• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2000.10b
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• pp.344-346
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• 2000

임의 길이 숫자열을 인식하기 위해서는 우선 숫자열 영상을 인식기가 다룰 수 있는 형태로 변환해야 한다. 만일, 사용하는 인식기가 낱자 단위 인식기라면 낱자 단위로 분할하여야 하는데, 두자 이상의 숫자들이 접촉한 경우 정확한 분할이 어렵다. 이 논문은 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위하여 접촉 숫자쌍을 분할하지 않고 통째로 인식하는 방법을 사용한다. 필기 숫자열을 인식하기 위해 제안한 방법은 두 개의 인식기를 이용한다. 숫자열에서 분할된 패턴이 낱자인 경우 낱자 인시기가, 접촉 숫자쌍일 경우 접촉 숫자쌍 인식기가 인식한다. NIST 데이터베이스에 대한 실험 결과 2~10개의 숫자를 포함한 숫자열에 대하여 83.76%의 숫자열 인식률을 보여 접촉 숫자열 패턴을 낱자 단위로 분할하지 않고도 효과적으로 인식할 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.225-230
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• 2008

In this paper we embody a system that recognizes printed alphabet, numeral figures and symbols written on the keyboard for the recognition of English sentences. The image of the printed sentences is inputted and binarized, and the characters are separated by using histogram method that is the same as the existing character recognition method. During the abstraction of the individual characters, we classify one group that has not numerical information by the projection of the vertical center of the character. In case of another group that has the longer width than the height, we assort them by normalizing the width. The other group normalizes the height of the images. With the reverse application of the basic principle of the Japanese Puzzle to a normalized character image, the proposed system classifies and recognizes the printed numeral figures, symbols and characters, consequently we meet with good result.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.36 no.12
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• pp.1016-1023
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• 2009

A license plate recognition system consists of image processing in which characters and features are extracted, and pattern recognition in which extracted characters are classified. Feature extraction plays an important role in not only the level of data reduction but also performance of recognition. Thus, in this paper, we focused on the recognition of numeral characters especially on the feature extraction of numeral characters which has much effect in the result of plate recognition. We suggest a hybrid statistical feature model which assures the best dispersion of input data by reassignment of clustering property of input data. And we verify the effectiveness of suggested model using multi-layer perceptron and learning vector quantization neural networks. The results show that the proposed feature extraction method preserves the information of a license plate well and also is robust and effective for even noisy and external environment.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.61-67
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• 2001

In this paper, a method that apply LP algorithm to image for speech recognition is suggested, using both speech and image information for recogniton of korean numeral speech. The input speech signal is pre-emphasized with parameter value 0.95, analyzed for B th LP coefficients using Hamming window, autocorrelation and Levinson-Durbin algorithm. Also, a gray image signal is analyzed for 2-dimensional LP coefficients using autocorrelation and Levinson-Durbin algorithm like speech. These parameters are used for input parameters of neural network using back-propagation algorithm. The recognition experiment was carried out at each noise level, three numeral speechs, '3','5', and '9' were enhanced. Thus, in case of recognizing speech with 2-dimensional LP parameters, it results in a high recognition rate, a low parameter size, and a simple algorithm with no additional feature extraction algorithm.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 2002.10e
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• pp.16-23
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• 2002

본 논문에서는 아라비안 숫자를 포함한 텍스트를 음성으로 합성하기 위하여, 숫자 형태와 분류사 그리고 숫자가 나오는 문맥에 따라 숫자를 자동으로 문자화할 수 있는 전처리 규칙을 설정하는데 목적을 둔다. 먼저 선행연구를 통해 숫자를 포함한 수사 및 수사표현의 읽기 규칙의 적용 범위 및 한계점을 살펴보고, 음성 합성을 위한 아라비안 숫자의 문자화 규칙을 설정하고자 한다. 현대 한국어에서 아라비안 숫자를 읽는 방식은 크게 고유어 방식과 한자어 방식이 있으며 단(單)단위에서는 영어가 사용되기도 한다. 또한 한자어 방식에서도 단위를 붙여 읽는 경우와 모든 수를 단 단위로 읽는 경우가 있으므로, 아라비안 숫자의 문자화를 단순한 규칙을 설정하여 자동화하기에는 중의성이 높다. 본 연구에서는 (1) 숫자 전 전치어(pre-numeral), (2) 기호를 포함한 숫자열의 표현 형식과 크기, (3) 단위 표현, (4) 숫자 후치어(post-numeral), (5) 분류사(classifier) (6) 분류사 후치어(post-classifier), (7) 수사표현 앞뒤 문맥에 따라, 아라비안 숫자표현이 문자화되는 방식을 살펴보았다. 분석 대상 말뭉치는 C 신문의 2000년 1월부터 2000년 4월까지 전체 기사 1,400건에서 숫자가 포함된 숫자표현 약 63,000개론 구성하였다. 패턴화된 구조 및 중의성이 없는 구조를 12가지로 밝히고 중의성이 있는 구조의 유형을 밝혔으며 분류사 후치어와의 결합 관계, 좌우 문맥정보를 통해 중의성 해결의 단서를 제시하고자 하였다.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.199-204
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• 2013

An implementation method of real-time numeral recognizer based on gesture is presented in this paper for various information devices. The proposed algorithm steadily captures the motion of a hand on 3D open space with the Kinect sensor. The captured hand motion is simplified with PCA, in order to preserve the trace consistency and to minimize the trace variations due to noises and size changes. In addition, we also propose a new HMM using both the gradient and the positional features of the simplified hand stroke. As the result, the proposed algorithm has robust characteristics to the variations of the size and speed of hand motion. The recognition rate is increased up to 30%, because of this combined model. Experimental results showed that the proposed algorithm gives a high recognition rate about 98%.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.35-44
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• 2007

This paper proposes a new method of weighted template matching for machine-printed numeral recognition. The proposed weighted template matching, which emphasizes the feature of a pattern using adaptive Hamming distance on local feature areas, improves the recognition rate while template matching processes an input image as one global feature. Template matching is vulnerable to random noises that generate ragged outlines of a pattern when it is binarized. This paper offers a method of chain code trimming in order to remove ragged outlines. The method corrects specific chain codes within the chain codes of the inner and the outer contour of a pattern. The experiment compares confusion matrices of both the template matching and the proposed weighted template matching with chain code trimming. The result shows that the proposed method improves fairly the recognition rate of the machine-printed numerals.

• School Mathematics
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.833-846
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• 2013

In this paper, the real state of using terms 'product', 'place value', 'nine-nine', and 'numeral' incorrectly or inconsistently in the area in Korean elementary school 1-2 grade math textbooks/workbooks are analyzed. Based on this analysis, the following four conclusions are presented. First, 'Product' should be defined in the ${\ll}$Math 3${\gg}$ textbook like 'sum' and 'difference'. Multiplication is introduced in the ${\ll}$Math 3${\gg}$ textbook/workbook, however, the result of that calculation is not referred to 'product'. Second, there is a need to reconsider the using the term 'place value' in 2nd elementary mathematics. In the ${\ll}$Math 3${\gg}$ and the ${\ll}$Math 4${\gg}$ textbooks/workbooks are not using the term 'place value' clearly. Third, the word 'addition nine-nine table' and 'subtraction nine-nine table' should not be used in the ${\ll}$Math 2${\gg}$ and the ${\ll}$Math 4${\gg}$ textbooks. Using the term 'multiplication nine-nine' and 'multiplication nine-nine table' in elementary school mathematics textbooks/workbooks instead of using the term 'nine-nine' and 'nine-nine table' respectively would be the possible cause of these inaccurate derivatives. Fourth, in 1st and 2nd elementary mathematics 'numeral' and 'number' should be used discriminately. There is a need to reconsider the using the term 'number' uniformly if possible.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems Conference
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• 1998.06a
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• pp.288-295
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• 1998

This paper proposes a new data classification method based on the tolerant rough set that extends the existing equivalent rough set. Similarity measure between two data is described by a distance function of all constituent attributes and they are defined to be tolerant when their similarity measure exceeds a similarity threshold value. The determination of optimal similarity theshold value is very important for the accurate classification. So, we determine it optimally by using the genetic algorithm (GA), where the goal of evolution is to balance two requirements such that (1) some tolerant objects are required to be included in the same class as many as possible. After finding the optimal similarity threshold value, a tolerant set of each object is obtained and the data set is grounded into the lower and upper approximation set depending on the coincidence of their classes. We propose a two-stage classification method that all data are classified by using the lower approxi ation at the first stage and then the non-classified data at the first stage are classified again by using the rough membership functions obtained from the upper approximation set. We apply the proposed classification method to the handwritten numeral character classification. problem and compare its classification performance and learning time with those of the feed forward neural network's back propagation algorithm.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.39-51
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• 2010

The purpose of this article is to study students' responses to non-routine problems which are presented by using solely numerals or symbolic figures. Such figures have no mathematical meaning but just symbolical meaning. Most students understand geometric figures more concrete objects than numerals because geometric figures such as circles and squares can be visualized by the manipulatives in real life. And since students need not consider (unvisible) any operational structure of numerals when they deal with (visible) figures, problems proposed using figures are considered relatively easier to them than those proposed using numerals. Under this assumption, we analyze students' problem solving processes of numeral problems and figural problems, and then find out when students' difficulties arise in the problem solving process and how they response when they feel difficulties. From this experiment, we will suggest several comments which would be considered in the development and application of both numerical and figural problems.