantify the economic value of the Sirolimus fluting Stent ($CYPHER^{TM}$) in treating acute coronary heart disease (CMD), and to assist in determining an adequate level of reimbursement for $CYPHER^{TM}$ in Korea. Methods : A decision-analytical model, developed by the Belgium Health Economics Disease Management group, was used to investigate the incremental cost-effectiveness of $CYPHER^{TM}$ versus conventional stenting. The time horizon was five years. The probabilities for clinical events at each node of the decision model were obtained from the results of large, randomized, controlled clinical trials. The initial care and follow-up direct medical costs were analyzed. The initial costs consisted of those for the initial procedure and hospitalization, The follow-vp costs included those for routine follow-up treatments, adverse reactions, revascularization and death. Defending on the perspective of the analysis, the costs were defined as insurance covered or total medical costs (=sum of insurance covered and uncovered medical costs). The cost data were obtained from the administrative data of 449 patients that received conventional stenting from five participating Korean hospitals during June 2002. Sensitivity analyses were peformed for discount rates of 3, 5 and 7%. Since the major clinical advantage of $CYPHER^{TM}$ over conventional stenting was the reduction in the revascularization rates, the economic value of $CYPHER^{TM}$, in relation to the direct medical costs of revascularization, were evaluated. If the incremental cost of $CYPHER^{TM}$ per revascularization avoided, compared to conventional stenting, was no higher than that of a revascularization itself, $CYPHER^{TM}$ would be considered as being cost-effective. Therefore, the maximum acceptable level for the reimbursement price of $CYPHER^{TM}$ making the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio equal to the cost of a revascularization was identified. Results : The average weighted initial insurance covered and total medical costs of conventional stenting were about 6,275,000 and 8,058,000 Won, respectively. The average weighted sum of the initial and 5-year follow-up insurance covered and total medical costs of conventional stenting were about 13,659,000 and 17,353,000 Won, respectively. The estimated maximum level of reimbursement price of $CYPHER^{TM}$ from the perspectives of the insurer and society were $4,126,897{\sim}4,325,161$ and $4,939,939{\sim}5,078,181$ Won, respectively. Conclusion : By evaluating the economic value of $CYPHER^{TM}$, as an alternative to conventional stenting, the results of this study are expected to provide a scientific basis for determining the acceptable level of reimbursement for $CYPHER^{TM}$.

농촌 지역 노인의 흡연상태와 관련요인 (Smoking Status and the Related Factors in the Rural Elderly)

  • 백달현;황병덕;문효정;윤희정;백영두;이성국
    • 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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    • 제33권2호
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    • pp.243-254
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    • 2008
  • Abstract - Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine smoking status and the relates factors in the rural elderly. Methods: This study was conducted with 2,421 elderly people(male 1,273 and female 1,148) residing in the selected 25 villages, and face-to-face interviews with the subjects were made from January 1 through March 30, 2002. Results: The average age of the male subjects was 72.7 and that of the female subjects 72.8. The investigation of smoking states showed that for male subjects, smokers accounted for 49.4%, nonsmokers 26.9%, and abstainers from smoking 23.7% and that for female subjects, smokers accounted for 18.3%, nonsmokers 75.4%, and abstainers from smoking 6.3%. The level of ?low ADL? was significantly higher in abstainers. In men, smoking rate had higher in alone, non-job, queerstreet, 「high ADL」. In women, smoking rate had higher in younger age, queerstreet, unhealthy, 「high ADL」. Conclusions: The smoking rate of the elderly was relatively high, especially at abstainers. The smoking status of elderly was correlated with age, family type, job, economic status by self-assessment, Self-recognition of health status, ADL level.

Effects of Egg Yolk Antibodies Produced in Response to Different Antigenic Fractions of E. coli O157:H7 on E. coli Suppression

  • Chae, H.S.;Singh, N.K.;Ahn, C.N.;Yoo, Y.M.;Jeong, S.G.;Ham, J.S.;Kim, D.W.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제19권11호
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    • pp.1665-1670
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    • 2006
  • The objective of this research was to provide the characterization and method for producing anti-E. coli O157:H7 antibodies in egg-laying hens and to determine if the antibody can restrain the proliferation of E. coli O157:H7 in-vitro. Selected antigenic fractions (whole cell, outer membrane protein and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) from E. coli O157:H7 were injected to hens in order to produce anti-E. coli O157:H7 antibodies. The immune response and the egg yolk antibodies of laying hens against the whole cell, outer membrane protein and LPS antigens were monitored by ELISA. The level of antibodies against whole cell antigen monitored through ELISA sharply increased after the initial immunization, and it was found to be maximum on day 49 however, the level was maintained up to day 70. Antibodies (5 mg/ml) directed against the whole cell inhibited E. coli proliferation 10-13 times more than outer membrane protein or LPS. The antibody response against the whole cell antigens appeared to have higher activity in restraining the proliferation of E. coli O157:H7 than antibody against outer membrane protein or LPS. Results reflected that increasing the IgY's in the egg yolk could prevent greater economic losses due to human and animal health from pathogenic bacteria i.e. E. coli O157:H7.

한국 청소년의 구강건강요인 및 정신건강요인의 관련성 (The correlation between oral health factors and mental health factors in Korean adolescents)

  • 전주연;이경희
    • 한국치위생학회지
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    • 제17권4호
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    • pp.669-680
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    • 2017
  • Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between demographic factors and oral health factors and mental health factors in Korean adolescents. Methods: The study was based on the 11th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey (2015). The final participation rate in the survey was 96.7%. of a total of 70.362 adolescents (age, 12~18 years) who had participated in the survey, 68,043 adolescents were selected for analysis. Results:As a result of examining the stress awareness of adolescents and the experience of oral disease symptoms, it was found that the number of brushing times per day was less than 1 time (p<0.001), tingling and throbbing (p<0.001), gum pain & blood (p<0.001) and bad breath (p<0.001) were more stressed than those who had experience. On the other hand, the lack of experience in oral health education was more stressful (p<0.001). As a result of examining the factors influencing subjective happiness, it was found that the female, the lower the grade, the higher the academic performance and economic level, the less experience of oral disease in the last one year, The level of awareness was high. Conclusions: These results indicate that the demographic factors, mental health factors, and oral health factors of adolescents are correlated to one another. Therefore, when developing a program for promoting adolescent health or establishing a national business plan, it should be considered in a multi-faceted way.

우리나라 제조업의 생산성 변동원인 규명 (A Search for the Factor on Productivity Fluctuation in Korean Manufacturing Industries)

  • 강규철
    • 산업경영시스템학회지
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    • 제22권51호
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    • pp.175-187
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    • 1999
  • The notion of productivity has been extended from the quantitative change of input factors to the efficiency change meaning efficient use of resources, and to the technical change meaning the qualitative improvement of input resources. In this way, the technical change is termed as total factor productivity in the individual businesses or the manufacturing industries. They should efficiently respond to the variations of economic environment and at the same time, have to make the efforts to improve productivity by increasing managerial efficiency and rasing the level of technology change for the continuous growth. Considering the growing importance of productivity, this study closely examines the factors influctuation on the productivity, fluctuation using total factor productivity in korean manufacturing industries. For the objective this study investigates the methods of measurement about total factor productivity, establishes the hypotheses based on the preceding research and finding. The results are obtained through the examination on the outcoms of regression analysis and related data. The results can be summarized as follows, First, in the progress of korean industrialization, the qualitative growth does not depend on the total factor productivity of the technical advance, and does not lead to the industry expansion. That is, the contribution of total factor productivity turns out to be relatively low. Second, it is necessary for the manufacturing industry to improve the level of technology and to emphasize the innovation of business, since the capital investment does not completely become fixed in the growth rate of productivity. Finally, continuous R&D investment should be made to increase total factor productivity. Namely, the regulation of industrial structure with an intensive technical development is essential and should be based on scientific and technical knowledge.

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제조업 및 건설업 근로자들의 근로 형태와 COPD발생 간의 연관성 (Association between Employment Status and the Prevalence of COPD for Manufacturing and Construction Workers)

  • 김지현;서혜경;김현욱
    • 한국산업보건학회지
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    • 제28권4호
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    • pp.365-373
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    • 2018
  • Objective: This study aims to analyze the relationship between employment status and the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) for manufacturing and construction workers. Methods: Subjects, who had or have worked as temporary workers in manufacturing or construction worksites for the longest career years, were extracted from the KNHANES(2007-2009) database. Characteristics of demographical, socio-economic, and smoking history were treated as independent variables. Considering that smoking experience and age are significantly influential in the prevalence of COPD, logistic regressions were analyzed after stratifying subjects according to their smoking experience and age. A two-stage stratified systematic sampling method was applied for the logistic regression analysis. Results: Age, gender, and household income level were associated with the prevalence of COPD in both smoking and non-smoking groups. However, employment status was only significant among smoking group. Smoking experience and age were significantly related to the prevalence of COPD among all age groups. In addition, employment status and household income level were also associated with the prevalence of COPD in young aged group. But gender was the only significant factor among the elder group. Conclusions: This study confirmed that employment status was a major social factor which may be related to the prevalence of COPD. Proper supports such as providing safety measures should be provided to temporary workers to manage their respiratory health.

Public Reporting of Hospital Level Surgical Volumes: Its Influence on Patient Behavior

  • Han, Kyu-Tae;Park, Eun-Cheol;Nam, Chung-Mo;Kim, Tae-Hyun;Hahm, Myung-Il;Lee, Sang-Gyu
    • 한국의료질향상학회지
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    • 제24권2호
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    • pp.62-75
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    • 2018
  • Purpose: The objective of this study was to publicly report the hospital-level surgical volume for 7 types of surgery including gastrectomy. Also, to investigate the changes in patient behaviors after the public reporting among patients with gastrectomy. Methods: This study used data from the National Health Insurance Service Cohort. The data comprised of 2,214 patients who were diagnosed with gastric cancer and underwent gastrectomy during 2004-2012. An interrupted time series analysis was performed to investigate the association between patients' choice and public reporting. Results: 79.27% of the patients visited a hospital with high surgical volume. The time trend after introduction of public reporting was positively associated with visiting a high volume hospital (per 1 month, RR: 1.004, p=0.0329). However, after adjusting the health policies by reducing copayment, public reporting on surgical volume was not associated with visiting a high volume hospital. Sub-group analyses had also similar results. Conclusion: Patients were more affected by policies on economic support than on public reporting, and the changes in treatment options may have been affected by the increasing preference for large size hospitals. Thus, public reporting did not significantly improve the options available for patients and their decision making on health care utilization.