• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.520-527
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• 2009

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L) is a high-quality forage for ruminants and the main stem is the dominant morphological component contributing to the forage nutritive value in mature alfalfa forage. Shearing force, a fracturing property of plant stem, is an important indictor of forage value. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of morphological characteristic on shearing force, the relationship between shearing force and chemical composition, and the relationship between shearing force and in situ digestibility of alfalfa stem. The results showed that linear density (weight per unit length of stem) was more important than chemical composition in affecting shearing force. There was a positive relationship between lignin content and shearing force (r = 0.78). Correlations were not found between shearing force and other chemical components such as neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), cellulose and hemicelluloses. In situ digestibility (of dry matter and NDF) was related to shearing force. A negative correlation was found between shearing force and dry matter (DM) digestibility (r = -0.70), and there was also a negative correlation between shearing force and NDF digestibility (r = -0.87). When shearing force was standardized for stem diameter or stem linear density, the relationship between shearing force and digestibility was consistent regardless of stem diameter and stem linear density. Shearing force was significantly correlated with lignin content and in situ digestibility (of DM and NDF), and was a more direct indicator for estimating forage nutritive value related to animal performance, so it can be used to predict the forage value of alfalfa.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권12호
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• pp.1681-1688
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• 2004

Soaked and pasteurised wheat straw was inoculated with five species of Pleurotus fungi (coded P-21, P-30, P-41, P-60 and P-90), packed in polyethylene bags and incubated in a fermentation chamber for 21 days. The chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and in sacco degradability of the treated and untreated straw were estimated using a complete randomised design consisting of six treatments and four replicates. In a feeding trial, in vivo digestibility and voluntary intake were determined in bulls, using a $3{\times}3$change over design. Dietary treatments were: 1) untreated wheat straw (UWS) as control; 2) fungal treated (P-41) wheat straw before mushroom formation (FTWS); 3) spent wheat straw (SPWS) after mushrooms were harvested. Apart from P-90, fungal treatment significantly (p<0.05) increased the crude protein (CP) and reduced the cell wall components of the straw. The in vitro dry mater and organic mater digestibility significantly (p<0.05) increased in the treated straw particularly with the treatments of P-41 and P-60. The in situ degradability and in vivo digestibility of DM and OM were significantly (p<0.05) increased in treated straws with the highest values observed for treatment P-41. The intake of DM, OM and digestible organic mater (DOM) were significantly (p<0.05) increased in cows fed FTWS.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.249-256
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• 1992

Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) was fractionated into leaf nutrient concentrate, fiber and deproteinised juice (DPJ). The fresh and fermented DPJs were concentrated and referred to as fresh deproteinised juice concentrate (FDPJC) and fermented deprotenised juice concentrate (FMTD DPJC). The FDPJC and FMTD DPJC were separately mixed with dried fiber and ensiled. Wilted crop silage and fresh fiber silage were also prepared from the same material crop. The nutritive value of these four silages were compared using four goats by $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Green crop fractionation resulted lesser amount of crude protein and ash, and higher amount of neurtal detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, cellulose and hemicellulose in fresh fiber. The pH of fresh fiber silage was lower than that of the other silages. Addition of FDPJC or FMTD DPJC to the dried fiber at ensiling did not improve the silage qualities; but all the silages were satisfactorily preserved. Goats fed these silages showed similar ruminal pH and total volatile fatty acid concentrations. But addition of FMTD DPJC was effective on increasing ruminal acetic acid concentration reducing propionic acid concentration. Ruminal n- and iso- butyric acid concentrations were proportional to that of propionic acid. High ammonia content of the silage containing FMTD DPJC was reflected to the ruminal ammonia concentration, urinary nitrogen excretion and serum urea level of goats. Inclusion of FDPJC or FMTD DPJC added 15 to 25% dry matter to the fiber silages with a little reduction in the digestibilities of most components of the silages.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.97-103
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• 2016

In our previous study, an early-maturing variety of rice (Oryza sativa L.), Jinbu can have feature with unique green color, various phytochemicals as well as nutritive components by the optimal early harvesting, called Green Rice$^{(R)}$ (GR). The aims of the present field experiments were to evaluate the changes in the weight of 1,000 kernels, yield, and contents of proximate and bioactive compounds in Chuchung, a mid-late maturing variety, during the pre-harvest maturation of rough rice and to research the appropriate harvest time and potent bioactivity of Chuchung GR. The weights of 1,000 kernels of Chuchung GR dramatically increased until 27 days after heading (DAH). The yields of Chuchung GR declined after 27 DAH and significantly declined to 0.0% after 45 DAH. The caloric value and total mineral contents were higher in the GR than in the full ripe stage, the brown rice (BR). In the GR, the contents of bioactive compounds, such as ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid, ${\gamma}$-oryzanol, and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol, were much higher (P<0.05) than those in the BR, specifically during 24~27 DAH. Therefore, bioactive Chuchung GR can be produced with a reasonable yield at 24~27 DAH and it could be useful for applications in various nutritive and functional food products.

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.177-184
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• 2010

The structure of the ovary, ultrastructure of oocytes and morphological characteristics of vitellogenesis during oogenesis in female Gomphina veneriformis were investigated in clams collected from coastal waters of Samchok, Gangwon-do, Kore. In the previtellogenic oocytes, the Golgi complex was involved in the formation of a number of vacuoles. In the early vitellogenic oocytes, lipid droplets appeared among the Golgi complex, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria in the cytoplasm of the oocyte were involved in the formation of lipid droplets. Coated vesicles, resulting from endocytosis appeared at the basal region of the early vitellogenic oocyte. The uptake of nutritive materials in the coated vesicles formed by receptor-mediated endocytosis appeared through the formation of coated endocytotic pits on the oolemma. In the late vitellogenic oocytes, large yolk granules were formed by a combination of small yolk granules. In the mature oocyte, a mature yolk granule in composed of three components: crystaline core, electron lucent cortex, and a limiting membrane. According to cytological and histological observations, vitellogenesis occurred by way of endogenous autosynthesis and exogenous heterosynthesis. Autosynthesis involved the conbined activities of the Golgi complex, mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, whereas heterosynthesis involved endocytotic incorporation of extraovarian precursors at the basal region of the early vitellogenic oocyte. The follicle cells which was attached to oocytes, were involved in the development of the previtellogenic and early vitellogenic oocytes as a kind of nutritive cells containing a number of glycogen particles and lipid droplets in the cytoplasm.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.281-289
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• 1992

This study was designed to investigate and quantify components of the connotative meaning of foods, and to analyze the correlations between food concepts and food frequencies on elderly Korean. It involves adapting a communications research tools, the semantic differential and demonstrating its use with two population groups, urban and rural aged. The data were collected by interviewing 217 males and females of 70 years of age and older living in urban and rural areas. To assess how they feel and what they know about foods, the instrument which contains concepts of price, taste, goodness of health, interest, usuality, likes and dislikes, appetite, fattening, quality, and nutritive value about foods were developed. The result shows that there are significant correlations between food concepts and food frequencies. The more affirmative concepts the elderly have, the more food frequencies tend to be. positive concepts are appeared on the meat, fishes, vegetables & fruits, Kimchi and the rice, but negative connotations are appeared on the milk and sugar. There are significant differences between the urban and rural elderly on food concepts.

• 식품기술
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.29-35
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• 2002

To prevent the incidence of type food allergies, removal of food allergens by excluding all foodstuffs containing the allergen(s) or disruption of allergen(s) using proteases has been employed. Though allergen- specific digestion with a protease worked well in the preparation of low allergenic goods, it is often difficult to destroy allergenicity without adversely affecting the nutritive value, taste and rheological properties of foods. In the present study, we represented that herbs component contained both allergy- enhancing and inhibiting factors, in addition to llergens. We also reported that herbal component such as epigallocatechingallate (EGCG) and epicatechingallate (ECG) is possible to be allergy- inhibiting factors, but the exact mechanism by which they alleviate allergic response is left to be clarifying. Document of allergy enhancing factors and enrichment of allergy inhibiting factors may provide a new approach to diminish allergenicity of various foodstufffs. Clarification of the allergic reaction modifying mechanism of food components and optimization of the intake of allergy modifying factor are necessary for decrement of allergenicity of conventional food and prevention of incidents of allergic response

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.29-33
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• 2016

본 연구는 국내 유기우유 생산 농가와 일반 우유 생산농가의 급여사료(TMR) 내 영양소 성분을 비교하여 우유성분의 변화를 예측하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하기 위해서 수행되었다. 지역별 일반농가와 유기우유 생산농가에서 급여하고 있는 사료 내 조지방, 조섬유 조회분, NDF 및 ADF 함량은 모두 일반농가의 사료가 유기농가에 비해 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 그리고 조단백질 및 조지방 함량은 모두 일반농가의 사료가 유기농가에 비해 높게 나타났으나 통계적인 차이는 보이지 않았다. 일반농가 급여사료에서 마그네슘 및 아연은 유기농가 사료보다 현저하게 높게 나타났으나(p<0.05), 철, 칼륨, 인에서 차이가 없었다. 유기사료 내 총불포화 지방산의 함량은 일반사료에 비해 현저하게 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 유기사료에 oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid의 함량이 일반사료보다 많이 함유되어 있었으나 myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid의 함량은 일반사료가 높게 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.79-85
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• 1997

Cage layer waste and sudex grass were ensiled in the proportions of 0:100, 30:70, 40:60 and 50:50 wet basis, respectively. The influence of ensiling cage layer waste on Salmonellae, Shigella, Proteus, and total number of colony forming units (CFU) was investigated. The nutritive value of the silages was evaluated in a digestion trial. The experiment was conducted with 24 wethers allotted to four silages. Initial samples of cage layer waste showed $0.11{\times}10^6$ CFU and salmonellae, Shigella and Proteus were present. Ensiling was effective in complete elimination of all the pathogens. Dry matter, crude protein and ash contents were increased linearly (p < .01) with the increase of cage layer waste in the silages ($358g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ to $484g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$; $76.3g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ to $183.2g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ and $38.5g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ to $169.4g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$; DM basis, respectively). Water solubles carbohydrate values for silages were 38.3, 22.5, 20.1 and $20.0g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ DM basis, respectively. Ensiling decreased the pH values for all the silages and the decrease was higher for sudex grass ensiled alone than grass ensiled with cage layer waste. Lactic acid concentration in silages increased linearly (p < .01) with the increase of cage layer waste. The apparent digestibilities of DM, OM and CP for the animals fed sudex grass silage alone were 496.0, 516.1, $496.7g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ DM basis respectively. However, digestibilities of all the components were higher (p < 0.01) for the animals fed silages containing cage layer waste. Among waste containing diets, the digestibilities of all the components showed quadratic affect (p < 0.01), increased for silages containing 30 and 40% cage layer waste and decreased when the level of waste increased from 40 to 50%. The results indicated that cage layer waste can be used upto 40% in ruminant diet as a source of N without any adverse effect on the health of animals. Ensiling appeared to be feasible and effective method for eliminating the pathogen present in cage layer waste.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.356-364
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• 2013

햇순의 활용도를 높이기 위해 엄나무, 참죽 및 오가피 2차 순의 영양성 및 기능성 등 이화학적 특성을 1차 순과 비교하여 측정하였다. 수분과 조지방은 2차 순에 비해 1차 순의 함량이 높았으며, 조섬유와 탄수화물의 함량은 2차 순이 1차 순에 비해 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 유기산은 1차 순에 비해 2차 순의 함량이 높게 나타났으나 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 유리아미노산은 엄나무와 참죽에서 2차 순이 1차 순에 비해 높은 함량을 보였으나 오가피는 1차 순이 2차 순에 비해 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 특히, 엄나무와 참죽의 2차 순은 감칠맛에 관여하는 glutamic acid의 함량이 1차 순에 비해 매우 높게 나타났다. 무기질은 모든 햇순의 2차 순이 1차 순에 비해 높은 함량을 보였다. 햇순 2차 순의 총폴리페놀과 플라보노이드 함량은 1차 순에 비해 낮은 함량을 나타내었으며, 오가피의 DPPH 라디칼 소거능을 제외한 모든 항산화 활성에서 1차 순이 2차 순에 비해 높은 활성을 보였다. 이상의 결과로 햇순은 1차 순에 비해 영양성은 잘 유지되고 있으나 기능성이 감소되어 향후 기능성을 유지할 수 있는 재배조건에 대한 연구 및 2차 순의 식품학적 활용도를 높일 수 있는 다양한 가공방법에 대한 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 또한 향후 채취 시기별 이화학적 특성 및 기능성 변화에 대한 메커니즘 연구도 필요할 것으로 판단된다.