• Journal of Wetlands Research
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.29-44
• /
• 1999

Vegetation structure and distribution of the vascular hydrophytes and hygrophytes, and the growth pattern, standing crop and amounts of nutrient uptake by Salix species were investigated in the upper stream wetlands of the Namgang-Dam, Chinju-city, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea from April to November in 1997. The flora was composed of 43 hydrophytes and 241 hygrophytes, or total 284 vascular plants. The life forms of the hydrophytes were classified as 27 kinds of emergent plants, 4 floating-leaved plants, 3 free-floating plants, and 9 submersed plants. In the herb layer, the dominant species was Persicaria hyciropiper, and the ranges of the species diversity indices (H'), equitabilities, (J') and community similarity indices (CCs) were 1.59~1.89, 0.87~0.96, and 0.35~0.83, respectively. In the shrub and subtree layers, 17 kinds of Salix species were supposed to the pioneer plants at the early stage of the succession. The number of branches per main stem of Salix species was 5.0. The DBH class-frequency histograms of Salix species were the reverse J type, and the natural regeneration of the Salix community was expected. Basal area of Salix species per square meter was $24.87cm^2$. Volume of Salix species per square meter was $12,008cm^3$ and total phytomass of the Salix species was estimated as 12,894 ton. Biomass distribution of Salix species in the stem, the branch and twig, and the leaf was 64.1%, 28.1%, and 7.8%, respectively. The amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus absorbed by Salix species were 68,022 and 19,823 kg. It was recommended that application and conservation of the wetland and other counterplans are indispensable to reduce the adverse effects of water pollution and to preserve the wetland ecosystem.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.356-367
• /
• 2003

This study was to investigate the effects of a silk peptide, and prune and raspberry mixture on the body fat, serum lipid composition and fat distribution in Korean women during the time they received these supplements. During the 4 month period of this research (June to October, 2002), 75 women (average age 22.9 yr) were selected as subjects. Their nutrient intake was investigated by use of a questionnaire and the 24-hour recall method. Antropometric assessments of the subjects were investigated by using the SBIA Method (Segmental Bioimpedance Assay, Inbody 3.0). The results were as follows: their mean body weight was 59.3 kg, their mean body height was 161.7 cm and their mean Basal Metabolic Indices (BMI) was 22.7. The status of their dietary fiber intake significantly increased (p < 0.05) after use of the supplements. Their body fat significantly decreased following the $3^{rd}$ stage of supplementation (p < 0.05), and their percent of body fat signiflcantly decreased after supplementation (p < 0.05). Their triceps and suprailiac circumference significantly decreased following the $3^{rd}$ stage of supplementation (p < 0.05). Their waist circumferences and waist-hip ratios (WHR) significantly decreased after both the $2^{nd}$and $3^{rd}$ stage of supplementation (p < 0.05). Their total cholesterol significantly decreased following the $3^{rd}$ stage of supplementation, as compared to their baseline results and those obtained following the 1$^{st}$ stage of supplementation (p < 0.05). Their LDL-cholesterol and LDL / HDL ratios significantly decreased following the $3^{rd}$ stage of supplementation, as compared to their baseline results and those obtained following the 1$^{st}$ stage of supplementation (p < 0.05). Their 4-HNE and total antioxidant statuses significantly decreased following the $2^{nd}$ and $3^{rd}$stage of supplementation, as compared to their baseline results and those obtained following the $1^{st}$ stage of supplementation (p <0.05). Their $2^{nd}$ stage supplementation results were significantly negatively correlated with their triceps measurements and WHR (p < 0.05). Their $3^{rd}$stage supplementation results were significantly negatively correlated with their anterior thigh measurements (p < 0.05). The above results show that prune, raspberry, silk peptide and dietary fiber supplementation to a routine diet improves body fat distribution, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. The decrease of abdominal fat and WHR were especially noteworthy. This implies a decrease of risk factors. (Korean J Community Nutrition 8(3) : 356~367, 2003)003)

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.55-68
• /
• 2011

The distribution and inter-annual variation of nutrients (N, P, Si) and dissolved/particulate organic carbon were investigated in the equatorial thermocline ridge ($7^{\circ}{\sim}11.5^{\circ}N$, $131.5^{\circ}W$) of the northeast Pacific. From the Oceanic Nino Index and Multivariate ENSO Index provided by NOAA, normal condition was observed in July 2003 and August 2005 on the aspect of global climate/ocean change. However, La Ni$\~{n}$a and El Ni$\~{n}$o episodes occurred in July 2007 and August 2009, respectively. Thermocline ridge in the study area was located at $9^{\circ}N$ in July 2003, $8^{\circ}N$ in August 2005, $10^{\circ}N$ in July 2007, and $10.5^{\circ}N$ in August 2009 under the influence of global climate/ocean change and surface current system (North Equatorial Counter Current and North Equatorial Current) of the northeast Pacific. Maximum depth integrated values (DIV) of nutrients in the upper layer (0~100 m depth range) were shown in July 2007 (mean 21.12 gN/$m^2$, 4.27 gP/$m^2$, 33.72 gSi/$m^2$) and higher variability of DIV in the equatorial thermocline ridge was observed at $10^{\circ}N$ during the study periods. Also, maximum concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the upper 50 m depth layer was observed in July 2007 (mean $107.48{\pm}14.58\;{\mu}M$), and particulate organic carbon (POC, mean $9.42{\pm}3.02\;{\mu}M$) was similar to that of DOC. Nutrient concentration in the surface layer increased with effect of upwelling phenomenon in the equatorial thermocline ridge and La Ni$\~{n}$a episode, which had formed in the central Pacific. This process also resulted in the increasing of organic carbon concentration (DOC and POC) in the surface layer. From these results, it is suggested that spatial and temporal variation of chemical and biological factors were generated by physical processes in the equatorial thermocline ridge.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.38-42
• /
• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate distribution of selenium in Gangwon highland Province and to confirm the effect of sodium selenate added nutrient solution on the selenium content of some western vegetables; beet, broccoli, cabbage lettuce, celery, and parsley. The contents of selenium were distributed from 0.024 to $0.038\;mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ in soil of Gangwon highland province. As the selenium content in soil increased, the selenium content in broccoli was increased in highland of Gangwon province. The selenium content of broccoli showed $10.5{\sim}17.9\;mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}DW$ 1311owe4 by celery ($6.02\;mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}DW$). Beet, cabbage lettuce, and parsley contained just about $1\;mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}DW$ in highland of Gangwon province. Some western vegetables grown by fertigation supplied $2\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ sodium selenate were shown better growth and higher selenium content than those of $0\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ sodium selenate supplied treatment(control). The selenium contents of western vegetables supplied $2\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ sodium selenate in fertigation culture for 60 days were $76.2\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ in broccoli, $69.1\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ in parsley, $63.2\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ in celery, $54.2\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ in beet, $8.3\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ in cabbage lettuce. Those selenium content of broccoli, celery, and parsley treated $2\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ sodium selenate were followed the order 4.2 times, 10.5 times and 62.5 times higher in compared to control.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.13-21
• /
• 2004

Temporal changes of Chl-α, physical and chemical factors were investigated by diurnal observation at 2-hour interval at three fixed stations in the western Chinhae Bay from 12 Aug. to 13 Aug. 1999. Difference of dissolved oxygen between surface and bottom layer was maximum when the thermocline were strong. Organic distribution such as COD was affected by the growth of phytoplankton. Limitting factor was nitrogen, that is, inorganic nitrogen plays a significant role on regulating the algal growth. Surface distribution of dissolved inorganic nitrogen was very low compared to bottom layer by uptake of organisms. Maximum value of Chl-α at station C2 and C11 were observed from subsurface layer, ranges of which exceeded possibility concentration of red tide outbreak, 10 mg/㎥. On the other hand, that of C15 exist at surface layer. In this area, DIN and DIP concentrations increased by input sources such as rainfall and benthic flux before the bloom of phytoplankton. Accumulation of phytoplankton occurred at subsurface layer by the rapid uptake of DIN, especially nitrate ion, when strong thermocline existed as approach to the afternoon, which led to the increase of organics in water column and oxygen deficiency water mass at bottom layer until late at evening. Since then, DIN increases gradually as water temperature decrease to minimum. The quantitative understanding of nitrogen of fluxed to and from the various sources is necessary for environmental management.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.95-111
• /
• 2012

Relationship between plankton assemblage and environmental factors in a semi-closed Chunsu Bay was examined. Temporal changes in phytoplankton assemblage was rather drastic than those found in most Korean coastal area in the Yellow Sea primarily due to the seawater temperature (T) and nutrient input from the dikes nearby. Freshwater discharge seemed to cause winter time increase of Diatoms (February) and summer time increase of Dinoflagellates at surface (July to August). Structural change in cell size with time was also found in Diatom. Zooplankton community structure was also changed with season probably due to the food concentration, seawater temperature and salinity (S). From principal component analysis (PCA) of zooplankton distribution, it was postulated that seasonal environmental changes such as T and S could explain about 32% of variability in zooplankton distribution along with phytoplankton cell numbers, while freshwater discharge could explain about 17%. Comparing with past data of 1985-1986, 1991-1992, the distributional patterns and percent composition of major species, Acartia hongi, Paracalanus parvus sensu lato and Centropages abdominalis, were similar. However, the abundances have been increased more than three times. The composition of other taxa than copepods showed significant changes.

• Journal of fish pathology
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.143-150
• /
• 1998

Characteristics and distribution of the natural commensal flora in the surrounding environment and tissues of clam in Hadong area were studied under varying conditions of growth media and incubation temperatures. Total numbers of bacteria present in intestinal tract, gill, body fluid and surrounding mud were found to be not influenced by the used BHIA, STA and SNA media. Although the growth rate of bacteria at the condition of $15^{\circ}C$ incubation temperature was slower than that of $25^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$, it showed the highest number of total bacteria compared with other two different conditions of incubation temperature. Interestingly, the proportion of bacteria able to form colony on several selective media was higher in replica analysis from nutrient media to selective media than that in direct smearing from samples. The generic diversity of bacteria isolated from the tissues and analyzed by API 20E and API 20NE kit showed similar pattern with each other and distinct from that of environment. The distribution of bacteria in the surrounding mud or mantle fluid of clam indicated a high diversity comparable to that found for the gill or intestinal tract microflora, with Pseudomonas being the prevalent group. It implies that the tissues of clam may probide a selective habitat for a commensal microflora.

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.135-153
• /
• 2007

Temporal (seasonal) and spatial distributions and variations of various physico-chemical factors (salinity, temperature, pH, DO, COD, SPM, POC, silicate, DIP, DIN) in surface and bottom waters were studied in the coastal environment with typical macro-tidal range and monsoonal weather condition, Gyeonggi Bay, west coast of Korea. Spacial distribution patterns of these factors were generally similar to each other, and appeared to be inversely related to the distribution pattern of salinity, suggesting that water quality of the study area was primarily controlled by the physical mixing process of Han-River freshwater with nearby coastal seawater. During flooding season, silicate- and nitrogen-rich Han River water directly flowed into offshore as far as $20\sim30\;km$ from the river mouth, probably causing serious environmental problems such as eutrophication and unusual and/or noxious algal bloom, etc. Except the surface water during summer flooding season, high concentrations of nutrients appeared generally in dry season, whereas low values in spring, possibly because of the occurrence of spring phytoplankton bloom. On the other hand, nutrient flux through the estuary seems to be primarily depending on river discharge, sewage discharge and agricultural activities, especially during the rainy season. Also, nutrients in this coastal waters are considered to be supplied from the sediments of tidal-flats, which developed extensively around the Han-River mouth, especially during fall and winter of dry and low discharge seasons, possibly due to the stirring of tidal flat sediments with highly enriched pore-water nutrients by storm. And also, COD and DIN concentrations in the study area consistently increased during the last 20 years, probably because of agricultural activities and increasing discharge of industrial and domestic wastes.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.40 no.3
• /
• pp.232-237
• /
• 1997

Soybean plants inoculated Bradrhizobium japonicum MN 110 were grown in outdoor perlite pots with nitrogen free nutrient solution containing 1.0 mM-P(control) and 0.05 mM-P(stress) and harvested at 28, 35, 42 and 49 days after transplanting (DAT) to examine the effect of phosphorus deficiency on ureide concentration of and distribution to diffrent plant organ in nitrogen fixing soybean plant during the vegetative growth. Total dry mass of control plants increased 8.9 fold and that of phosphorus deficient plant increased 2.7 fold during the experimental period. Phosphorus deficiency reduced total phosphorus and nitrogen accumulation by 80%,40% respectively, at 28 DAT and 93%, 84%, respectively, at 49 DAT. Nitrogen concentration was reduced by phosphorus deficiency in all tissues with leaf and stem tissues affected to a greater degree than nodule and root tissues at every sampling date. Phosphorus deficiency significantly reduced soluble reduced-N and ureide-N concentration in leaf and stem but did not affect those in root. The proportion of soluble reduced-N in leaf was reduced from 60% to 50% but increased from 10% to 20% in the roots. The proportion of ureide-N in leaf of control plants was higher than that in phosphorus deficient plants, whereas, roots of phosphorus deficient plants contained a higher propotion of ureide-N than those of control plants. These indicated that phosphorus deficiency not only inhibit nitrogen fixation of nodules but also restrict the translocation of fixed nitrogen out of the root system into the xylem.(Received April 4, 1997; accepted May 2, 1997)

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.40 no.4
• /
• pp.313-319
• /
• 2004

The distribution and characteristics of acidotolerant heterotrophic and naphthalene-degrading bacteria were investigated in two forest areas, one near Ulsan petrochemical industrial complex (Sunam) and the other in countryside (Daeam). Average values of soil pH at Sunam and Daeam were 3.8 and 4.6, respectively. When het­erotrophic and naphthalene-degrading bacteria were enumerated by most probable number (MPN) procedures at Sunam, the median values of heterotrophs growing at pH 7.0 and pH 4.0 were $5.3{\times}10^7\;and\;3.3{times}10^7$ MPN/g, whereas those of naphthalene-degraders were $5.6{\times}10^4\;and\;4.0{times}10^5$ MPN/g, respectively. While the medians of heterotrophs at Daeam were larger than those at Sunam, the concentrations of naphthalene-degraders were higher at Sunam compared to those at Daeam. From the MPN tubes and enrichment cultures, we obtained 17 isolates of naphthalene-degraders which were identified as Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Brevundimonas vesic­ularis, Burkholderia cepacia, Ralstonia pickettii, Pseudomanas fluorescens, and Chryseomonas luteola. Among them, 6 isolates showed higher naphthalene-degrading activity on minimal media of pH 4 compared to pH 7, whereas the extent of growth was not greater at pH 4 than at pH 7 when they were inoculated on nutrient-rich media. It is plausible that the pH may affect naphthalene-degrading activity of the isolates by changing fatty acid composition of bacterial membrane.