• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.201-215
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• 2013

The characteristics of the oceanographic environment in the Aleutian Basin of the Bering Sea during spring in 1996, 1997, and 1999 were clarified. An investigation of the water properties revealed five basic layers in the Bering Sea during spring: (1) a surface layer of warm and low-salinity water induced by solar heating, (2) a subsurface layer of cold and low-salinity water propagated slowly by heat from the surface layer, (3) a thermocline layer where salinity was constant but temperature sharply decreased, (4) a temperature inversion layer, and (5) a deep layer with a gradual decrease in temperature and increase in salinity toward the bottom. The ranges of water temperature and salinity were $1.8-5.5^{\circ}C$ and 31.81-34.08 in 1996, $1.5-7.2^{\circ}C$ and 31.9-34.06 in 1997, and $0.5-5.6^{\circ}C$ and 32.0-34.11 in 1999, respectively. The water temperature of the surface layer was approximately $1.6^{\circ}C$ higher in 1997 than in 1996 and 1999. The lowest temperature at a depth of 100-150 m was about $1^{\circ}C$ lower in 1999 than in 1996 and 1997. Nutrient levels (nitrate, phosphate, and silicate) contributing to the control of the growth of phytoplankton were higher in the Aleutian Basin than in the eastern continental shelf and Bogoslof Island area. This was closely associated with the phytoplankton distribution. Nutrient concentrations were lowest at a depth of 25 m. The high primary production at that depth was confirmed from the vertical distribution of chlorophyll a. Chlorophyll a levels were above $4.0{\mu}L^{-1}$ in some areas in 1996 and 1999, but below $2.0{\mu}L^{-1}$ in most areas in 1997. Zooplankton density was about three times higher in 1999 than in 1997.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.548-558
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to develop a computer software program for nutritional assessment using a Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQFFQs) and the 24-hour Recall Method. The software for the SQFFQ was divided into input, output, and database. For dietary analyses, recipe and food databases were used. The recipe database included 25 items and the food database was divided into 18 food groups. The food database was composed of 19 general nutrient items, 33 fatty acids, and 18 amino acids. The software developed in this study can be summarized as follows: 1) input items related to the individual s ages information, lifestyle, biological values, and dietary habits; 2) individualized data in percent of the Korean RDA, the energy ratios of carbohydrates, proteins and fats, the ratio of animal to plant source intakes, and the distribution of food group intakes; 3) Statistical data on the individual's information, lifestyle, biological values, and dietary intakes including the frequency of intake of cooked foods, the amounts of food, and the number of food groups, and nutrients. In the 24-hour Recall Method, the input and output consisted of the individual s information and cooked dish intakes. The individual s report included the amounts of nutrient intake according to number of meal and days, in comparison to the Korean RDA, the energy ratio for carbohydrates, proteins and fats, the ratio of animal to plant source intakes, and the distribution of food group intakes. The statistical report presented the number of food groups and foods, and the nutrient intakes. To evaluate the validity of the SQFFQ, the Spearman Rank Order Correlation and kappa values were used. As a result, correlation coefficients comparing the 24-hour Recall Method appeared to be more than 0.5, except for vitamin $B_1, B_2$, niacin, and vitamin E. The kappa values for energy and carbohydrate intakes were both 0.7, and protein, fat, vitamin C, folate, Ca, and iron intakes ranged from 0.3 to 0.7.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.223-232
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• 1995

This study was an attempt to compare the energy, nutrient intake, blood lipids, and body fat distribution of diabetics with those of normal control subjects. Daily energy and nutrient intake were measured by convenient method. The following anthropometric measurements were made on all participants : weight, height, and waist and hip circumference. We matched 31 pairs with diabetics and nondiabetic control subjects by sex, age, body weight and height, and made comparisons between two groups to observe the effect of diabetes in lipid profiles. Aslo the effect of exercise in diabetes was investigated. The results obtained were as follows : 1.The average of daily energy intake of diabetics was 1, 927 kcal and that of nondiabetics was 2, 159 kcal. Percentage of energy in diabetics is that carbohydrate : protein : fat = 69:13:18 2. When diabetics were divided into obese and nonobese group according to RBW, 33% of diabetics were obese and energy intake was not significantly different between the two groups, but VLDL - cholesterol concentration was significantly higher in the obese group. 3. Energy intake, BMI, RBW and total cholesterol level of upper obesity group were significantly higher than those of lower body obesity group in male diabetic subjects. 4. When matching 31 pairs of diabetics and nondiabetics according to sex, age, body weight and height triglyceride concentration and WHR of diabetics were measured to be significantly higher than those of nondiabetics. 5. Although energy intake was not significantly different between exercise and nonexercise groups, triglyceride, blood glucose, RBW, BMI were significantly lower in the exercise and nonexercise groups, triglyceride, blood glucose, RBW, BMI were significantly lower in the exercise group than the nonexercis group in diabetics. 6. BMI and RBW were not correlated with cholesterol or triglyceride, but WHR correlated significantly with both cholesterol and triglyceride. In conclusion, diabetics had higher triglyceride concentration and WHR than nondiabetics. WHR may be better than BMI or RBW for predicting alteration in lipid profile and exercise seems beneficial for controlling blood glucose and lipids in diabetics.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.196-206
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• 1996

Vertical profiles of the chlorophyll ${\alpha}$, phytoplankton abundance, nutrients and sigma-t were compared with the vertical distribution of phytoplankton species in conjunction with $^{14}$C primary production in the Southern Waters of the East Sea, Korea. In the upper mixed layer the water column was only weakly stratified and ambient nitrogenic nutrient concentrations were markedly depleted. Dissolved silicate seemed to be another limiting nutrient in the surface layer. The occupation of different water depths by several dominant diatom species was well explained by the degree of silicification of each cell and the silicate concentration of ambient seawater. Subsurface chlorophyll maxima were continuously observed in the lower parts of the euphotic layer and the depth coincided with nutricline, supporting our view that chlorophyll maximum was sustained partially by enhancement of in situ growth of phytoplankton and partially by increase of cellular chlorophyll content. The persistence of chlorophyll maximum layer was attributed to the physiological adaptation of the phytoplankters to low light intensities and to the utilization of regenerated nutrients. Integrated water column production of organic matter by photosynthesis appeared to be better related to phytoplankton cell division than to the cell growth in terms of biosynthesis of pigments and other intracellular components.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.125-130
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• 1993

The particle size distribution and physical stability of commercial lipid emulsion inject, $intralipos^R$ before and after mixture with total parenteral nutrition(TPN) was tested. Three TNAs were prepared by adding intralipos to P-TPN, Neo-TPN and IVH-2 respectively. Particle size of fat emulsion in three TNA preparations were measured by using LPA-3000 photon correlater. Each TNAs was stored for 48 hours at $4^{\circ}C\;and\;25^{\circ}C.$ During storage, three TNAs showed the particle size in the range of 40-1000nm(about $100\%$ of total fat) and in the range of 1000-8000nm(less than $0.005\%$ of total fat). All TNAs were stable in terms of pH and visual appearance. The results showed that added lipid emulsion was stable for 48 hours at $4^{\circ}C\;and\;25^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.273-280
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• 1998

This study was designed to estimate the improvement of Validity for food frequency questionnaire(FFQ) by offering multiple choice portion size in developing a questionnaire. Validity of the two methods(food frequency questionnaire I=FFQ I & Food frequency questionnaire II=FFQ II) was tested in comparison with reference method of the 7-day weighed record(7DWR). Dietary consumption data of the three methods(FFQ I, FFQ II & 7DWR) were collected from 101 female university students for the analysis. Validity was measured in two categories : One was the nutrient intake value from the three methods, the other was the identification of between individual variation within the group. Spearman's rank order correlation test and distribution graphs were used for the analysis. The result showed that individual intake value of the FFQII was closer to that of the 7DWR than that of the FFQ I.Spearman's rank order correlation between the FFQII and the 7DWR did not show any improved correlation. The distribution graphs of nutrient intake derived from both the FFQ I and the FFQII were different from that of the 7DWR. Therefore, it could be suggested that single one portion size food frequency questionnaire is an equally efficient method as a multiple choice food frequency questionnaire to be adopted in epidemiologic studies.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.38 no.spc
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• pp.12-16
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• 2005

Seasonal change in cell number and biomass expressed as chlorophyll a of picophytoplankton community in surface waters was investigated in the north basin of Lake Biwa from September 2001 to November 2002. Two main peaks, in May and summer (from July to October), were observed by change of the cell density of picophytoplankton. It is considered that peak in May was due to water temperature rise and summer peak was attributed to mass-specific nutrient uptake by picophytoplankton. Horizontal distribution in cell number and biomass of picophytoplankton community in surface water of Lake Biwa was investigated at 56 stations on June 6 ${\sim}$ 7 2002. DIN and DIP concentrations were lower in the north basin than in the south basin. The cell density and chlorophyll a of picophytoplankton were distributed almost uniformly in all area. The contribution of picophytoplankton to total phytoplankton chlorophyll a was higher in the north basin than in the south basin. These results suggest that picophytoplankton is important as a primary producer in low nutrient periods and areas of Lake Biwa.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.314-322
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• 2012

In order to elucidate temporal variations of temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), suspended particulate matter (SPM), dissolved inorganic nutrients, and chlorophyll a, we performed 25-hour continuous monitoring in the Seomjin River Estuary in March (dry season) and July (rainy season) 2006. We also investigated spatial variations of marine environmental parameters across a saline gradient. In the Seomjin River Estuary, continuous monitoring results revealed that salinity variations were mainly affected by tidal cycle in the dry season and by river discharge in the rainy season. In the dry season, the spatio-temporal distribution of dissolved inorganic nutrient (nitrate, nitrite, and silicate) concentrations showed a good correlation with tidal cycle. While nutrient concentrations in rainy season showed not much variance in time. There were 6 and 4 times higher dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in the rainy season than those in the dry season, respectively. Silicate concentration was 43 times higher in the rainy season than that in the dry season. Chlorophyll a concentration was higher in the dry season than that in the rainy season showing high nutrient concentrations. The results of this study, spatio-temporal variations of marine environmental factors are determined by both tidal cycle and river discharge. It seems that chlorophyll a concentration is related to the river discharge than dissolved inorganic nutrient distribution.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.2
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• pp.266-272
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• 1999

Aboveground biomass and nutrient contents of a 31-year-old pitch pine(Pinus rigida) and a 31-year-old Japanese larch(Larix leptolepis) plantations were measured in the Chungbu Forest Experiment Station, Kyunggi Province. Aboveground biomass was 170.2ton/ha in the pitch pine and 87.2ton/ha in the Japanese larch plantations. Aboveground biomass difference between both plantations was due to the difference of stand density. Aboveground biomass in both plantations was allocated as follows : stemwood>branch>stembark>needle. The concentrations of all nutrients(N, P, K, Ca, Mg) were generally higher in the Japanese larch needle than in the pitch pine because of high nutrient uptake characteristics of larch compared with pine tree species. The nutrient concentration in different tree tissues in both tree species decreased in the order of needle>branch>stembark>stemwood. Nutrient contents of aboveground biomass were : N, 335.9 ; P, 40.4 ; K, 121.4 ; Ca, 188.6 ; Mg, 93.8kg/ha in the pitch pine plantation, while nutrient contents in the Japanese larch plantation were : N, 226 ; P, 11.5 ; K, 72.9 ; Ca, 75.7 ; Mg, 37.1kg/ha. The nitrogen use efficiency calculated as the biomass produced by one unit of nitrogen was higher in the pitch pine than in the Japanese larch plantations. This result suggests that pine with high nitrogen use efficiency could be adapted in lower site productivity area compared with larch tree species.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2001.04a
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• pp.73-76
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• 2001

We have simulated the effect of fracture characteristics on reduction of effective permeability of the fractured rocks due to in-situ bacteria growth. A nutrient is injected continuously for growth of in-situ bacteria. We used a power law for fracture length distribution and a fBm for fracture aperture spatial distribution. The results show that in-situ bacteria growth reduces the Permeability hyperbolically, but the porosity of backbone fracture does not change significantly. It shows that reduction of the permeability proceeds at faster speed for smaller value of length exponent(a) and for larger value of Hurst exponent(H). The fracture length distribution has stronger effect on speed of reduction than the aperture spatial distribution. The time needed to reduce permeability is inversely proportional to the hydraulic gradient.