• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.108-112
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• 2008

A survey of total aflatoxin levels was conducted on 158 samples (nuts, fermented foods and their processed products) collected in local markets in Gyeonggi-do and Domestic Internet Site. The total aflatoxins were quantified by the immunoaffinity column clean-up method followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-fluorescence detector (FLD). Aflatoxins were found in 45(28.5%) samples including 34 nuts and nut products, 7 soybean pastes, 1 meju, 1 bean product and 2 corn snacks with a range of $0.02{\sim}3.96\;{\mu}g/kg$. These results show that the contamination level of aflatoxin in foods consumed in Korea is low compared with the standard in Korea Food Code($10\;{\mu}g/kg$ as aflatoxin $B_1$). Aflatoxin $B_1$ content was increased in peanuts and com snacks during storage but it was decreased in doenjang (soybean paste).

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.118-124
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• 2017

To investigate and analyze the cause of the failure of the connecting rod bolt and the crank pin bearing bolt of the diesel engine of this study, the following results were obtained through site surveying, the investigation of literature referring to similar failures, testing and inspection of the fracture surface, and the experience of the researchers. The fractured crank pin bearing bolt of the diesel engine is estimated to be damaged later than the connecting rod bolt. From the shape of fracture surface, it is evident that the failed connecting rod bolt is fractured by fatigue failure due to abnormally repeated loads (e.g. loosening of the connecting bolt, etc.), and is not failed by brittle fractures due to the impact load. The surface of the U-nut on the fractured connecting rod bolt has been worsening due to the improper use of lubricant (agent for prevention of thread fixing) and no usage of separating the each connecting rod on each cylinder. Moreover, there is the possibility that those poor surface conditions of the fractured connecting rod bolt have affected the failure of the connecting rod bolt of the main engine. And it could be assumed that the mechanical characteristic and manufacturing process of the failed connecting rod bolt and crank pin bearing bolt, which were made by a domestic company, conform to the design requirements for those bolts.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1985

In order to clarify the taxanomic position of a new microsporidia K79 which was isolated from the silkworm larvae, Bombyx mori L. in Korea in 1979, the following several experiments such as estimation of pathogenicity in different instar, histopathological examination under light and electronic microscope and examination of fine structure of the sporse were carried out and their result obtained are as follows. In the test of pathogenicity by oral inoculation, the new microsporidia K79 was lower than Nosema bombycis and the susceptibility of the new microsporidia to silkworm was getting lower as the silkworm larvae grew. The lesion of Silkworms' tissue which was infected with the new microsporidia K79 was found in the epithelial cells of trachea, fat body and silk gland cells. The developmental process of the new microsporidia K79 in vivo could be divided into the following five stages: sporoplasm, schizont, sporont, sporoblast, and spore. The process was just the same as the of N. bombycis, but its development was slower than that of N. bombycis. Several differences in the fine structure of the spore under electron microscope, which could be important keys for the classification of microsporidia, were obtained. Anchoring disk and polaroplast lamella of the new microsporidian spore were disclosed to be different from those of N. bombycis. An average number of polar filament coils of the new microporidian spore was 16 at an angle of 75$^{\circ}$. On the basis of various keys for the classification of microsporidia, the results obtained from various experiments proved that the newly isolated microsporidia should be classified into the Genus, "Nosema", nut is further classification for species should be conducted in the future. Therefore, it may be reasonable that the new microsporidia is temperally classified as Nosema sp. K79 considering the fact that it was discovered in Korea in 1979.a in 1979.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2000

Pecan is deciduous tree and belongs to the Julandaceae family. Pecan is an economically important as a nut and timber crop. Heterozygosity is expected to be high for typically cross-pollinated. Yet little is known about the nature of genetic variation within this species. In addition, the pedigree of many pecan cultivars remains unknown or is questionable. In this study, the phylogenetic relationships between 22 pecan cultivars and its analyzed by RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA). PCR Amplification used 40 randomly selected oligoes as primers. Based on their genetic similarities derived from the RAPD data, the 22 pecan cultivars were classified into different five groups in agarose gel. The 22 pecan cultivars were classified into five sectional groups by UPGMA clustering analysis, too. C. flacra and Black walnut showed the 0.9 of similarity index and Farley, Pawnee showed the 0.85 of similarity index. The 22 pecan cultivars were classified into different five groups by analysis of the 4% polyacrylamide gel fraction. (Group I : 1, 2, 3, 4, 13, 16, 17, 20, 21 Group II : 14,18 GroupIII : 6,12 GroupIV : 5, 11, 15, 19, 22 CroupV : 7, 8, 9, 10) Group V show the 1.0 of similarity index and Farley, Sturya, Clarke, Pawnee show the 0.98 of similarity index and Kiowa, Schley show the 0.92 of similarity index. Results from this study indicated that RAPD can be used to establish the genetic relationships among the 22 pecan cultivars. Similarity coefficients generally agreed with what would be predicted in cultivars with known pedigrees, and we could accurately construct relationships among cultivars. In addition, we have shown that RAPD provides useful information on the origin of unknown cultivars.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.566-575
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• 2004

To compare the dietary intakes and body composition in the stage of puberty, this study was conducted with 360 girls aged 9 to 12 years in Seoul Korea. Girls's general information and 3-day diet records were collected, fat mass was measured by Inbody 3.0, bone mass at right calcaneus was measured by PIXI and pubertal development was self-assessed by picture of Tanner stages. The results are as follows: Girls who had breast development were 79.7% and 15.8% had pubic hair development. Mean of BMI, BMC and BMD were significantly higher at breast stage3+(19.6 kg/$m^2$, 1.62 kg, 0.47 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$) than at the breast stage2 (18.2 kg/$m^2$, 1.47 kg, 0.44 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$) or breast stage1(16.3 kg/$m^2$, 1.32 kg, 0.39 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$) (p < 0.001). Percent body fat of breast stage1, 2, and 3+ were 19.7%, 23.1%, 25.3% respectively and significantly increased during the puberty (p < 0.001). The mean of energy intake was 1629 kcal in stage1, 1664 kcal in stage2 and 1577 kcal in stage3+ showed significant difference in the breast stages (p < 0.05). Energy adjusted sodium intakes and crude fiber intakes were significantly higher in breast stage3 + than other breast stages. For zinc and iron, proportions of subjects with intake levels less than 75% of Korean RDA was over 40% and significantly higher in breast stage3+ than other stages (p < 0.05) ; for protein and vitamin E, the proportions of subjects with intake levels more than 125% RDA was significantly higher in the stage 1. The nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) for protein and phosphorous was significantly lower in breast stage3+ than other stages. The food groups of seed and nut were 4.7 g/day, 2.3 g/day, 1.8 g/day, respectively, and was significantly higher in breast stage 1. In summary, mean of BMI, BMD, BMC and percent of body fat were increased with pubertal development, and those who had higher breast developmental stage showed a lower amount of consumption level in energy, seeds and nuts, and also showed a higher amount of consumption level in energy adjusted sodium and fiber among Korean girls.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Advanced Composite Structures
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.8-15
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• 2012

The initial clamping forces of high strength bolts depending on different faying surface conditions drop within 1,000 hours regardless of loading, any other external force or loosening of the nut. This study is focused on an expectation model for relaxation of high strength bolt, which is confined to creep on coated faying surfaces after initial clamping. The range of this experiment is limited to estimate the relaxation of bolted joints coated by inorganic zinc primer. The candidate bolts were dacro-coated tension control bolts. The parameters of coated thickness for the faying surface were 96, 168,and $226{\mu}m$ respectively. From experiments, it exhibited that the logarithmic function for creep strain was derived due to the parameter of coating thickness. By using the creep strain, subsequently the quantitative model for estimating long term relaxation of high strength bolt can be taken with the elapsed time. The experimental results showed that the relaxation after the initial clamping of high strength bolt rose to a much higher range from 10% to 18% due to creep of the coating as the coating thickness was increased. This study showed that the clamping force reflecting relaxation after the elapse of constant time can be calculated from the initial clamping force of high strength bolt.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.89-100
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• 2000

We observed the salivary ducts of two species of snails, Achatina fulica and Incilaria fruhstoferi with an electron microscope, and obtained the following results. The intralobular and interlobular ducts of Achatina fulica assume the forms of round or ellipsoidal doughnuts. The boundaries between the endothelial cells are not clear. It is also found that the cytoplasm of the endothelial cells consists of the membrane infolded in interdigital form, and there are well -developed microvilli at the apical portion of the cytoplasm. On the other hand, the intralobular and interlobular ducts of Incilaria fruhtoferi consist of the irregular simple columnar epithelia. The high electron dense cytoplasm is filled with the irregular round granules. The microvilli at the apical portion of the cytoplasm are not so well-developed as those in Achatina fulica. In the salivary duct of Achatina fulica, the lumen has narrow and long tubular structure. The boundaries between the endothelial cells are not clear. The cytoplasm is full of many vacuoles and electron lucent granules. At the apical portion of the cytoplasm, lots of short and thin microvilli are found. The salivary duct of Incilaria fruhstorferi is wider ($65\times250{\mu}m$ in diameter) than that of Achatina fulica, and consists of endothelial cells of the same structures. At the apical portion of those endothelial cells, a lot of junction apparatus such as desmosomes are observed. The vessels in the salivary ducts of Achatina fulica and Incilaria fruhstoferi are observed mainly in the connective tissues between the salivary glands. The endothelial cell of the vessel has the irregular structure and looks dark due to the high electron density. These cells protrude their filopodia and phagocytosize foreign bodies.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.638-644
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• 2006

Sixteen adult male buffaloes (average body weight $443{\pm}14kg$) were equally distributed into four groups in an experiment to study the effect of supplementary protein sources on energy utilization efficiency in buffaloes fed a wheat straw-based diet. The animals in the control group were offered a basal diet composed of 700 g deoiled ground nut cake and ad libitum wheat straw. Animals of other groups were offered 1.8 kg of soyabean meal (SBM), linseed meal (LSM) or mustard cake (MC) along with the basal diet. Protein supplementation increased the digestibility of DM (p<0.01), OM (p<0.01) CP (p<0.01) and CF (p<0.05). Maximum CP digestibility was observed on SBM, followed by LSM and MC when compared to the control. Total DMI and DOMI was significantly (p<0.01) higher in protein supplemented groups with no differences between treatment groups. Digestible crude protein (DCP) intake and N balance were significantly (p<0.01) different between the groups; maximum response was obtained with SBM supplementation, followed by LSM and MC. Faecal energy was significantly (p<0.01) lower in SBM and LSM groups in comparison to other groups. Methane production (% DEI) was significantly (p<0.05) lower on the SBM treatment. Metabolizable energy (ME) intake increased significantly due to protein supplementation. Metabolizable energy intake (MEI) of animals in the MC group was less than LSM and SBM. Energy balance was increased significantly (p<0.01) due to protein supplementation and within supplement variation was also significant with maximum balance in SBM followed by LSM and MC groups. Protein supplementation significantly (p<0.05) increased the digestibility and metabolizability of energy from whole ration. Metabolizable energy (ME) content (Mcal/kg DM) of SBM, LSM and MC was 4.49, 3.56 and 2.56, respectively. It was concluded that protein supplementation of wheat straw increased intake, digestibility and metabolizability of energy and maximum response could be obtained when soybean meal was used as a supplement.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.429-449
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• 1992

The consumption of foods rich in TDF should not be associated with impaired mineral absorp-tion and long-term mineral status. In surveys of populations consuming high amounts of TDF e.g Third World populations and vegetarinas gross deficiencies in mineral nutrition have not been noted. If mineral status is low among these groups it is most likely caused by the inadequacy or imbalance of the diet and not by the TDF. The key word is interaction which should be inte-rpreted in dietary imbalances that produce nut-rient deficiencies. There are no strong data to support the concept that TDF inhibits mineral absorption through a binding chelation mechanism. Limited data sug-gest that positively charged groups on polymers such as chitosan and cholestyramine will decrease iron absorption in humans and animals. Because TDF does not contain positively charged groups future research should be directed at the possible role of protein consumed along with TDF and the combination of effects on mineral nutrition Phytic acid is acknowledged as a potent chela-tor of zinc. However its association with zinc and its propensity to lower Zn bioavaiability may enhance the absorption of other elements notably copper and iron. The importance of interactions among nutrients including TDF will gain addi-tional attention in the scientific community. Soluble and insoluble dietary fiber function di-fferently in the intestine. Insoluble fibers accele-rate movement through the intestine. Soluble die-tary fibers appear to regulated blood concentra-tions of glucose and cholesterol albeit by some unknown mechanism. In creased viscosity produ-ced by the SDF in the intestine may provide an explanation of how this class of polymers affects plasma glucose cholesterol and other nutrients. Employing a double-perfusion technique in the rat we demonstrated that viscosity produced by SDF will delay transfer of zinc into the circulatory system. This delayed absorption should not be interpreted as decreased utilization. A great deal of additional research is required to prove the importance of luminaly viscosity produced by SDF on slowing nutrient absorption or regulating bllod nutrient homeostasis. Increased intake of TDF in the total human diet appears desirable. A dietary intake of 35g/day should not be considered to have a negative effect on mineral absorption. It is important to educate people that an intake of more than 35g TDF/day may cause an imbalance in the diet that can adve-rsely affect mineral utilization. Acknowledgments. Appreciation is given to Dr. George V. Vahouny(deceased) who was intense a great competitor in and out of science and who gave the author inspiration Portions of this work were supported by the University of Missouri Ag-ricultural Station and by a grant from the Univer-rch Support Grant RR 07053 from the National Institutes of Health. Contribution of the Missouri Agriculatural Experiments Station Journal Series No. 10747.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.9
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• pp.61-69
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• 1991

Free phenolic acid, esterified and insoluble phenolic acid extract were extracted from Ginkgo nuts and leaves. Antioxidative effectiveness was measured by Peroxide value and TBA value at each extract, control, 0.02%(w/w) BHA and BHT in corn oil, at $45{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ and dark thermo static oven for 45 days. Laboratory tube was added by BHA, BHT, separated free phenolic acids, esterified and insoluble-bound phenolic acid extract of Ginkgo nuts and leaves 127, 95, 140, 121, 280 meq/kg, oil. On the other hand, at the same condition TBA values of each antioxidative matter were 0.430, 0.153, 0.059, 0.175, 0.260, 0.187, 0.160, 0.174, 0.195. This result remarkably appeared antioxidative effectiveness in corn oil substrate, ${\rho}$-Hydroxybenzoic acid, Syringic acid, Gallic acid, Protocatechuic acid, Pyrogallol, Caffeic acid, Coumaric acid, trans-Cinnamic acid, Phloroglucinol.