• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.193-212
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to classify the body types of obese men in their 50-60s and compare them with those of obese middle-aged men in their 30-40s. The 3D anthropometric data of obese men aged 50 to 60 years from the 6th Size Korea. The data are analyzed using SPSS 25.0 for Windows, and descriptive statistics, χ² test, correlation analysis, and cluster analysis are used to classify obese body types. As a result of the study, five factors are extracted to determine body types, which are classified into three obese body types through cluster analysis. 1) a large physique and consequently large circumference and height; 2) A short upper body length, short height, and thick belly; 3) the lowest rate of obesity and relatively flat abdominal curve. For the 30-40s group, Type1 showed the highest rate at 55.6%, whereas for the 50s group, Type3 showed the highest rate at 49.3%, and for 60s group, Type2 showed the highest rate at 41.2%. The classification accuracy of the discriminant function for each type is 94.7%, indicating relatively high accuracy. Furthemore, the recently changed obese body type are analyzed by comparing it with the 3D anthropometric data of 8th Size Korea, which will contribute to the utilization of basic data for manufacturing apparel for obese men.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.1-11
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• 2023

The purpose of this study was to characterize the upper body shape of men in their 50s and 60s by analyzing direct measurement data. Sixty one direct measurement items were analyzed. Subjects (n = 752) were classified based on 5 factors into 4 body types. In order to acquire accurate upper body shape information by analyzing body type using the 8th Size Korea direct measurement data, body shapes were classified through factor and cluster analysis. As a result of the comparative analysis of the upper body measurements from the 5th to the 8th Size Korea measurement, it was found that waist circumference item tended to increase significantly from the 5th Size Korea measurements. The upper body type of middle aged males were classified using five factors: the trunk obesity factor, the trunk vertical factor, the width of the back shoulder, the vertical factor behind the back, and the length factor of the upper body. Middle-aged men were classified into four body types through cluster analysis. Type 1 is relatively short with big arms, Type 2 has wide shoulders and thin arms, and in Type 3, the upper body is relatively long. Type 4 is the most obese upper body.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.69-78
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was to determine the effects of a combined exercise program and telephone counseling in obese middle-aged women. The study also attempted to measure the effects of the program on physiological functions, self-efficacy and depression. Method: This research employed a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The experimental group consisted of 29 obese middle-aged women, and the control group of 30 women. The subjects in the experimental group participated in a combined exercises program and telephone counseling for 12 weeks. Results: After performing the program for 12 weeks, BMI (p=.000), percent body fat (p<.007), TC (p=.026), TG (p=.035) and depression (p=.012) in the experimental group decreased significantly compared with the control group. Self-efficacy (p=.000) in the experimental group increased significantly compared with the control group after the program. Conclusion: From these findings, it was confirmed that a combined exercises program and telephone counseling for obese middle-aged women can increase self-efficacy and decrease BMI, percent body fat, total cholesterol, triglyceride and depression. Therefore, this program can be utilized for various population groups including women, and further researches are required on programs for men.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.379-391
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: We investigated the associations between eating away from home (EAFH) and overweight and obesity among Ugandan adults using the 2014 Uganda non-communicable disease risk factor survey. SUBJECTS/METHODS: In total, 3,025 participants aged 18-69 years were included in the analysis. The frequency of EAFH was assessed by asking participants the number of meals eaten per week that were not prepared at a home. EAFH frequency was categorized as; less than once/week, 1-2 times/week, or ≥ 3 times/week. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the associations between overweight, obesity, and EAFH. We also tested whether sex and age modified these associations. RESULTS: Participants that ate away from home ≥ 3 times/week were 2.13 times more likely to be obese than those that ate away from home less than once/week (odds ratio [OR], 2.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.28-3.54). However, when the analysis was stratified by sex, women that ate away from home ≥ 3 times/week were 42% less likely to be overweight than those that ate away from home less than once/week (OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.36-0.94). Men that ate away from home ≥ 3 times a week were 3.89 times and 2.23 times more likely to be obese and overweight, respectively, than those that ate away from home less than once/week (obesity: OR, 3.89; 95% CI, 1.50-10.09; overweight: OR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.42-3.51). Age-stratified analysis showed that among participants aged 31-50 years, those that ate away from home ≥ 3 times a week were 3.53 times more likely to be obese than those that ate away from home less than once/week (OR, 3.53; 95% CI, 1.69-7.37). CONCLUSIONS: Frequent EAFH was positively associated with overweight and obesity among men, and obesity among young/middle-aged adults, but negatively associated with overweight in women. Nutritional interventions for obesity reduction in Uganda should include strategies aimed at reducing the frequency of eating meals prepared away from home, and specifically target men and young/middle-aged adults.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.63-68
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• 2006

This research analyzed the hematological index and health related habits such as alcohol drinking, smoking and exercise, by classifying 539 middle-aged men (age: 40 - 59) into a normal weight group, an overweight group and an obese group, according to BMI (body mass index). As a result, 33.6% (n = 181) of subjects had a BMI of 23 or less and 30.2% (n = 163) were overweight and 36.2% (n = 195) were obese (BMI > 25). The average systolic/diastolic blood pressures of total subjects were 130.96mmHg and 80.38mmHg, respectively. And the average pressure of normal subjects was 126.85/77.57mmHg, which was significantly lower than in overweight and obese subjects. Diastolic blood pressure shows significant differences among the three groups. The overall average cholesterol level of normal subjects was 193.81mg/dl, which was significantly lower than those in overweight subjects. Those in obese subjects were significantly higher than in overweight subjects. The GOT (glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase), GPT (glutamic pyrutic transaminase), ${\gamma}$-GTP (gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase) levels of obese subjects were significantly higher than in the overweight subjects. Frequency of alcohol drinking showed no significant difference among the groups. The smoking ratio in the obese group was higher than in the normal and overweight groups. The ratio of smokers was 53.1 %, and the alcohol drinking ratio was 81.0% of the total subjects. The frequency of drinking showed significant correlations with systolic blood pressure (p < 0.05) and diastolic blood pressures (p < 0.01) and ${\gamma}$-GTP (p < 0.01). The duration of smoking showed a negative correlation (p < 0.01) with diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and ${\gamma}$-GTP. On the other hand, exercising frequency showed negative correlations with blood glucose, ${\gamma}$-GTP and GPT(p < 0.01). These hematological indices were correlated with health related habits such as alcohol drinking, smoking and lack of exercise, and to be the cause of chronic diseases. Therefore, proper nutritional education is needed to establish advisable health related habits to maintain proper body weight. (J Community Nutrition 8(2): 63-68, 2006)

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.117-125
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• 2017

Purpose: Little is known about the dieting experiences of obese adolescent boys, as the majority of studies on obesity in children and adolescents have included only girls. This qualitative study was designed to explore the ways in which male middle school boys attach subjective meanings to their obese bodies, and experience dieting practices in their everyday lives. Methods: Fifteen obese boys aged 14 to 16 were interviewed via in-depth, face-to-face interviews. All interview data were audiotaped, transcribed, and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Having a large build and increased strength that prevented bullying by peers had positive meanings participants attributed to their obese bodies. However, negative meanings existed as well, including feeling heavy and having no physical endurance, having a clammy and odorous body, and being bullied and vulnerable to disease. With respect to dieting experiences, multiple positive and negative subthemes were identified. Conclusion: The findings of this study show the intersection between adolescence and everyday life challenges for obese middle school boys in the Korean culture. Further, recommendations for healthcare professionals include a gender-specific approaches when intervening and planning programs for obese adolescents.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.1009-1018
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to develop slacks patterns for middle-aged abdomen-obese adult males by using the 3D virtual-twin and virtual-garment simulation system. The criteria for subjects in this study were males who had over $25kg/m^2$ of BMI, over 90cm of waist, and over 0.90 of WHR. A total of 211 adult males who met these criteria were enrolled. The results were as follows: first, a new slacks pattern considerate of abdomen-obese men was development. The basic numerical formula were as follows: front and back hip girth H/4+3.5, front waist girth W/4+1+0.5, back waist girth W/4+1-0.5, front crotch extension H/16, back crotch extension H/8-0.5, front pleats amount 2.7, and back dart amount 1.5. Second, according to the results of the new slacks patterns appearance evaluation, the new slacks pattern scored more highly than the existing pattern in silhouette and ease amount, confirming that the new slacks pattern is appropriate for the abdomen-obese men. Also, the new slacks pattern was evaluated allowing proper space length of waist, abdomen and hip. Virtual models of production through data from a 3D body scan, pattern draft and virtual garment digital program were applied to a prototypic design method in order to enhance the fitness of ready-made garments. The use of the virtual twin made it impossible to comprehend the appearances and ease correspondent to motions. In order to evaluate wearing fitness, therefore, the system should be improved so as to change arm positions and perform various motions.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.3 no.5
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• pp.695-706
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• 1998

This study was designed to investigate the associations of the percent body fat dietary intake, plasma lipoprotein profile, lipoprotein(a), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1(PAI-1) concentrations of 1982 Korean subjects(men : 1000 and women : 982) between the ages of 40 and 59 years. The dietary assessment consisted of twenty-four hour dietary records and food frequency questionnaires. The subjects were identified into one of the five rating groups of % body fat : lean, underweight, normal, overweight and obese groups. The biochemical assessment included measurements of plasma total cholesterol(TC), HDL-cholesterol(HDL-C), LDL-cholesterol(LDL-C), triglyceride(TG), lipoprotein(a)(Lp(a)), and PAI-1. With respect to the ratio of percent energy intake of carbohydrate : protein : fat of the normal group of the women was 62% : 17% : 20%, respectively. Women apparently had a higher intake of carbohydrates than men(52% : 17 : 20%) did. There was a linear relationship between energy intake and % body fat in both mean and women(with the exception of the underweight group of women). The relationship of % body fat of men to the protein and fat intake was higher than that of the carbohydrate intake. Of the men in the study, intakes of energy, protein and alcohol were positively correlated to % body fat. In women, energy, carbohydrate and protein intake were positively correlated to % body fat, however, the fat, cholesterol and alcohol intake did not show any correlation to the % body fat in women. This study showed that % body fat was positively correlated with plasma TC, LDL-C, PAI-1 levels, and TG, but the % body fat was negatively correlated with plasma HDL-C level in both men and women. These results indicated that the high energy intake of obese or overweight subjects might contribute to several of the biochemical indices fo coronary heart disease(CHD) risk. In conclusion, increased energy intake is associated with overweight or obesity in middle aged Korean people. There was no relationship between % energy intake of fat and % body fat in the study, in middle-aged Korean men and women. The plasma lipid profile and PAI-1 level thought to be the risk factors of CHD were positively associated with percent body fat in middle aged Korean people.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.231-243
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• 2012

This study examines the characteristics of fat body type males aged 35 to 55 with a BMI rate higher than 25 categorized as mid-degree obesity and high-degree obesity according to the $6^{th}$ Size Korea; in addition, the study provides a sizing system for obese males. The physical characteristics of the obese male appeared to be with a shorter lower body compared to an upper body for a higher degree of obesity. Obesity appeared evenly from chest to thigh circumference compared to a normal group. Especially, their waist measurement, depth, and width were significantly larger as well as the crotch length (natural indentation) and a larger waist measurement. As for the cloth sizing system, this study suggests the sizes with higher distribution among the designated size intervals of casual tops, men's suit tops and bottoms based on standard stature, chest size and waist circumference (Omphalion) by KS.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.307-319
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• 2024

Purpose: This study compared the differences in health and dietary characteristics between middle-aged men and women according to their health-related quality of life. Methods: This study used the data from the 2019 and 2021 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The participants were men (n = 1,571) and women (n = 2,179) aged 40-59. A health-related Quality of Life Instrument with eight items (HINT-8) was used to measure the health-related quality of life. The participants were divided into four groups based on their HINT-8 total scores (high, mid-high, mid-low, and low). The general and health characteristics, mental health, and dietary behaviors were compared according to the quality of life. Results: Men with a lower quality of life had lower incomes, were more likely to be single, smoked and drank more, and perceived themselves as slim or obese. Women with a lower quality of life had a higher proportion of older age, obesity, lower education and income, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. Both men and women with a lower quality of life had higher proportions of subjectively perceiving poor health, weight gain over the past year, and considering themselves as obese. Both men and women with a lower quality of life had lower consumption frequencies of vegetables/mushrooms/seaweed and fruits. Conclusion: Both men and women with lower health-related quality of life had lower incomes, higher rates of perceiving their health as poor, and consumed vegetables/ mushrooms/seaweed and fruits less frequently, but they showed different characteristics in other aspects. Therefore, policy development tailored to men and women is necessary.