• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2007년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.1835-1842
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• 2007

The purpose of this paper describes the changes of TGV & ICE series' nose shape by increasing train speed and according to the periodical characteristics. As the speed increases, the length of the nose shape trends to lengthen longer. But the nose shape length does not increase as speed improves by optimized nose shape to reduce aerodynamic drag and micro-pressure wave in tunnels. TGV & ICE series' nose shape can be classified into Advanced paraboloid type, Shape-nosed type, Organic double-edged type and Flat-nosed type by the advance research(the changes of Shinkansen vehicle' nose shape) of high speed railway. Because it trends to be diversified and characterized more and more. This paper analyzed and introduced as TGV & ICE series' nose shape by top 2 nation (Germany, France) and high speed railway in the past years(1980-2007) for their railway design trends by new positioning(Advance research).

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2005년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.94-100
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• 2005

This paper describes the changes of Shinkansen vehicles' nose shape by increasing train speed and according to the stream of time. As the speed increases, the length of the nose trends to lengthen longer. But the nose length does not increase as speed improves by optimized nose shape to reduce aerodynamic drag and micro-pressure wave in tunnels. Shinkansen vehicles nose shape can be classified into Advanced paraboloid type, Sharp-nosed type, Organic double-edged type and Flat-nosed type. In addition, it trends to be diversified and characterized more and more. In the near future, nose designs will be emphasized by the design concept including identity of each JR company based on optimized aerodynamic shape.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2015년도 추계 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.30-31
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• 2015

High velocity impact of projectile generate local failure such as penetration, scabbing, perforation on concrete. It has been reported that local failure is affected by such as nose shape, mass of projectile. In this study, comparing and weighing the impact failure properties of concrete by high velocity impact test that using spherical nose and flat nose type projectile. As a result, It was considered that scabbing of Flat nose projectile reduced more than spherical nose projectile by dispersion of impact force.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.269-275
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• 2006

This study is to provide details of the unique anatomical features on the alar lobule region in Korean nose. We hypothesized that the anatomy of this area differs according to the shape of the alar lobule. Based on the prominence and roundness of alar lobules, they were classified into horizontal and vertical types. A total of 20 fresh cadaver noses(10 for each type) were dissected. The anatomical differences between the horizontal and vertical types were investigated by gross and histologic studies. The alar lobule is composed of three layers, i.e., external skin, muscle, and vestibular skin. Profound differences between the two alar lobule types were evident in terms of the volume of the dilator naris anterior muscle, the insertion of the dilator naris posterior muscle, and the thickness of the external skin at the lateral end of the alar circumference. The horizontal type has a greater volume of dilator naris anterior muscle, an additional insertion of the dilator naris posterior muscle, and thicker external skin at the lateral end of the alar circumference than the vertical type. The Korean nose differs anatomically and morphologically from the Caucasian nose. This study shows that there are anatomic differences between the horizontal and vertical types of alar lobules in Korean nose.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.75-79
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• 2006

The upper and lower lateral cartilages provide the key to the lower cartilaginous portion of the nose. Lifting the cartilages is essential procedure for correction of unilateral cleft lip nose deformity. After correction of cleft lip nose deformity, authors used acoustic rhinometry (AR) to compare the lower nasal cavity of cleft side with non-cleft side. AR is a well known new, non-invasive diagnostic technique in which nasal geometry is assessed by means of acoustic reflection. From June 1996 to January 2004, we performed acoustic rhinometric analysis after correction of unilateral cleft lip nose deformity. This study involved 40 children of age ranged from 3 months to 8 years. Subjects were divided into the group of incomplete unilateral cleft lip nose deformity(20 subjects), and the group of complete unilateral cleft lip nose deformity(20 subjects). Results show that lower nasal cavity volume between non-cleft side and cleft side has no difference, and better results were obtained when nasal molding prong was applied at cleft side nostril. The results between incomplete type and complete type have no significant difference. In conclusion, AR is an effective method to calibrate cross sectional area and nasal cavity volume of unilateral cleft lip nose deformity, and furthermore effective in comparing the volume of cleft side with non-cleft side after unilateral cleft lip nose deformity correction with lifting the lower lateral cartilages to the upper lateral cartilages.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.193-198
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• 2023

Background: The nose is located at the center of the face, and it is possible to determine race, sex, and the like. Research using the nasal index (NI) classification method to classify the shape of the nose is currently in progress. However, domestic research is required as most research is being conducted abroad. In this study, we used a 3D program to confirm the ratio of the nose shape of Koreans. Methods: One hundred patients (50 males and 50 females) in their 20s were evaluated (IRB approval no. DKUDH IRB 2020-01-007). Cone beam computed tomography was performed using the Mimics ver.22 (Materialise Co., Leuven, Belgium) 3D program to model the patient's skull and soft tissues into three views: coronal, sagittal, and frontal. To confirm the ratio of measurement metrics, analysis was performed using the SPSS ver. 23.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA) program. Results: Ten leptorrhine (long and narrow) type, 76 mesorrhine (moderate shape) type, and 14 platyrrhine (broad and short) type noses were observed. In addition, as a result of sex comparison, five males had the leptorrhine (long and narrow) type, 40 mesorrhine (moderate shape), and five platyrrhine (broad and short) types. For females, five patients had the leptorrhine (long and narrow) type, 36 patients had the mesorrhine (moderate shape) type, and nine patients had the platyrrhine (broad and short) type. Conclusion: This study will be helpful when performing nose-related surgeries and procedures in clinical practice and for similar studies in the future.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.933-944
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• 2004

This study was aimed to provide the fundamental and various measurement data of the head and face for male children. Two hundred forty one male children, aged nine to twelve years, participated for this study. The 31 regions on the head and face of the subjects were directly measured by the expert experimenters. Through factor analysis, the six factors were extracted upon factor scores and those factors comprised $67.47\%$ for the total variances. The first factor was described the general height elements for the mouth and the environs of the mouth. The second factor was described the general height around the nose, forehead and eyes. The third factor was described the height of the ear environs. The forth factor contained the length around the sinciput to the occiput, the head thick and the head circumstance. The fifth factor was described the general width of the outer head and the corner of the eyes. The last factor contained the depth of the mouth and nose. Four clusters as their head and face shape were categorized using six factor scores by cluster analysis. Type 1 was characterized by the shortest head and face width, surface length and girth, and the shorter length of head, but the highest position of chin, philtrum, upper lip. Type 2 was characterized by the shortest head and face length and thickness, and the lowest position of the forehead, eye, nose, mouth, ear environs, but that had wider width of head and face. Type 3 was characterized by the longest and the widest head and face type, and the highest position of the mouth. Type 4 was characterized by longer length of head and face, and the widest head girth and largest head thickness, and the highest position of the forehead, eye, nose environs. And this type had the widest width of nose and mouth, and the longest head surface length.

• 대한두개안면성형외과학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.61-66
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• 2009

Purpose: The aim of this study is to establish anatomical dimension of the nose and nostril shape in Korean twenties. Methods: Authors measured anthropometry of nose in Korean youths 1,000 individuals (male 363, female 637) and analyzed stastically them. Results: The mean measurements are as follows. 1. The shape of nostrils was classified into 7 types by the angle between both long axis of nostril (male / female). Type I ($<40^{\circ}$)1.7% / 1.72%, Type II ($41-70^{\circ}$) 26.17% / 29.35%, Type III ($71-100^{\circ}$) 39.94% / 38.77%, Type IV (unclassified) 3.85% / 5.80%, Type V ($101-130^{\circ}$) 20.93% / 17.89%, Type VI ($131-180^{\circ}$) 7.43% / 5.96%, Type VII ($>180^{\circ}$) 0% / 0.47% 2. Lengths (male/female) Width of nasal root: $25.29{\pm}2.25mm/24.72{\pm}2.40mm$ Width of nose: $37.63{\pm}2.46mm/34.77{\pm}2.11mm$ Width of columella: $7.18{\pm}0.92mm/6.92{\pm}0.86mm$ Width of alar: $4.99{\pm}1.00mm/4.74{\pm}0.91mm$ Width of nostril floor: $10.98{\pm}1.40mm/10.13{\pm}1.73mm$ Protrusion of nasal tip: $17.12{\pm}1.95mm/16.88{\pm}1.84mm$ Length of alar: $27.10{\pm}2.21mm/24.66{\pm}2.18mm$ Length of nasal root: $17.37{\pm}2.51mm/16.08{\pm}2.90mm$ Depth of nasal root: $7.83{\pm}1.63mm/6.82{\pm}1.36mm$ Length of columella: $8.13{\pm}1.40mm/7.30{\pm}1.46mm$ Height of nose: $60.50{\pm}8.90mm/59.14{\pm}9.22mm$ Height of nasal bridge: $52.68{\pm}7.49mm/50.57{\pm}7.71mm$ 3. Angles Nasofacial angle: $30.19{\pm}3.43^{\circ}/29.13{\pm}6.31^{\circ}$ Nasofrontal angle: $134.88{\pm}7.25^{\circ}/139.94{\pm}6.33^{\circ}$ Nasolabial angle: $95.08{\pm}8.95^{\circ}/95.80{\pm}8.93^{\circ}$ 4. Nasal index: $72.60{\pm}9.57%/68.21{\pm}7.03%$ Nasal tip protrusion-nasal height index: $45.64{\pm}5.21%/47.09{\pm}5.21%$ Nasal tip protrusion-nasal width index: $32.61{\pm}6.83%/31.63{\pm}6.71%$ Conclusion: These data could be useful reference for anthropometry of nose in Korean twenties.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2008년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.2218-2223
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• 2008

A nose shape is strongly related with the aerodynamic performances of train. Therefore shape definition and aerodynamic performance analysis are important for train nose shape design. In this study, a new design method was suggested for train nose shape design by configuration function. To this end, the nose shape was classified by box type and each box shape is defined. After that the 3-D shape of train was defined as several mathematical functions by combination of each box shape. Also it was shown that the wind shield of driver's seat and complex curves of surface can be expressed using superposition of functions. This methodology can be used for grid generation of numerical analysis, and applied to aerodynamic optimization design of nose shape.

• 한국식품저장유통학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식품저장유통학회 2003년도 춘계총회 및 제22차 학술발표회
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• pp.105.1-105
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• 2003

This study was performed to develop the precise and rapid method to distinguish the blended sesame oil through the electronic nose analysis. The sesame oil was blended with corn oil at the ratio of 95:5, 90:10, 80:20(w/w), respectively. Samples were then analyzed by gas chromatography, SPME-GC/MS and the electronic nose composed of 12 metal oxide sensors. The sensetivities(delta Rgas/Rair) of sensors by electronic nose was carried out with principal component analysis(PCA). The proportion of first principal component showed 98.76%. In this study, the electronic nose analysis could be used as a competent method to classify for genuine sesame oil.