• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to provide a reference range for plasma homocysteine and to explore the relation between plasma homocysteine and nutritional indexes in a Korean college women. Thirty women were selected from college students in Seoul area With mean age of 22.4y. Dietary intakes of Vitamins B$_{6}$, B$_{12}$, folate were estimated from a 3 day food diary method and plasma homocysteine concentration was mearsured as well as the levels of blood vitamins. The results obtained are as follows. Mean daily intake of energy, vitamin B$_{6}$, B$_{12}$, and folate were 1731.9kcal, 0.9mg, 2.2mg and 139.8$\mu\textrm{g}$ respectively. Mean plasma homocysteine concentration was 12.4$\mu$mol/l with a range between 6.7 and 17.8$\mu$mol/l and the mean concentrations of plasma vitamin B$_{6}$(PLP), serum vitamin $_{12}$, Serum folate and RBC folate were 77.5nmol/l, 267.4pmol/l, 17.1 nmol/l and 736.5nmol/l arid 736.5nmol/l respectively. we found a negative correlation between plasma homocysteine concentration and dietary vitamins, and blood levels of vitamin although it was not significant.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.468-476
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to examine whether there is an association between vitamin intakes and established periodontitis in Korean adult population. The 6,245 subjects aged over 19 years old, who participated in health survey, oral examination and nutrition survey were selected for this study from the database of the Fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Established periodontitis was defined as ${\geq}$ code 3 in community periodontal index. Vitamin intake was assessed with the food-frequency questionnaire. In analysis, participants were classified by quintile of vitamin intakes. We also considered covariates as socio-demographic characteristics, health-related behaviors including physical activities, systemic diseases and oral health-related behaviors. Multiple logistic regression was performed to assess the crude and adjusted associations. All analyses considered a complex sampling design using SAS 9.2. In crude analysis, less intake of vitamin A, retinol and vitamin B2 significantly increased the risk of periodontitis (vitamin A, odds ratio [OR] Q1=1.00, Q2=0.73, Q3=0.80, Q4=0.77, Q5=0.78; retinol, OR: Q1=1.00, Q2=0.86, Q3=0.73, Q4=0.62, Q5=0.55; vitamin B2, OR: Q1=1.00, Q2=0.70, Q3=0.63, Q4=0.67, Q5=0.68). However, after adjusting for socio-demographics, general and oral health status and behaviors, only vitamin B2 was significantly associated with established periodontitis (OR: Q1=1.00, Q2=0.72, Q3=0.73, Q4=0.76, Q5=0.84). An adequate vitamin B2 intake was significantly associated with a decreased risk of periodontitis. This finding shows that nutrient intake is slightly correlated with periodontitis in Korean adult population. Further studies are needed to understand this association between nutrients intake and periodontitis in more details.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.175-182
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• 2001

The main focus of this study was set to help college students in Kangwon province to improve and correct dietary habits and to maintain healthy life. The nutritional status and food preference of college students were examined from May to July, 1999. The collection of the research data has been made on the basis of questionnaries for 184 college students residing in Kangwon province. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using SAS package program for descriptive frequency and statistical significance. The meal skipping ratio of the subjects were 2% and for the reasons of meal skipping 45% responded "lack of time". As for main dishes, cooked rice turned out to be the most preferred by the subjects and the second and third favored by female students were bread and noodle respectively. Most preferred side-dishes were meat soup, kimchi, laver Kui,squid Bockeum, fried squid, beef Chon, squid Chorim, soy Namul, Dubuk Changachi and squid Muchim. Less preferred side-dishes include radish soup, white kimchi, mugwort fry, liver Bockeum, liver sheon and egg plant Kui. No one-plate food was disliked by the subjects. Male liked Manndukuk and female liked cuttle fish rice. The intakes of nutrient except for energy, iron and calcium for female students were the same or above the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Koreans.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.488-498
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• 2007

The purposes of this study were to: a) provide evidences concerning the effects of emotional leadership b) examine the impacts of emotional leadership on employee-related variables, 'job satisfaction', 'organizational commitment', 'organizational performance' and 'turnover intention', and c) identify a conceptual framework underlying emotional leadership. A survey was conducted from August 23 to November 3, 2005 to collect data from mid-level managers in food service company headquarters (N=219). Statistical analyses were completed using SPSS Win (12.0) for descriptive, reliability, factor and correlation analyses and AMOS (5.0) for confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. The main results of this study were as follows. First, the managers gave the highest point to their leaders in the emotional leadership competence 'organizational awareness : reading the currents, decision networks, and politics at the organizational level' and gave the lowest point in the emotional leadership competence 'influence: wielding effective tactics for persuasion'. Second, the means of job satisfaction was above the midpoint (3 points). Employees' job satisfaction with 'coworkers' was relatively high. However, the extents of satisfaction with 'payroll' 'promotion', and 'work environment' were relatively low. Third, the organizational commitment was above the midpoint (3 points). In the organizational commitment, 'loyalty' factor was higher than 'commitment' factor. Fourth, the means of organizational performance was above the midpoint. The highest organizational performance variable was 'internal efficiency; trying to reduce cost' and the lowest organizational performance variable was 'internal fairness ; equitable treatment and all are treated with respect with no regard to status and grade'. Fifth, most respondents intended on 'thinking of quitting ; towards turnover process'. Sixth, the test of hypothesis using structural equation modeling found that emotional leadership produced p[Isitive effects on job attitude and job performance. Emotional leadership enhanced job satisfaction and organizational commitment, and in turn, employees' attitude positive effects on organizational performance; emotional leadership also had a direct impact on organizational performance

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.468-473
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• 2008

Purpose : Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) is still one of the most common nutrient deficiency disorders, despite improvements in general health and nutrition. This study was designed to investigate the diagnostic values of hematological profiles, including the level of ferritin, and to evaluate the knowledge of mothers on weaning practices for infants and young children with IDA. Methods : This study was conducted on 111 infants and young children from six to 40 months of age with IDA. Their parents completed a questionnaire. IDA was defined as a level of hemoglobin <11.0 g/dL, the presence of microcytosis, a level of ferritin <10.0 ng/dL, transferrin saturation <15%, or an 1 g/dL increase in the level of hemoglobin after iron administration. The questionnaire made inquiries into their weaning practices. Results : In 111 infants and young children aged from six to 40 months, the average level of Hb was $9.5{\pm}1.0g/dL$. The prevalence of ferritin level (>10 ng/dL) was 48.6%, in spite of IDA. Seventy-four infants (66.7%) began to wean between four and six months, and 37 infants (33.3%) after seven months of age. The main food given after weaning was rice gruel. The weaning periods showed a significant relationship to the severity of anemia (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the severity of anemia in terms of the educational levels of the mothers. Fifty-five mothers (49.5%) gave a wrong answer to a questionnaire describing that breast-fed infants aged over four months need to be fed with iron-sufficient food. Of all mothers, 49.6% took one month or more to complete the weaning process and 20% took three months or more. Conclusion : Many infants and young children with IDA have been provided with non-iron fortified foods and inadequate weaning. To improve nutritional status, especially among infants with iron deficiencies, nutritional education for mothers with infants at the weaning age must be increased and related programs must be implemented effectively.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.185-192
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the role of adiponectin, leptin, and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in obese children, and to elucidatethe relationship between these adipokines and insulin resistance. Methods: A total of 61 obese children (M : F=42 : 19, mean age 11.2${\pm}$1.3 years) admitted to our facility between March 2004 and June 2005 were included in this study. Patients were divided into three groups based on their NAFLD status obese children without fatty liver (N=23); obese children with simple steatosis (N=20); and obese children with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) (N=18). The serum levels of adiponectin, leptin, and TNF-${\alpha}$ were measured, and insulin resistance determined by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) was calculated to estimate insulin resistance. In addition, the VSR (visceralsubcutaneous fat ratio) was estimated using abdominal computed tomography. Results: There was no difference in serum TNF-${\alpha}$ and leptin levels observed between the 3 groups (22.13${\pm}$6.37 vs. 21.35${\pm}$6.95 vs. 25.17${\pm}$9.30; p=0.342 & 20.29${\pm}$8.57 vs. 16.42${\pm}$6.85 vs. 20.10${\pm}$7.86; p=0.330). However, the serum adiponectin level was significantly lower in children with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) than in the other two groups (6.08${\pm}$1.38 in children without steatosis vs. 5.69${\pm}$0.79 in simple steatosis vs. 4.93${\pm}$1.75 in NASH; p=0.026). In addition, the VSR was significantly increased in the NASH group (0.31${\pm}$0.08 vs. 0.32${\pm}$0.11 vs. 0.47${\pm}$0.14; p=0.001), and HOMA-IR revealed a significant difference among the three groups (4.77${\pm}$3.67 vs. 6.89${\pm}$7.05 vs. 10.42${\pm}$6.73; p=0.000). However, there was no significant correlation observed between the adiponectin levels and the HOMA-IR or the VSR (r=-0.117; p=0.450 & r=-0.106; p=0.499). Conclusion: Insulin resistance may affect the development of hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis in children, and the results of this study suggest that, of several adipokines evaluated, adiponectin is important in the progression of steatosis to steatohepatitis in obese children.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.103-111
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• 2003

Purpose: This study was undertaken to evaluate the gastroduodenal pathology and Helicobacter pylori infection in children with upper gastrointestinal symptoms. Methods: One hundred and seven pediatric patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms were undergone endoscopy at the Gyeongsang National University Hospital from June 1990 to April 1991. Histopathologic examination was done by H & E staining of gastric antral biopsy specimen and gastritis was defined according to the Sydney System. Tissue H. pylori status was evaluated with the urease test using Christensen's urea broth and H & E or Warthin-Starry silver staining of gastric antral biopsy specimen. IgG Immunoblotting were also performed to detect specific anti-H. pylori antibody in these patients. Results: The reasons for endoscopy were recurrent abdominal pain, acute abdominal pain, sallow face, hunger pain, and frequent nausea. Variable degrees of gastric mucosal hyperemia were found in most of the patients. Gastric hemorrhagic spots, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, duodenal erosion, and hemorrhagic duodenitis were rare endoscopic findings. Histologic chronic gastritis was found in 88% of 107 patients. Histologic chronic duodenitis was observed in all 99 patients whose tissue were available. Gastric tissue H. pylori was positive in 57% of 107 patients by one of the ureasetest, H & E staining and Warthin-Starry silver staining. However, gastric tissue H. pylori detection rate was lower in the younger age groups. Anti-H. pylori IgG antibodies were detectable in 96% of 107 patients. Conclusion: Chronic gastroduodenitis and anti-H. pylori IgG antibody were ubiquitous in children with upper gastrointestinal symptoms.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.169-178
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of early low-dose iron supplementation in term breast-fed infants. Methods: Eighty-seven healthy term infants were divided into 3 groups: A, formula-fed; B, breast-fed only; S, breast-fed with iron supplementation (5 mg/day from 2 months of age). We measured ferritin, iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), transferrin saturation rate (TFSAT), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and red cell distribution width (RDW) at birth, 6 months of age, and 12 months of age. Results: 1) At 6 months of age, ferritin, iron, TFSAT, and Hb in Group B were the lowest among the 3 groups, whereas TIBC and RDW were the highest. The incidences of iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in Group B were 33% and 30%, respectively, significantly higher than those seen in Groups A (5% and 8%, respectively) and S (7% and 5%, respectively). 2) At 12 months of age, ferritin, TFSAT, Hb, MCV, and MCH in Group B were the lowest among the 3 groups, whereas TIBC and RDW were the highest. Iron and Hct did not differ among the 3 groups. The incidences of ID and IDA in Group B were 64% and 50%, respectively, again significantly higher than those seen in Groups A (4% and 3%, respectively) and S (9% and 7%, respectively). Conclusion: The prevalences of ID and IDA were higher in breast-fed infants than in formula-fed infants, even at 6 months of age. Early and low-dose iron supplementation in breast-fed infants improved iron status and lowered the incidence of iron deficiency anemia in early infancy.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.365-374
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• 2018

This study investigated the relationship between Vitamin D levels and indices related to cardiovascular disease in Korean adults aged ${\geq}19years$. The data for analysis were obtained from the sixth Korea National Health Nutrition Examination Survey in 2013 and 2014. The results showed that the incidence of Vitamin D deficiency was 73.1% among Korean adults and that indices related to cardiovascular disease showed an increasing trend (55.6% of Korean adults). The relationship between Vitamin D levels and indices related to cardiovascular disease with controlled physical activity status was also studied. The odds ratios (ORs) for age were 1.72 for the 4-62 years age group (95% CI, 1.53-1.93) and 2.05 for the ${\geq}65years$ age group (95% CI, 1.71-2.45). For blood pressure, the OR for pre-hypertension was 1.30 (95% CI, 1.15-1.47) and that for hypertension was 1.31 (95% CI, 1.11-1.54). For body mass index (BMI), the OR was 1.36 (95% CI, 1.11-1.66) and that for waist circumference (WC) was 1.36 (95% CI, 1.11-1.66). For fasting blood sugar (FBS), the OR for impaired fasting glucose (IFG) was 1.37 (95% CI, 1.21-1.55) and that for diabetes mellitus (DM) was 1.31 (95% CI, 1.05-1.65). The OR for total cholesterol (TC) was 1.30 (95% CI, 1.11-1.52) and that for triglycerides (TG) was 1.20 (95% CI, 1.04-1.37) in Korean adults. There was a significant relationship between Vitamin D and indices related to cardiovascular disease in Korean adults with respect to age, blood pressure, FBS, BMI, TC and TG. Confirmation of a causal relationship between Vitamin D and indices related to cardiovascular disease may require further research consisting of more systematic cohort studies.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.1102-1107
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• 2003

To study the effects of substances in paeonia seeds (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) on lipid metabolism, crude methanol extract and secondary ether-soluble fraction out of defatted methanol extract and trans-resveratrol were prepared from the seeds and added to 0.5% (w/w) cholesterol diets for rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 120$\pm$11 g were divided into six experimental groups: control group with no extra supplement, 0.1% (MP1) and 0.2% methanol extract (MP2) supplemented groups, 0.05% (EP1) and 0.1% ether-soluble fraction (EP2) supplemented groups and 0.02% resveratrol supplemented group. Experimental diets were fed ad libitum to the rats for 3 weeks. Body weight gains and food efficiencies were not different among the six experimental groups. Relative liver weights were lower in EP2 group compared to those in control group, but serum GOT and GPT levels of paeonia seed groups including trans-resveratrol group were not different from those of the control group. Serum total cholesterol levels reduced in EP2 and resveratrol groups but HDL-/total cholesterol ratios significantly increased in the four paeonia groups except EP1 group compared with the control group and serum triglyceride level lowered only in EP2 group than that of the control. However, liver cholesterol levels lowered in the five paeonia groups but triglyceride level lowered in MP2, EP1, EP2 groups than that of the control group. Fecal cholesterol excretion significantly increased in MP2, EP1, and EP2 groups than that of the control group, but bile acid excretions were not changed except that a reduction in EP2 group. These results suggest that paeonia seeds contain substances improving serum lipid status mostly via HDL pathway and resveratrol as monomer is one of the effective components but others including resveratrol oligmer are involved in the lipid improving effect.