• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.83-89
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• 1996

The early life history of Korean bullhead, Pseudobagrus fulvidraco was studied to obtain some information required in aquaculture and reinforcement of natural population. The fertilized eggs were almost spherical in shape and demersal. The egg membranes were transparent with minute folds on the surface, causing them to stick to other substrates. Yolk is yellowish without oil droplets. The eggs just after fertilization were measuring $1.4{\pm}0.03mm$(1.3~1.5mm, n=10) and expanded to $1.7{\pm}0.08mm$(1.6~1.8mm, n=10) in diameter in 1.5 hr. The blastodisc was formed in 30 min and cleavage started in 1 hr after fertilization, and the intervals of each stage of cleavage was about 30 min at $25.0^{\circ}C$. The yolk from 32-cell stage to gastrula stage partly depressed and the depressed part moved clockwise. Hatching occurred in 53 hr after fertilization and hatched embryos had 18~19+20~21(38~40) myomeres measuring 4.2~4.3mm in total length. At the age 7 d after hatching, 4 pairs of barbels were already formed ; 1 pair on the posterior part of the nostril, 1 pair on the upper jaw, and 2 pairs on the lower jaw. And the posterior margin of caudal fin changed into two folds. The lateral band and the form of all fins were completed in 3 weeks.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.79-86
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• 2004

The technical expert standing system of our const겨ction industry is operated by the Ministry of Labor subjective national technical qualification law, as the professional engineer, architect and architect-engineer and so on. The construction management(CM) which is introduced on middle 1990 activates a building industry the condition of the essential indispensability for is becoming, is not officially recognized with national qualification to be, that as pending issue it is most urgent, the specialty manpower positivity which is judged as the nostril poop]e for qualification of the civil CM educational institutions has the certification which is a each educational program and a separate way and it is the actual condition which is become accomplished. The problem when as international certification the CMAA which is only it secures a reliability certification which is a CCM and SAVE seeing in the certified which is a CVS, compares in the foreign nation and the CM certification is excessive, it does not secure a reliability and an efficient characteristic to give a confusion to the capital increase lattices which in a condition are, it is mass produced it is a point. It saw from, it observes the capital increase reserve problem point which is a domestic CM and the certification integration which is a report and system anger it leads and with national certified qualification it develops to present the improvement program for, it does to sleep.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.704-708
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• 2015

Background Various techniques for lengthening short columellae have been used for bilateral cleft nose repair. However, previous methods have not yielded satisfactory results. We performed a full-thickness skin graft to lengthen short columellae during secondary cleft nose repair in adult patients. Methods Ten bilateral cleft lip and nose patients underwent secondary cheiloplasty with open rhinoplasty between July 2008 and August 2014. The patients underwent a full-thickness skin graft on the medial crura to elongate the columella. The average age of the patients at the time of surgery was 22.2 years. Nasal profiles were evaluated before and after the operation using the photogrammetric method. Results The nasal profiles were improved in all patients, and all skin grafts were well taken, with the exception of one patient. Columellar height, nostril height, and columella-lip angle increased, and nasal width decreased significantly. The ratios of columellar height to nasal height, columellar height to nasal width, and nasal height to nasal width increased to a statistically significant extent. Conclusions Columella lengthening with a full-thickness skin graft is a simple and effective method for the repair of severely short columellae in bilateral cleft nose patients. We had satisfactory outcomes, with good color matching and aesthetically pleasing contours.

• Korean Journal of Cleft Lip And Palate
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 2006

Although the delayed type of rhinoplasty is currently acceptable in the correction of cleft lip and nasal deformity, Delaire tried to achieve the simultaneous nasolabial reconstruction and muscular rearrangement that affect the subsequent skeletal growth of the face. the anatomic muscular reconstruction can be achieved by making the anchorage of the nasolabial muscles of the cleft side to the nasal septum and muscles on the non-cleft side. Two cleft lip patients of 6 and 7 year-old without any previous operation history were treated with the functional cheilorhinoplasty. One patient with incomplete cleft lip underwent a cheiloplasty along with the rearrangement of orbicularis oris muscle. The other patient had a complete cleft lip and palate with accompanying nasal deformity, who underwent the functional cheilorhinoplasty with the reconstruction of anterior nasal base. All the operation was done under the general anesthesia and patients healed without any significant complications. In the incomplete case, the shapes of Cupid's bow was restored, and the length of columella was regained comparable to the non-affected side. In the complete cleft lip and palate case, the depressed nostril was reconstructed with acceptable symmetry by complete releasing of deformed alar cartilage undermined with a dissecting scissors. In summary, the functional repair of cleft lip and nose could be possible at the same time by using Delaire method. This method is effective to correct the primary nasolabial deformity, which results in the restoring favorable anatomy and its function.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.669-673
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• 2011

Purpose: The authors have conducted a series of anatomic studies on the factors affecting shape of a lower vault in Asian noses. The results of the studies showed that prominence of alar lobule is mainly affected by the volumes of the dilator naris anterior and posterior muscles and the insertions of the dilator naris posterior muscles. However, information on its clinical availability is yet insufficient. The present study was undertaken for clinical purpose to find out the effect of dilator naris muscle resection on the correction of prominent alar lobule. Methods: Six patients who were treated by dilator naris muscle resection with a long-term follow-up of more than 1 year were involved in this study. Rhinoplasties were performed via endonasal approaches with resecting dilator naris anterior and posterior muscles by sharp scissor. The effect of the dilator naris muscle resection on alar prominence was investigated by measuring ratio of the short axis to the long axis of a nostril (SA/LA) pre-and postoperatively. The visual analog scale (VAS) was also used to evaluate satisfaction of patients. An average follow-up time was $15.6{\pm}3.7$ months. Results: Having lost the dilating and lateral pulling effects of the dilator naris muscles, the alar lobule shifted medially and alar lobule shapes improved. SA/LA significantly improved (preoperatively $0.71{\pm}0.11$ and postoperatively $0.58{\pm}0.08$; $p$ <0.05). The VAS score was also increased postoperatively (preoperatively $3.2{\pm}1.8$ and postoperatively $8.7{\pm}1.2$; $p$ <0.05). A mild degree of hyperpigmented scar was noted in one alar lobule. Otherwise, there was no case of postoperative complication. Conclusion: Our results suggest that prominent alar lobule could be modified by resecting the attachment of the dilator naris muscles. This maneuver removes the function of dilator naris muscles, then may produce a more aesthetically acceptable alar lobule shape.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.376-382
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• 2011

Purpose: In patients with unilateral cleft lip and nose deformity, alar retraction is commonly seen on the non-cleft side after cleft side is corrected. Spacer graft was used to drag down the inferior border of the alar cartilage of the non-cleft side so as to match the cleft side. By performing spacer graft and septal extension graft together, symmetry and cosmetic improvements were achieved. Methods: Seven unilateral cleft lip and nose deformity patients underwent surgery for alar retraction correction. The median age was 24 years (ranged from 15 to 34 years), and the median follow-up period was 7.4 months (ranged from 6 to 12 months). The perpendicular length from the longitudinal axis of the nostril to the alar rim, the nasolabial angle and the ala-labial angle were measured in the lateral view photo. The longest perpendicular length from the cephalic border of the alar rim to the parallel line of the alar base was measured in the frontal view photo. Results: Improvement in alar retraction was seen after the surgery. There were no specific complications during the follow-up and the symmetry of both nostrils was satisfactory. No increase in the nasolabial angle or exposure of the nostrils was seen after the tip projection via tip plasty. Conclusion: The fundamental factor in correcting alar retraction with secondary cleft lip and nose deformity is repositioning the alar rim with spacer graft, which seems to be more physiologic than other methods. The method combining spacer graft with septal extension graft will bring symmetry as well as more cosmetic improvement in correction of alar retraction with secondary cleft lip and nose deformity.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.763-768
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• 2001

Background: The high pressure zone(HPZ) at the gastroesophageal junction is an important barrier for prevention of gastroesophageal reflux. Smooth muscle layers in the lower esophageal sphincter mainly contributes to HPZ at the throacoabdominal junction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the manometric characteristics of the thora-coabdominal junction in patients after surgical removal of the lower esophageal sphincter. Material and Method: Twenty two patients with prior esophagogastrectomy(10 Ivor-Lewis method and 12 left thoracotomy) and 30 normal adults(control group) were studied manometrically. Result: Esophageal manometry showed a HPZ and pressure inversion points distal to the anastomosis in 12 of 22 patients(2 of 10 patients with Ivor-Lewis method and 10 of 12 patients with left thoracotomy) and a HPZ in 30 of 30 normal adults. The location of HPZ front nostril was not significant different between the two groups(42.5$\pm$0.9cm in patients and 43.9$\pm$2.1cm in the control), while the length of HPZ was shorter in patients than in the control(2.13$\pm$0.6cm vs 2.83$\pm$0.59cm). By SPT and RPT, pressures of HPZ at rest were lower in patients(13.78$\pm$1.63mmHg, 28.58$\pm$6.06mmHg) than in control(20.3$\pm$4.95mmHg, 42.80$\pm$15.91mmHg). The HPZ relaxed partially in response to deglutition(84.4% in patient, 90.5% in control group) and contracted in response to increased intra- abdominal pressure induced by leg lifts(HPZ/ Intra-abdominal pressure= 1.81$\pm$0.23 in patient, 2.13$\pm$ 0.58 in control group).

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.171-176
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• 2023

The olfactory organ of Carassius auratus and C. cuvieri was compared morphologically and morphometrically using stereomicroscopy and statistical program (SPSS version 18.0). The external morphology of the olfactory organ consists of the open semicircular anterior and posterior nostril, and nasal flap. The internal structure showed the oval rosette consisting of several lamellae arranged radiately. In statistical analysis of standard length (SL), olfactory lamellar number (LN), and SL/LN ratio between two species using independent two sample t-test and Pearson's correlation and coefficient, C. cuvieri is the longer SL than that of C. auratus and C. auratus LN (14~20) is lager than that of C. cuvieri (14~16) (P<0.001) and C. auratus LN/SL ratio (12.7±0.7%) is larger than that of C. cuvieri (8.2±0.6%). These results suggest that i) open semicircular nostrils is functional morphology to offset the boundary layer and ii) the lager LN of smaller C. auratus may be a morphological adaptation to reflect its higher olfactory dependence than C. cuvieri and iii) such interspecific difference in LN and LN/SL ratio could be applied as a new taxonomic trait for identification.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.145-154
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• 2003

The present study was designed to demonstrate ionic zinc in the rat nasal mucosa by means of zinc selenium autometallography ($ZnSe^{AMG}$). Rats were given sodium selenide either intraperitoneally (i.p) or intranasally (i.n). Prior to the i.n. administration the rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (30 mg/kg, i.p.). A thin plastic tube coupled to a Hamilton syringe was then inserted into the right nostril and $10{\mu}l$ of the solution was instilled. For the i.p. administration non-anesthetized rats were given $100{\mu}l$ of the sodium selenide solution (10 mg/kg). Control rats were instilled with saline. After 2 hrs survival, the rats were anaesthetized and transcardially perfused with 3% glutaraldehyde. The olfactory area was removed and put into same fixative. The nose was then sectioned ($30{\mu}m$) horizontally, autometallography (AMG) was performed according to Danscher et al. (1997). After silver enhancement, fine AMG grains were scattered in the whole length of the olfactory epithelium containing olfactory receptor neurons, sustentacular and basal cells. However, much higher concentration of the AMG grains occupied near the surface and in the basal region of the olfactory epithelium. Both groups of i.p. and i.n. administration showed almost same level in the concentration of the AMG grains. In i.n. group, few AMG grains were also found in olfactory nerves of the lamina propria, suggesting zinc transport into the olfactory bulb via olfactory axons. At the electron microscopic level, the AMG grains were most entirely found in the supporting cells of the olfactory epithelium, and they were mostly localized in lysosome-like organelles. The i.n. group showed various signs of tissue damage of the olfactory mucosa, where dense concentration of AMG grains were localized at crystalloid structures. The present study demonstrated dense population of ionic zinc in the rat olfactory epithelium. zinc may play a role in the olfactory functioin and in the pathogenesis of the neurodegerative disorders affecting nose.