• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.61-80
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• 2010

Poultry welfare has recently appeared as worldwide concern as well as Korea. The recent action plan for farm animal welfare introduced by the European Commission intends to expand the body of regulatory standards. In this context, many countries and/or organization are on the verge of establishing the most optimum poultry welfare standards. To establish the most optimum standards, comparative analysis of feeding regimen before and after welfare-bestowed environment need to be preceded. Most guidelines or standards for poultry welfare do not suggest the nutritional requirements and feeding system in detail, although it is deterimental especially for the farmer. This review intends to find scientific base to establish detailed welfare feeding guidelines. However, only limited research has been conducted in the view of actual poultry welfare. The results indicated the incidence of SDS, ascites, skeletal dysfunctions caused by fast growth rate in broiler, feather pecking and cannibalism in laying hen, and feed restriction in broiler breeder could be reduced by changing nutritional regimen and feeding strategies or both. The regimen and feeding strategies are certainly near to the direction that the poultry welfare ought to be in the right track. In this article, feeding and drinking guidelines in many standards as well as welfare feeding experiments have been reviewed and compared In the view of chicken productivity, welfare physiology and poultry health.

• 방사선산업학회지
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• 제7권2_3호
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• pp.177-182
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• 2013

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of gamma irradiation on the microbial populations of dried raw materials (9 products) and Saengsik powder. The samples were gammairradiated at doses of 2, 4, 6 and 8 kGy and the microbiological populations were evaluated. The total numbers of bacteria and Bacillus cereus in non-irradiated dried-raw materials for Saengsik powder was 1.3~3.4 and $1.7{\sim}2.4log\;CFU\;g^{-1}$. However, gamma irradiation reduced the microbiological populations in all samples, and Saengsik powder were sterilized at more than 6 kGy. Moreover, Clostridium perfringens were not observed in all samples within detection limit (<$1log\;CFU\;g^{-1}$). Therefore, the results of this study suggest that gamma irradiation at 6 kGy is sufficient to sterilize Saengsik powder, and thus, irradiated Saengsik powder at 6 kGy fulfills the microbiological requirements for sterilized food.

• 식품과학과 산업
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.83-97
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• 2016

본 총설은 음식윤리의 개요를 식품과학과 산업 분야의 전문인에게 설명하고자 한 것이다. 음식윤리는 음식과 관련된 윤리 또는 윤리적 고려이고, 음식윤리의 핵심어는 생명, 행복, 지혜이다. 음식윤리의 제1원리이자 궁극적인 목적은 인류의 지속가능한 생존이다. 그 목적을 달성하기 위해서는 자연과의 공생, 인간과의 공생, 그리고 음식의 본질적 요소의 충족이 필요하다. 그 필요로부터 생명존중, 자연보전, 속임수나 가짜가 없는 분배의 정의, 소비자 최우선 고려, 절제와 균형, 그리고 안전성 확보의 여섯 가지 정언명령이 산출된다. 정언명령에 상응하는 핵심원리는 생명존중, 환경보전, 정의, 소비자 최우선, 동적 평형, 안전성 최우선이다. 핵심원리 접근법은 윤리문제의 해결에 간단하고 명료하며 실질적인 방법이다. 음식윤리강령 역시 핵심원리를 기반으로 한다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.98-107
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• 2023

Objective: Current quail production is configured as an economic activity in scale. Advancements in quail nutrition have been limited to areas such as breeding and, automation of facilities and ambience. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance responses, liver and oviduct morphometry, and liver histology of Japanese laying quails subjected to different levels of nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (MEn). Methods: A completely random design was used that consisted of nine levels of MEn, six replicates, and five hens per cage with a total of 270 quails. The experimental period lasted for 10 weeks. The variables of performance were subjected to analysis of variance and then regression analysis using the broken-line model. The morphometric and histological variables were subjected to multivariate exploratory techniques. Results: The MEn levels influenced the responses to zootechnical performance. The broken-line model estimated the maximum responses for feed intake, egg production, egg weight, and egg mass as 3,040, 2,820, 1,802, and 2,960 kcal of MEn per kg of diet, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that the occurrence of hepatic steatosis and increased levels of Kupffer cells were not related to MEn levels. Conclusion: The level of 2,960 kcal/kg of MEn meets performance variable requirements without compromising hepatic physiology.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.779-792
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• 2008

The consumption of a wide variety of food groups is considered one of the key components of nutritional adequacy. The 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Koreans includes the consumption of a variety of foods from diverse food groups as a component of a normal diet. A survey was conducted to evaluate the relationship between the dietary diversity of food groups and nutrient intake in elderly patients (age 65 and above) at a rural area in Korea (Inje). 296 subjects (111 male and 185 female) were probed in a 3 day 24-recall dietary survey. Subjects were grouped according to food group intake frequency, based on six food groups (grain, meat/fish/legume/egg, vegetable, fat/oil, dairy, fruit). Nutritional quality was evaluated according to the numbers of nutrients under EAR (Estimated Average Requirements), and MAR (mean adequacy ratios). The frequency of elderly subjects consuming a meat/fish/legumes/egg food group less than once per day was 29.4%. The frequency of elderly subjects consuming fat/oil food group less than once per day was 65.8%. The percentage of subjects who did not eat dairy food was 88.8%, and that of subjects who did not eat fruit was 57.5%. A stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to develop models relating nutritional quality to possible food group intake frequency factors. Using the number of nutrients under EAR as a dependent variable, the meat/fish/legume/egg food group intake frequency explained 9.9% of variance, followed by the grain group, fat/oil group, dairy group, and vegetable and fruit group (Model $R^2$=0.260). For mean nutrient adequacy ratio as a dependent variable, the model $R^2$ was 0.326. The results of this study suggest that a highly varied diet in elderly might be associated with better nutritional quality, as assessed by nutrient intake. Accordingly, dietary guidelines should take into consideration nutritional characteristics in order to improve intake from all major food groups and to provide a variety of foods in the diet.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.1-19
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• 1971

Nutritional anemia is an important nutritional problem affecting large population groups in most developing countries. Nutritional anemia is caused by the absence of any dietary essential involed in hemoglobin formation or by poor absorption of these dietary components. The most likely causes are lack of dietary iron, and folate, vitamin $B_{12}$ and high qualify protein. Anemia is considered to be a late mainfeastation of nutritional deficiencies, and even mild anemia is not the earilest sign of such a deficiency. Therefore, the object of therapy is to correct underlying deficiency rather than merely its manifestation. Iron deficiency anemia is generally much the most common form of anemia. And it is very prevalent particularly in pregnant women and young children, especially under five year of life. According to the rapid growth rate of infants, dietary iron should he provided for infants over three months of age in adequate amounts for the synthesis of hemoglobin required by the increasing blood volume and for the demands of newly formed cells. The principal causes of iron deficiency anemia are an inadequate dietary iron content, interference with absorption of iron from the intestine, excessive losses of iron from the body, disturbance of iron metabolism by infection, and social and cultural environments. The present study is planned to obtain informations concerning nutritional anemia through anthropometric and biochemical determinations for the assessment of nutriture in pre-school children. Determination was taken in 226 pre-school children in ruraI arae in 1968, 122 pre-school children in 1970, and 1526 hospitalized pre-school children in 1970. The results of this study are as follows; (1) According to Iowa Malnutrition Borderline (85 percentile) for weight, the proportions of underweighed pre-school boys and girls in rural area were 47.2% and 46.2% in1968, and were 36.1% and 51.8% in 1970. According to Iowa Malnutrition Borderline for height, the proportions of underheight boys and girls in rural area were 30.5% and 33.7%, and were 26.2% and 21.8% in 1970. Malnutrition scores of underweight for height values of boys and girls in rural area were 19.3 and 17.3 in 1968, and the scores of boys and girls were 15.6 and 15.5 in 1970. (2) The mean hemoglobin values of boys and girls in rural area were $11.2{\pm}1.8g/100ml\;and\;11.4{\pm}1.6g/100ml$ in 1968. In 1970, the mean values of boys and girls in rural area were $11.3{\pm}1.3g/100ml\;and\;11.7{\pm}2.4g/100ml$. The mean hemoglobin values of hospitalized boys and girls were $11.9{\pm}2.2g/100ml\;and\;11.7{\pm}2.4g/100ml$ in 1970. It is found that 92 of 215 children (42.7%) in rural area had concentrations of hemoglobin less than 11.0g/100ml in 1968. In 1970, 55 of 121 children (45.4%) in rural area and 559 of 1526 hospitalized children (36.6%) had concentrations of hemoglobin less than 11.0g/100ml. (3) The mean hematocrit levels of hospitalized boys and girls were $35{\pm}26.8%\;and\;35.4{\pm}6.4%$ in 1970. And 443 of 1334 hospitalized children (33.2%) had hematocrit values below 33%. (4) The average mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration levels of hospitalized boys and girls were $32.4{\pm}2.2\;and\;32.3{\pm}2.2$ in 1970. And 1016 of 1352 hospitalized children (75.1%) had the mean corpuscular hemoglobin values below 34. (5) The mean iron values of young children in rural area and hospitalized children were $62.0{\pm}6.3{\mu}g/100ml\;and\;60.7{\pm}22.8{\mu}g/100ml$. The proportions of anemia cases below $50{\mu}g/100ml$ in rural area was 37.9%, and 34.3% in hospitalized children. (6) The mean total iron binding capacity of young children in rural area was $376{\pm}57.88{\mu}g/100ml,\;and\;342.2{\pm}6.15{\mu}g/100ml$ in hospitalized children. (7) The average transferrin saturation percentage of young children in rural area was $16.9{\pm}4.7%,\;and\;18.0{\pm}8.4%$ in hospitalized children. The proportions of anemia cases below 15% of young chi1dren in rural area and hospitalized children were 48.3% and 41.2%. Therefore, authors wish to recommend that the following further studies should be undertaken: (1) Standardization of simplied laboratory examination of nutritional anemia. (2) The prevalence of nutritional anemia and the requirements of iron, folate, and vitamin $B_{12}$ of pre-school children. (3) The content and absorption of iron in Korean food. (4) The pathogenesis of nutritional anemia and prevention of parasitic disease. (5) Maternal health and nutrition education.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.273-283
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• 1983

흰쥐와 흰생쥐 암 수 각 30마리씩에 대한 실험개시기와 종료후의 결과로서 나타난 식이에 대한 사양실험, 대사실험, 혈액성분분석 실시 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 증체량은 흰쥐 암 수 모두 동물성단백질 배합비율이 높아질수록 증가했다. 흰생쥐는 숫생쥐가 C식이에서 최대를, E식이에서 최저를 나타냈으나 암생쥐는 반대였다. 2. 식이효율은 흰쥐 암 수 모두 동물성 단백질 배합비율이 높아질수록 증가했으며 암쥐보다 숫쥐에서 높았다. 흰생쥐는 숫생쥐가 증체량과 같은 경향이었으나 암생쥐는 일정경향이 없었다. 암생쥐보다 숫생쥐의 식이효율이 높았다. 3. 단백질효율은 흰쥐 암 수 모두 동물성단백질 배합비율이 높아질수록 증가했다. 흰생쥐는 숫생쥐의 증체량, 식이효율은 같은 경향이나 암생쥐는 일정한 경향이 없었다. 4. 질소보유율은 흰쥐 암 수 모두 단백질수준이 같을때 섭취질소량에 비례함을 보였다. 흰생쥐는 숫생쥐가 동물성 배합비율이 높아질때 증가하였다. 암생쥐는 일정한 경향이 없었다. 질소축적율은 흰생쥐에서 높게 나타나 체내 단백질이용이 흰쥐보다 높음을 알 수 있었다. 5. 혈청성분에서는 혈청 총단백질량은 흰쥐 암 수 모두 차이가 없으나 동물성단백질 배합비율이높아질수록 증가하는 경향이었다. 흰생쥐는 암 수 모두 일정한 경향이 없었다. 혈청요소질소량은 흰쥐의 경우 암 수 모두 식물성단백질 배합비율이 높아질수록 증가했다. 흰생쥐는 알정한 경향이 없었다. 혈청콜레스테롤량은 흰쥐 암 수 모두 단백질배합비율에 관계없이 일정한 경향이 없었다. 흰생쥐는 숫생쥐가 식물성단백질 배합비율이 높아질수록 증가했으나 암생쥐는 일정한 경향이 없었다. 6. 위의 결과로 실험식이중의 동물성단백질 배합비율이 높은 A, B식이에서 흰쥐는 증체량, 사료효율, 단백질효율이 좋았다. 흰생쥐는 숫생쥐가 C식이, 암생쥐가 E식이에서 높게 나타났다. 이는 생쥐의 증체량이 이유에서부터 성숙기까지 큰 차이가 없다는 것과 흰쥐와는 다른 단백질수준이 요구된다고 생각된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.538-555
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 2013 ~ 2016년 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 19 ~ 64세 성인 남녀의 커피 섭취 종류와 섭취량(정량적 식품섭취빈도조사 자료 활용)에 따른 일반사항, 총 당류를 포함한 영양섭취상태, 건강관련 삶의 질 및 대사증후군과의 관련성을 분석하였다. 남성과 여성 모두에서, 에너지 섭취량이 에너지필요추정량 (EER) 미만인 사람과 철분 섭취량이 평균필요량 (EAR) 미만인 사람의 비율이 3-in-1 커피 섭취군에서 낮았다. 커피를 섭취하지 않는 여성과 비교했을 때, 3-in-1 커피를 하루 2회 이하로 섭취하는 여성은 EQ-5D를 통해 조사한 건강 관련 삶의 질저하에 대한 위험이 19% 낮은 것으로 나타났으며, 남성과 여성 모두에서 섭취하고 있는 커피의 종류와 섭취량에 따라 대사증후군 관련 지표 및 대사증후군에 대한 위험에 차이가 없었다. 따라서 3-in-1 커피 섭취가 건강관련 삶의 질저하에 대한 낮은 위험과 관련이 있었으나, 대사증후군 및 관련 지표에 대한 위험과는 관련이 없다는 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. 앞으로 3-in-1 커피 섭취가 건강관련 삶의 질 및 대사증후군 나아가 사망률까지 이어지는 건강에 미치는 영향에 대한 기전을 파악하기 위해 이와 관련하여 잘 설계된 무작위 임상비교시험이나 코호트 연구가 필요하다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.107-115
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• 1968

Number of aspects, not only nutritional but social as well as political involved in human starvation pose nowadays global problems. In order to help establish the minimum nutritional requirements in the daily life of a man and to free people as well from either undernourishment, malnutrition or even starvation many workers have devoted themselves so far on the research programs to know what and how number of metabolic events take place in animals in vivo. It is the purpose of the present paper to examine in effect to what extent both of the protein and nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) together with an enzyme, guanine deaminase, which converts guanine into xanthine and in turn ends up to uric acid as an end product, undergo changes, quantitatively during acute starvation, using the mouse as an experimental animal. The mouse was strictly inhibited from taking foods except drinking water ad libitum and was sacriflced 24, 48, and 72 hours following starvation thus acutely induced. The animals consisted of two experimental groups, one control and another starvation groups, each being consisted of 6-24 mice of whose body weights ranged in the vicinity of 10 g. The animals were sacriflced by a blow on the head, followed by immediate excision of their livers into ice-cold distilled water, washing adherent blood and other contaminant tissues. The liver was minced foramin, by an all-glass homogenizer immersing it in an ice-bath, followed by subsequent fractionatin of the homogenate (10% W/V in 0.25M sucrose solution made up with 0.05M phosphate buffer of pH 7.4). For the liver protein and guanine deaminase assay, the 10% homogenate was centrifuged at 600 x g for 10 minutes to eliminate the nuclear fraction; and for the estimation of DNA and RNA, the homogenate was prepared by the addition of 10% trichloroacetic acid in order to free the homogenate from the acid-soluble fraction, the remaining residue being delipidate by the addition of alcohol and dried in vacuo for later KOH (IN) hydrolysis. The changes in body and liver wegihts during acute starvation were checked gravimetrically. Protein contents in the liver were monitored by the method of Lowry et al; and guanine deaminase activities were followed by the assay of liberated ammonia from the substrate utilizing the Caraway's colorimetry. The extraction of both DNA and RNA was performed by the Schmidt-Thannhauser's method, which was followed by Marmur's method of purification for DNA and by Chargaff's method of purification for RNA. The determinations of both DNA and RNA were carried out by the diphenylamine reaction for the former and by the orcinol reaction for the latter. The following resume was the results of the present work. 1. It was observed that the body as well as liver weights fall abruptly during starvation, and that the loss of body weight showed no statistical correlation with the decreases in the content of liver protein. 2. The content of liver protein and activity of liver guanine deaminase activity as well decline dramatically, and the specific activities of the enzyme (activity/protein), however, decreased gradually as starvation proceeded. 3. Both of the nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, showed decrements in the liver of mouse during acute starvation; the latter, however, being more striking in the decline as compared to the former. 4. The decreases in the liver protein content as resulted from the acute starvation had no statistically significant correlation with the decrements of DNA in the same tissue, but had regressed with a significant statistical correlation with the fall of RNA in the tissue. 5. The decrease in the activity of guanine deaminase in the liver of mouse during acute starvation was functionally more proportional to the decrease in RNA than DNA, and moreover correlated with the changes in the content of the liver protein. 6. The possible mechanisms involved during in this acute starvation as bring the decreases in the contents of DNA, protein, and guanine deaminase were discussed briefly.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.460-474
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• 2010

This study was performed to assess the physical activity, food habit and nutrient intakes by gender and age groups in 193 adults aged 20-59 years (84 men and 109 women) in Pusan. Data for physical activity and dietary survey was assessed by a questionnaire and 24hr recall method. The mean BMIs of men and women were 24.0 and 22.2 respectively and BMI of women in the 20-29 years group (20.9) was significantly lower than that of women in the 30-49 and 50-59 years group (22.7, 23.2) (p < 0.01). 56.0% for men and 44.0% for women exercised regularly. The mean exercise duration per once of men (69.7 minutes) was significantly higher than that of women (52.4minutes) (p < 0.01). The mean exercise duration per day was 36.0 minutes for men and 29.9 minutes for women. 67.9% for men and 78.0% for women often skipped meals and 68.4% for men and 69.4% for women skipped breakfast in the main. The mean energy intake of men was 2067.2 kcal and that of women was 1783.1 kcal comprised of 87.2% and 92.1% of the Estimated Energy Requirements (EER). The mineral intakes of men and women were over Recommended Intake (RI) and Adequate Intake (AI) except calcium and potassium. The mean calcium intake was 88.3% for men and 84.0% for women of RI. The mean potassium intake was 63.3% for men and 59.2% for women of AI. The mean vitamin intakes of men and women were over RI and AI except vitamin C and folic acid. The mean vitamin C intake was 92.5% for men and 85.6% for women of RI. The mean folic acid intake was 76.6% for men and 70.0% for women of RI. The mean energy, protein, sodium and zinc intakes of men were significantly higher than those of women (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05). The mean vitamin $B_6$, vitamin C and folic acid intakes of men in the 20-29 years group were significantly lower than those of men in the 30-49 and 50-59 years group (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.05). For energy, proportions of subjects with intake levels less than 90% EER were 64.3% for men and 56.0% for women. For calcium, proportions of subjects with intake levels less than Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) were 52.4% for men and 59.6% for women. For folic acid, proportions of subjects with intake levels less than EAR were 78.6% for men and 83.5% for women. For iron and phosphorus, proportions of women (36.7%, 14.7%)with intake levels less than EAR were significantly higher than those of men (6.0%, 1.2%) (p < 0.01, p < 0.001). For men, age was positively correlated with intakes of potassium, vitamin $B_6$, vitamin C and folic acid (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.01). For men, weight showed significantly negative correlations with intakes of carbohydrate, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, vitamin $B_6$ and folic acid (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.01) and BMI showed significantly negative correlations with protein, lipid, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, vitamin E and folic acid (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05) For men, exercise duration per once showed significantly positive correlations with intakes of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, niacin, vitamin C and folic acid (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.01, p < 0.01, p < 0.05). Therefore, nutritional education for adult health management is needed by gender and age groups.