• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.11
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• pp.1709-1717
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• 2023

Objective: A pivotal study was designed to investigate the effect of Hydroxy (HYC) Cu, Zn, and Mn on egg quality and laying performance of chickens under tropical conditions. Methods: A total of 1,260 Babcock White laying hens (20-wk-old) were randomly assigned to one of 4 treatments with 15 replicates of 21 hens each in a Randomized Complete Block Design. The birds were reared for 16 weeks and were fed the corn-soybean meal diets supplemented with one of the following mineral treatments: T1, inorganic (INO, 15 ppm CuSO4, 80ppm MnSO4 and 80 ppm ZnO); T2, Hydroxy-nutritional level (HYC-Nut, 15 ppm Cu, 80 ppm Mn, 80 ppm Zn from Hydroxy); T3, Hydroxy-Low (HYC-Low, 15 ppm Cu, 60 ppm Mn, 60 ppm Zn from Hydroxy); T4, Hydroxy plus inorganic (HYC+INO, 7.5 ppm HYC Cu+7.5 ppm CuSO4, 40 ppm HYC ZnO+40 ppm ZnSO4, 40 ppm HYC Mn+40 ppm MnSO4). The egg production was recorded daily, while the feed consumption, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and egg mass were determined at the end of each laying period. The egg quality parameters were assayed in eggs collected over 48 h in each laying period. Results: Overall, no significant effect of treatments was observed on percent egg production, egg weight and FCR (p>0.05). Feed intake was significantly lower in birds fed Hydroxy plus inorganic (p<0.05) diet. The supplementation of HYC-Low significantly increased the egg mass compared to the other treatments (p<0.05). HYC supplementation alone or in combination with INO elicited a positive effect on shell thickness, shell weight, shell weight per unit surface area, yolk colour, albumen and yolk index for a certain period (p<0.05), but not throughout the whole laying period. Conclusion: Dietary supplementation of HYC-Low (15-60-60 mg/kg) showed similar effects on production performance and egg quality characteristics in laying hens as compared to 15-80-80 mg/kg of Cu-Zn-Mn from inorganic sources. This indicates that sulphate based inorganic trace minerals can effectively be substituted by lower concentration of hydroxyl minerals.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.152-162
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• 2024

In this study, we investigated the levels of the natural preservatives, benzoic acid, sorbic acid, and propionic acid, in raw unprocessed vegetables. Quantitative analysis of benzoic acid and sorbic acid was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) and confirmed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Propionic acid was analyzed using a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and confirmed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). From a total of 497 samples, benzoic acid, sorbic acid, and propionic acid were found in 50 (10%), 8 (0.2%), and 61 samples (12.3%), respectively. The highest quantity of benzoic acid, sorbic acid, and propionic acid was found in peony root (1,057 mg/kg), nut-bearing torreya seeds (27.3 mg/kg), and myrrha (175 mg/kg), respectively. The background concentration range of naturally occurring preservatives in raw vegetables determined in this study could be used as standard inspection criteria to address consumer complaints and trade disputes.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.5-16
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• 1974

This study was carried out to judge the use of hilly land and Development. Data collected from detailed soil survey were analyzed for the study. The results obtained were as follows. 1. Only a few crops were cultivated on the residual soils and old alluvium soils, and the yield of these crops was low. The farmars in the area are pool. 2. The cultivated land in the study area comprises 58.4%. Soil conservation practices in this area were very poor. The 37.2% forest land in the area contained only a few trees and was gradually deteriorating because lack of management 3. The twelve soil series were investigated. There were various soils such as reddish brown and dark brown loam derived from residium, yellowish red and brown clay derived from old alluvium, and dark brown and grayish brown loam derived from narrow local valley alluvium. 4. The soil reaction of the old alluvial soils (pH 4.7 to 4.8) was more acid than that of the residual soil (5.0 to 5.2). The organic matter content of the old alluvial soils (3.3 to 3.6%) however, was higher than that of the residual soils (2.6 to 2.8%). The cation exchange capacity was 8 to 16 me/100g soil and was closely related to the content of organic matter, clay and silt. 5. The hill land was classified into sixteen land suitability groups by the soil characteristics. 6. There were significant differencies between the present land use and the recommended land use after the soil survey 7. The forest land was mainly converted to grass, nut tree, orchards and mulberry lands.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.66 no.1
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• pp.95-108
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• 1984

In order to see the effect of various factors on the success of grafting of walnut, a modified cleft grafting experiment has been conducted with Juglans sinensis Dode, J. regia (persian walnut), J. regiu (carpathian walnut), J. mandshurica, J. nigra and five cultivars of Carpathian walnut as "HANSEN", "METCALFE" "SCHOOL", "ILL CRATH", "LAKE" in a large green house equipped with automatic environmental control system in which temperature of the grafting bed at $28^{\circ}C$ and 85-100% for humidity during the period of January 1981-June 1983. As results of the experiments, the following facts were observed. 1) Hteroplastic grafting was proved to be more successful than homoplastic grafting with all five species tested among the J. regia (carpathian walnut), J. regia (persian walnut), J. sinensis, J. mondshurica, J. nigra. 2) It was interesting to notice that results hight survival of graft high as 99.33-100% with heteroplastic grafting when "Persian Walnut" and "Carpathian Walnut" was grafted on the stock of J. mandshurica and J. nigra. 3) A statistical significance of 5% Level was recognized in the above stocks among five species of homoplastic grafting with heteroplastic grafting and no significance among the scions. 4) The heteroplastic grafting when five cultivars of Carpathian Walnut as above as was grafted on the stock of Juglans nigra and J. mandshurica resulting high survival of graft as high as 85.33-100%. 5) As conclusion, the heteroplastic grafts of Carpathian Walnut and Persian Walnut was grafted on the stock of Juglans nigra and Jugdans mandshurica, the graft union, between stock and scion completed, in short period and was followed by a vigorous growth as well as "Cross Breeding", or hybrization, became apparent, with different desirable traits which could he used to cultivate a Later generation that combined these characteristics.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.9
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• pp.71-81
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• 1968

Defatted rice bran is mixed with diluted acid solution, the mixture is agitated some hrs. at constant temparature. After the mixture is filtered, thus filtrate is obtained. This filtrate is phytin extract solution. (Test-1) The alkali is added to this filtrate and filtered out, then the precipitation of phytin is obtained. (Test-2) At the test-1, the effect of kind of acid, conc. of acid, amount of extract sol'n., time of extraction, temp. of extraction, to the extract amount of phytin is tested. Consequently, the following facts are known. 1. Amount of phytin extract is greater HCI extraction than $H_{2}SO_4$ extraction. 2. At 0.3% HCI, the amount of phytin extract is greatest of all HCl extraction. 3. The sufficient amount of acid solution is 8-10 times of amount of defatted rice bran. 4. The time of extraction at room temperature is sufficient 8-12 hrs. 5. When extract temperature is $20-30^{\circ}C$, the amount of phytin extraction is greater of all temp. 6, When defatted rice bran 20 g is shanken with 160 ml of 0.3% HCl for 10 hr. at room temp., in this case the amount of phytin extract is 11.34% of defatted rice bran, it is 93% of theoretical yield. At the test-2 the effect of kind of precipitation agent, degree of nutralization to the amount of phytin prcipitation is tested. 1. Degree of nut. is best at pH 6.8-7.0. 2. When use of $Ca(OH)_2$ the amount of phytin precipitation is more than use of KOH, NaOH, or $NH_{4}OH$. 3. At pH 6.0-7.2, the solubility of phytin is followed. K-phytate > $NH_{4}-phytate$ > Na-phytate > Ca-phytate 4. When phytin extract solution is nutralized with $Ca(OH)_2$ to pH 7.0, the amount of phytin precipitation is 94.78% of theoretical yield.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.1-12
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• 2007

This study was investigated hazardous substances in agricultural products of baggage by Incheon Port from chinese. We tested 293 kinds of dried red pepper, cereal, sesame, bean, nut, herbal medicine and sesame oil for pesticides residue, mold, tar color, sudan I, II, III, IV, aflatoxin, Pb, Cd, Hg, As and sulfur dioxide residues. Violated samples over standard limits by Korean Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) were 76 dried red pepper over the number of mold and 1 dried red pepper detected red 102 tar color and 1 dried red pepper over the number of mold and detected red 102 tar color simultaneously. And 2 rice, 1 sticky rice, 1 adlay and 1 millet were over lead. Violated herbal medicine were 2 Zizyphi Furctus and 2 Zingiberis Rhizoma over sulfur dioxide residue and 1 Zingiberis Rhizoma over sulfur dioxide residue and cadmium simultaneously. The contents of heavy metals in cereal were as follow; $Pb\;0.000{\sim}0.740mg/kg(0.191{\pm}0.209),\;Cd\;0.000{\sim}0.108mg/kg(0.007{\pm}0.020),\;Hg\;0.000{\sim}4.201mg/kg(0.162{\pm}0.319)$. The contents of heavy metals in herbal medicine were as follow; $Pb\;0.000{\sim}2.480mg/kg(1.130{\pm}0.730),\;Cd\;0.000{\sim}0.761mg/kg(0.044{\pm}0.122),\;Hg\;0.000{\sim}0.157mg/kg(0.022{\pm}0.033),\;As\;0.000{\sim}0.560mg/kg(0.040{\pm}0.082)$. Contents of $SO_2$ ranged $2.0{\sim}1459.4ppm(303.1{\pm}324.2)$.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.74-83
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• 2016

In order to improve the sour taste and foul odor of fermented soymilk, bacteria were isolated from kimchi and identified. Of the 89 bacterial strains isolated from kimchi, 3 isolates produced fermented soymilk with a sour taste and foul odor. The selected bacterial strains R53, R83, and R84 were identified by morphological, biochemical, and 16S rRNA analyses as Weissella koreensis. The strain R83, which produced fermented soymilk having the mildest sour taste and foul odor, was selected for further investigation and named W. koreensis KO3. The optimum culture condition for the fermentation of soymilk by W. koreensis KO3 was at $30^{\circ}C$ for 12 h. When soymilk was fermented under the optimum culture conditions, the viable cell count reached up to $8.71{\times}10^8CFU/ml$ and pH and acidity reached as low as 6.02 and as high as 0.33%, respectively. Twenty-seven amino acids and their derivatives were detected in fermented soymilk. The amounts of serine, glycine, threonine, alanine, and aspartic acid, which contribute to a sweeter taste, increased during fermentation. Orinithine, which was not detected before fermentation, increased during fermentation. Sensory evaluation showed that W. koreensis KO3-fermented soymilk has improved bean, roasted nut, and sour flavors as well as an enhanced mouthfeel, appearance, preferability, and overall acceptability compared with those of standard fermented soymilk. With further study and development, soymilk fermented by W. koreensis KO3 could serve as a health-promoting food with favorable sensory qualities.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.690-700
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• 2012

The experiment was conducted by in vitro fermentation and bacterial community analysis to investigate the reduction of odorous compounds in response to the use of feed additives (FA) during carbohydrate overload in growing pigs. Soluble starch at 1% (control) and various FA at 0.1% Ginseng meal (FA1); Persimmon leaf (FA2); Gingko nut (FA3) and Oregano lippia (FA4) were added to fecal slurry and incubated anaerobically for 12 and 24 h. In vitro parameters and microbial diversity of the dominant bacteria following fermentation were analyzed using Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE), band cloning and sequencing of the V3 region. Results showed that total gas production increased with the advancement of incubation (p<0.05). pH values of FAs and control groups were decreased except the FA4 group which increased somewhat from 12 to 24 h (p<0.05). Ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N) and $H_2S$ gas concentrations were comparatively lower in both stages in FA4 treatment than in the other groups (p<0.05). Hence, $NH_3$-N concentrations in liquid phases were increased (p<0.05) from 12 to 24 h, but the trend was lowest in FA4 than in the other groups at both stages. The total VFA production was comparatively lower and butyrate levels were moderate in FA4 group than in the the other groups during both stages (p<0.05). Indirect odor-reducing compounds such as $NO_2$, $NO_3$ and $SO_4$ concentrations were higher in the FA4 and FA3 than in the other groups at 24 h (p<0.05). After fermentation, ten dominant bands appeared, six of which appeared in all samples and four in only the FA4 treated group. The total number of DGGE bands and diversity was higher in the FA4-group compared to other groups. Additionally, similarity indices were lowest (71%) in the FA4, which represented a different bacterial community compared with the other groups. These findings indicate that $NH_3$-N, $H_2S$ and VFA production was minimal, and pH was also better in the FA4 group than in the other groups. Furthermore, the conversion of odor-reducing indirect compounds or their intermediates was higher in the FA4 group in compared to the other groups. FA4 group generated less odorous products and more indirect products by in vitro fermentation at 24 h, and their microbial pattern appeared to differ from that of the other groups. These findings suggest that this particular FA could change the microbial population, which may have a beneficial effect on odor reduction. It is recommended that the oregano lippia may be supplied to growing pigs as FA along with excess carbohydrate sources to reduce the production of odorous compounds.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.7
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• pp.699-706
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• 2006

This study was carried out to know the food preferences of college students in Seoul. The subject was 403 students (197 males and 206 females), using questionnaires during June 2004. Regarding preference of the staple foods, it was shown that both male and female students had the highest preferences for boiled rice, chicken porridge, naengmyon, boiled rice with assorted meat and vegetable mixtures, and Kimchi with fried rice but the lowest preferences for boiled rice mixed with beans and sesame porridge (p<0,05). Male students preferred boiled rice, boiled rice mixed with beans, boiled rice mixed with millet, boiled rice mixed with barley, rice porridge, abalone porridge, pine nut porridge, red-bean porridge, pumpkin porridge, vegetable porridge, sesame porridge, ramyon, noodles with assorted vegetable mixtures, udong noodles, noodles with black-bean sauce, chinese-style hotchpotch noodle with vegetables and seafood, blackish bean sauce with rice, curry with rice, omelette rice and lice cake and dumpling soup more than female students (p<0.05). For the preference of snacks, honeyed rice-cake was preferred the most by both of them and male students had higher preferences for cake made from glutinous rice and songpyon than female students (p<0.05). Male students liked strawberry and pear and female students liked strawberry the most. Preferences for apple. pear, banana, persimmon, and musk melon were higher in male students than female students (p<0.05).

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.93-115
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• 2012

This study empirically examines the impact of changes in market shares among retailing types on the price index. The retailing type is classified into 6 groups: department store, big mart, super market, convenient store, specialty merchant, and on-line store. The market shares of retailing types are calculated by the ratio of each retailing type monthly sales to total monthly retailing sales in which total retailing sales is the sum of each retailing type sales. We employed several price indices: consumer price index (CPI), CPI for living necessaries, and fresh food price index. In addition, this study used fundamental price indices based on 25 product families as well as 42 representative products. The empirical model also included several variables in order to control for the macroeconomic effects and those variables are the exchange rate, M1, an oil price, and the industrial production index. The data is monthly time-series data spanning over the period from January 2000 to December 2010. In order to test for the stability of data series, we conducted ADF test and PP test in which the model and length of lag were determined by the relevant previous literature and based on the AIC. The empirical results indicate that changes in market shares among retailing types have impacts on the price index. Table A shows that impacts differ as to which price index to use and which product families and products to use. For department store, it lowers the price of food and non-alcoholic beverages, home appliances, fresh food, fresh and vegetables, but it keeps the price high for fresh fruit. The big mart retailing type has a positive impact on the price of food, nut has a negative effect on clothing and foot wear, non-food, and fresh fruit. For super market, it has a positive impact on food and non-alcoholic beverages, fresh food, fresh shellfishes, but increases the price of CPI for living necessaries and non-food. The specialty merchant retailing type increases the price level of CPI for living necessaries and fresh fruit. For on-line store type, it keeps the price high for CPI for living necessaries and non-food as well as fresh fruit. For the analysis based on 25 product families shows that changes in market shares among retailing types also have different effects on the price index. Table B summarizes the different results. The 42 representative product level analysis is summerized in Table C and it indicates that changes in market shares among retailing types have different effects on the price index. The study offers the theoretical and practical implication to these findings and also suggests the direction for the further analysis.