• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.13-21
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• 2014

This study investigated the anthropometric characteristics of US women 26 to 45 years of age to classify their body shapes into different categories. Research data was obtained from 2950 women 26 to 45 years of age who participated in the SizeUSA study. A 26 to 35 years of age group and a 36 to 45 years of age group were selected from the data pool. A total of 26 measurements important for body shape classification and for apparel product development was used for the data analysis. Five factors accounted for the US women's body measurements. The body shapes of women were categorized into 4 types: Obese A-Shape, Overweight Y-Shape, Obese H-Shape, and Normal S-Shape. Normal S-Shape was the most common body shape type. More women in the 26 to 35 years of age group had Normal S-Shape type than women in the 36 to 45 years of age group. More women in the 36 to 45 years of age group had Obese A-Shape, Overweight Y-Shape, and Obese H-Shape than women in the 26 to 35 years of age group. Younger US women, 26 to 35 years of age had slimmer body sizes with more balanced body shapes; however, older US women, 36 to 45 years of age had larger body sizes with more various body shapes.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.307-320
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• 1996

The enforcement and its effect of weight control program including nutrition education, exercise and behavioral modification therapy during 20 weeks were studied in primary school obese children. The sample consisted of treatment group(n=19) and control group (n=23). To evaluate the effects of weight control program, treatment group took pretest and posttest for nutrition knowledge, attitude and food habits. Nutrient intakes, serum lipid levels and anthropometric values were also measured. After weight control program, body weight of treatment group significantly decreased from 47.0$\pm$9.0kg to 45.9$\pm$8.5kg(p<0.001), but than of control group increased from 47.8$\pm$8.1kg to 49.0$\pm$8.7kg (p$\leq$0.05). Obesity index showed decline of 8.6% for treatment group and gain of 0.7% for control group. After self-control period, body weight and relate index in both groups were increased. For the nutrition knowledge test results, the posttest mean scores of treatment group showed the significant increase(p<0.001). For the attitude toward nutrition and food habit results, the posttest mean scores increased significantly (p<0.05, p<0.01). There was a decline of 28% in serum triglycerides, whereas serum total cholesterol increased 11% of baseline. These findings suggest that well-combined weight control program for obese children may result in a substantial loss of body weight during 14 weeks. In addition, these reuslts indicate that weight redution through weight control program can be a viable approach to help normalize serum lipids in obese children. Finally, these data suggest that it may be important to identify that affect weight loss and maintenance, and to examine how to manipulate these factors in weight control program.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.129-143
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• 2010

Objectives : This study examined search on how the obesity indices, that are largely used in clinics such as waist circumference(WC), body mass index(BMI) and waist-hip ratio(WHR), are related to the visceral fat that was measured from abdominal computed tomography(CT) and the ratio of visceral fat/subcutaneous fat. Then, two groups ware compared in order to find out which characteristics of ordinary adults relationship with the abdominal obesity. Two groups are divided as follows; ones who are obese based on the measurement of WC and the others who are obese based on the level of BMI. Methods : A group of 63 test subjects that were gathered in the oriental medical hospital of Kyung-Won university is divided into two groups; ones (n=51, general obesity; group A) who have $BMI{\geq}25$ and $WC{\geq}85$, and the others (n=12, abdominal obesity; group B) who have BMI<25 and $WC{\geq}85$. Then, each group's obesity indices, abdominal CT, lipid level, glucose, adiponectin, leptin and C-reactive protein(CRP) are compared. In addition, subjects are again divided into two to examine the characteristics; ones (n=14, visceral obesity; group C) with visceral obesity based on the ratio between visceral fat and subcutaneous fat measured through abdominal CT, and the others (n=38, non-visceral obesity; group D) who are obese but not viscerally obese. Results & Conclusions : As a measurement that applies abdominal visceral fat and subcutaneous fat, BMI and WC can be considered as an appropriate obesity index while WHR cannot appropriately apply the abdominal fat amount. Moreover, the study indicates that abdominal obesity group based on the ratio of visceral fat/subcutaneous fat has more significant difference than the abdominal obesity group based on the WC in case of blood lipid index.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.157-176
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• 2007

Objectives The relationships between adolescent depression and obesity, life style has been reported, but usually study results were not consistent with the study before. This study was designed to evaluate clear relationship between obesity and depressive trends, life styles in middle school students. Methods The study participants were the 1th, 2th grade students from one middle school in Kang dong Gu, Seoul(479 Students). The participants were measured their height and weight, and they were also surveyed by questionnaire. We diagnosed the students as depressives when they scored 10 points or above on Children's Depression Inventory(CDI) of Kovacs and Beck. Results The mean depression score in the obese group was significantly higher than that of the normal body weight group, and the more severely obese the group was, the higher the depression scores for this group were. The depression score of the boys obese group was higher than the girls obese group. The depression score was significantly higher in the obese group of people who hate to do exercising, like computer games and like watching TV instead, than in the group of people who like to do exercising and don't play computer games. Conclusions This study showed that depressive mood during adolescent was related to obesity and obesity-related lifestyles.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제34권9호
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• pp.1381-1387
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• 2005

체중조절을 희망하는 여대생 18명을 대상으로, 자의적 행동수정을 위한 상담프로그램과, 개별${\cdot}$그룹별 운동프로그램으로 구성된 복합식 체중조절 프로그램에 참여하도록 하여 활용도에 대해 조사하였다. 대상자는 대구${\cdot}$경북 지역에 거주하는 평균 연령 21.3세, 평균 신장 161.8cm의 여대생이었으며, 체질량지수(BMI)에 따라 과체중군(25 $\le$ BMI<27)과 비만군(BMI$\ge$27)으로 구분하였다. 대상자들의 초기 평균 체중과 체질량지수는 각각 71.56 kg, $27.25 kg/m^2$였으며, 프로그램 참여 동기는 대다수가 외모에 대한 자신감 결여 때문이었다. 9주간의 체중조절 프로그램으로 과체중군은 3.28 kg, 비만군은 3.0 kg의 체중감소가 있었으며, 체지방은 과체중군에서 $1.61\%$, 비만군에서 $0.8\%$ 감소하였다. 총콜레스테롤과 LDL-콜레스테롤은 과체중군에서 유의적 (p<0.05)으로 감소하였으며, 최대산소섭취량 또한 체중조절 프로그램 종료후 과체중군에서 2.71 mL/kg/min 증가하였다. 비만군은 체중조절 과정을 통해 열량섭취량이 권장량 대비 $109.2\%$에서 $86.5\%$로 감소하였으며, 식사속도, 간식섭취 및 식사중 TV시청 빈도의식 행동 평가점수가 높아졌다. 본 자율적 체중조절프로그램은 과체중군의 체중감량에 효과가 있을 것으로 추측되나 비만군은 자율적 운동에 소극적인 성향을 나타내고 있어, 비만정도에 따라 체중조절 프로그램의 구성과 진행을 달리할 필요성이 있겠다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.221-225
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• 2012

Zinc deficiency is known to be associated with insulin resistance in obese individuals. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of zinc supplementation on insulin resistance and metabolic risk factors in obese Korean women. Forty obese women (body mass index (BMI) ${\geq}25kg/m^2$) aged 19-28 years were recruited for this study. Twenty women of the study group took 30 mg/day of supplemental zinc as zinc gluconate for 8 weeks and 20 women of control group took placebo. Usual dietary zinc intake was estimated from 3-day diet records. Insulin resistances were measured using Homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) indices, and insulin sensitivities Matsuda indices, which were calculated using oral glucose tolerance test data. Metabolic risk factors, such as waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting glucose, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and adipocyte hormones such as leptin, and adiponectin were also measured. At the beginning of study, dietary zinc averaged 7.31 mg/day and serum zinc averaged $12.98{\mu}mol/L$ in the study group. Zinc supplementation increased serum zinc by 15% and urinary zinc by 56% (P < 0.05). HOMA values tended to decrease and insulin sensitivity increased slightly in the study group, but not significantly so. BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, blood glucose, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, and adipocyte hormones did not change in either the study or control group. These results suggest that zinc status may not affect insulin resistance and metabolic risk factors in obese Korean women. Further research is required on a larger cohort with a longer follow-up to determine the effects of zinc status on insulin resistance and metabolic variables.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.249-255
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• 2016

Objective: This purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between dimensionless leg stiffness and kinetic variables during gait performance, and its modulation with body weight. Method: The study sample consisted of 10 young women divided into 2 groups (Control, n=5 and Obese, n=5). Four camcorders (HDR-HC7/HDV 1080i, Sony Corp, Japan) and one force plate (AMTI., USA) were used to analyze the vertical ground reaction force (GRF) variables, center of pressure (COP), low limb joint angle, position of pelvis center and leg lengths during the stance phase of the gait cycle. Results: Our results revealed that the center of mass (COM) displacement velocity along the y-axis was significantly higher in the obese group than that in control subjects. Displacement in the position of the center of the pelvis center (Z-axis) was also significantly higher in the obese group than that in control subjects. In addition, the peak vertical force (PVF) and dimensionless leg stiffness were also significantly higher in the obese group. However, when normalized to the body weight, the PVF did not show a significant between-group difference. When normalized to the leg length, the PVF and stiffness were both lower in the obese group than in control subjects. Conclusion: In the context of performance, we concluded that increased dimensionless leg stiffness during the gait cycle is associated with increased velocity of COM, PVF, and the change in leg lengths (%).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.197-202
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• 2005

Resistin, adiponectin, and leptin are hormones secreted by adipose tissue and are known to play an important role in adipose tissue metabolism. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the levels of adipocyte-derived hormones (resistin, adiponectin, leptin) in obese children aged 10-12 years. The subjects were 102 obese children with obesity index (OI) over $120\%$ and 51 control children with obesity index less than $120\%$ were included for comparison. Anthropometric variables and serological parameters were assessed. Height, weight, OI, body mass index (BMI) were significantly higher in obese group than in control. Obese children showed significantly higher serum concentrations of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and LDL-cho1esterol and significantly lower HDL-cholesterol compared with control children, even though the values were within normal ranges for both groups. Concentrations of resistin and leptin were significantly higher in obese group than in control. Adiponectin and insulin levels were tended to lower in obese group even though the differences were not statistically significant. Resistin had significant positive correlation with OI and TG, and 1eptin with weight, OI, BMI, TG and TC. On the other hand, adiponectin showed significant negative correlations with height, OI and BMI. These finding showed that obese children had higher serum levels of resistin and leptin and lower adiponectin, and also these hormones had correlations with related factors of obesity, suggesting adipocyte-derived hormones has a role in child obesity.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제54권7호
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• pp.292-297
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• 2011

Purpose: Our study aimed to evaluated sex differences in clinical features of obese high school students. Methods: One hundred three obese high school students (body mass index [BMI]${\geq}$85th percentile) and 51 control students (BMI<85th percentile) were enrolled in this study. Anthropometric measurements were performed. Fasting serum glucose, insulin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and high-sensitive C-reactive protein were measured. Abdominal fat thickness, degree of fatty liver, and carotid intima-media thickness were measured by ultrasound. Results: In control and obese groups, waist circumference was significantly longer in boys but body fat mass was Significantly higher in girls. In the control group, total cholesterol and LDL-C were higher in girls. In the obese group, however, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and triglyceride were higher and HDL-C was lower in boys. Preperitoneal fat thickness was significantly higher in obese girls. In obese group, the degree of fatty liver was significantly higher in boys. Carotid intima-media thickness was not significantly different between boys and girls. Conclusion: Obese adolescents had distinguishable sex differences in body measurements, metabolic abnormalities, abdominal fat thickness and fatty liver. We can infer that these characteristics may extend into adult obesity.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.226-232
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• 2002

남자 비만 초등학생들을 대상으로 체지방률에 따른 경도비만(%fat 20∼24.9%), 중도비만(25∼29.9%), 고도비만 (30%이상)으로 분류하여 인슐린, leptin 및 혈청지질을 분석·평가하였다. 인슐린은 고도비만 초등학생들이 다른 집단에 비해 유의하게 높게 나타났으며, leptin은 경도비만 초등학생들에 비해 중도비만 초등학생들과 고도비만 초등학생들이 유의하게 높게 나타났다. T-C는 경도비만 초등학생들에 비해 고도비만 초등학생들이 유의하게 높게 나타났으며, 체지방률이 높을수록 HDL-C가 높아지는 경향이 있으나 유의한 차이는 없었다. TG는 고도비만 집단이 다른 집단에 비해 유의하게 높게 나타났다. LDL-C는 체지방률이 높아질수록 조금씩 증가하는 경향이 나타났으나 유의한 차이는 없었다. 이상의 결과에서 비만 초등학생들 중에서도 체지방률에 따라서 인슐린, leptin, T-C 및 TG에서 유의한 차이가 나타나 비만을 관리 하는데 있어서 체계적이고, 세분화된 프로그램의 개발이 시급한 실정이다.