• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.18
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• pp.269-300
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• 1991

Reviewing the outcomes of studies on contemporary information science during some periods and identifying the research area exposed in its studies are essential processes to develop the research and theories of information science and to establish the academic identity of information science. This study seeks to provide the some useful methodological approaches for establishing the research area of information science. The methodological approaches to research area of information science are as follows : (1) normative approach by concepts, definitions, and principles of information science, (2) content analysis of text books, (3) content analysis of curricula of graduate courses, (4) content analysis of graduate disserations or treatises, (5) IIS(Institute of Information Scientists)'s criteria for information science, (6) professors' need assessment, (7) interdisciplinary approach, etc. These are the representative types of methodological approach and have an enough validity and effectiveness in their own way. Therefore I think of that those should be integrately applied to establishing the academic identity of information science.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.1 s.108
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• pp.10-18
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• 2005

The main concept of social carrying capacity is based on the principle that 'there are limits to the number of users a given recreation site can accommodate in order to provide quality of recreation experience'. The quality of the experience is revealed as user's satisfaction and perceived crowding. In this respect, studies of social carrying capacity have been frequently conducted by measuring perceived crowding and satisfaction. The purpose of this study is to identify the variables affecting perceived crowding, and causality bet-ween satisfaction and perceived crowding. Four hundred seventy six visitors were selected at Naejangsan National park on peak day of autumn excursion through on-site survey. The collected data were applied by factor analysis for categorizing the research variables, and multiple regression for finding the causality among variables. The study results are follows. The expectation of crowding, as a normative variable for perceived crowding, are categorized by three factors; circulation, user facility, and landscape. The circulation factor is the most powerful affecting perceived crowding among three factor. The landscape factor, however, do not have statistical significance on perceived crowding. The causality between satisfaction and perceived crowding is found. Although this relation is significant in statistics, magnitude of the coefficient is very small. It might be interpreted that satisfaction cannot be predicted simply from a user's perception of crowding, but a multi-dimensional concept such as adaptation and coping behavior.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.4
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• pp.590-600
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• 1998

This study applied the normative approach to establish evaluative standards for the facilities in Moodeung-san Provincial Park. Based on the established evaluative standards, this study examined the present facility managerial conditions of the park, and suggested some management alternatives to solve the identified problems. Data were collected by on-site survey and a mail-back questionnaire during August of 1996 in Moodeung-san Provincial Park. Out of 1,173, 519 respondents (44.2%) were used for the analysis. According to the results, three indicators out of five established indicators except 'adequacy of garbage cans' and 'adequacy of trail-guidance facilities' were in worse conditions than the established evaluative standards. The three indicators were 1) adequacy of toilets, 2) cleanness of toilets, 3) waiting time for using public transportations. The present condition for 'adequacy of trail-guidance facilities' was the same with the evaluative standard. This study suggested some management strategies to improve these problematic conditions, and introduced how managers may use these information for the facility management of the park.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.361-394
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to analyze the trends in researches of public service of the library. The subjects of analysis are a 'Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science', 'Journal of the Korean Library and Information Science Society', 'Journal of the Korean Society for Information Management' an 'Korean Biblia Society for Library and Information Science' ; and the standards of analysis are approach, research method, service delivery stage and service objects. The analysis results are as follows: First, as for the approach, it is consisted of 46(19.4%) normative orientation study, 93(39.2%) empirical orientation study, 64(27.0) practical orientation study and 34(14.5%) others, so it was being carried out empirical orientation study mostly. Second, as for the research method, it was consisted of 94(38.1%) quantitative researches, 123(49.8%) qualitative researches and 30(12.1) others, so it was carried out quantitative researches about 10% more. Third, as for the service delivery stage, while there were 124(35.7%) researches on input stage such as manpower, budget and facilities etc, there were 187(53.9%) researches on result stage such as effects and satisfaction etc, so there were many researches on the result element. Fourth, as for the providers of service objects, there were 211(89.0%) researches on public libraries mainly which exceed much more than other libraries, and as for the recipients, there were 183(77.2%) researches on general users which show overwhelming superiority more than such as children, the elderly and multi-cultural family etc. As the results to analyze the trend in researches on public service of the library during 15 years like above, it was possible to know that it was carried out empirical researches than normative researches and practical researches, and researches for general users of public libraries.

• Proceedings of the Korean Operations and Management Science Society Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.216-220
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• 2002

The main objective of this studty is to design a conceptual framework of ${\ulcorner}Creativity\;Management\;System:\;CMS{\lrcorner}$. This study consists of (1) defining concept of CMS (2) sellecting ${\ulcorner}Structuring\;method{\lrcorner}$ for designing CMS (3) designing ${\ulcorner}Conceptual\;Framework{\lrcorner}$ for CMS. A conceptual framework of the CMS was designed by system design method based on ${\ulcorner}Normative\;approach{\lrcorner}$, and ${\ulcorner}Explorative\;approach{\lrcorner}$; that is ${\ulcorner}Ddeductive\;method{\lrcorner}$ and this is ${\ulcorner}Inductive\;method{\lrcorner}$.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.2
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• pp.122-138
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• 1984

Degree of difficulty in policy problems depends on a gap between present situation and desiriable situation. It is a international common sense that Agricultural policy is performed on the basis of protectionism, but yet it seems to be a hot issue in Korea, and there are many difficult problems in agricultural policies. Natural of these problems is interdependent. and a more efficient approach to these is to be systematic one. Therefore, in this paper, as a basic study to make more desirable agricultural policy, a basic structure for the systemization of goals or targets of Agricultural policy is studied. Because value judgement is much difficult matter in normative approach, basic goals of agricultural policy used in this study are selected among collective preference indicators which "are being required" or "should be required" clearly in our society (Korea), and the context of recent agricultural policies history in OCED countries is referenced to gain this goals in Agricultural policies.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.141-148
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• 2008

This paper is structured into three main parts and a conclusion. The main section provide definitions of efficiency, effectiveness and performance in terms of the distribution channel, followed by a review of related performance measurement, before discussing difficulties of measurement. According to the theoretical approach, it appears that key theroretical issues are centered around customer service, logistics excellence, time compression, the use of IT, and a move towards integrated logistics. The empirical approach shows that in the past, various financial performance indicators were regarded as relevant management information. However, today, management needs additional performance indicators. Therefore, external assessments of effectiveness must be performed to measure customers' satisfaction with the physical flow of product through the distribution channel network. So, what is needed is to take previous normative and explorative research and progress through a framework by developing valid measures of distribution channel's effectiveness and efficiency, and identifying research methodologies suited to the data collection requirements.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.28
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• pp.87-116
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• 2010

In elementary, environmental education have been doing in various subjects. The features of environmental instruction would be reflected on contents of environmental education and characteristics of each subjects. These contents of environmental education might be contained normative contents, and it is moral subject that treats these normative contents systematically. Then environmental instruction of moral subject in elemental school should be approach and inquire teaching contents related to environment education. In elementary school curriculum of moral subject, teaching contents related to environment are 'preciousness of life' and 'right views of Nature and protection of the environment'. By these contents, moral instruction can approach to life of animal and plants centered on the reason to take them preciously and relation between nature and humans centered on the moral consideration. It is a difference that approaches to the environmental education not by factual understanding but by normative understanding in moral instruction. It must be focused on ethical inquiry for normative approach and reserving identity of moral subject. Necessary conditions for ethical inquiry to the environmental instruction are moral status of things besides humans. For the ethical inquiry to the moral status of nature environments, teachers could be set the logic of instruction based on the developments of environmental ethics. Formal cohesiveness of environmental instruction could be developed in sequence of ethical inquiry on moral status to the life of animal, life of plants, and whole system of nature. For this, teacher could reflect on their instruction focused on some explanations. That is, it is explanation to the animal life based on the individual-extended human oriented ethics for human, plants life based on the individual-non human oriented ethics, whole natural system based on the holistic-non human oriented ethics. When teachers reflect these explanation, they can compose their instruction as 'finding something in common with humans and animals', 'reflection on the attitude to the commons', 'thinking about reasons on the different attitudes to the commons', 'the things that disappear as plants die', 'thinking on values about non organism'. These plan of instruction could be critically reconstruct by other teachers. But environmental consciousness by ethical inquiry should be hold on instruction to the environment reflected on identity of moral subject.

• Journal of The Korean Digital Architecture Interior Association
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.41-50
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• 2011

Skeptical responses to urban design based on the Physical Planning theory assuming the existence of social agreement and the absolute authorities of planners bring about alternatives such as Participatory Planning and Community Design derived from Harbermas' Communicative Rationality. But the normative contentions do not progress any more to the stage of presenting practical strategies. This is the cause why there should be systematic approaches to reveal the relationships among various concepts or variables. With regard to the Community Design this study intends to take a statistical approach to find relationship between project scale and its accomplishment. The hypothesis that the smaller scale of project begets the better outcomes was tested to be rejected as a result of the analysis of variance. But the result also shows that appropriate density in relatively large area makes residents' expected satisfaction high. Although this discovery has its own meaning the tryout is anticipated to laying the cornerstone of quantitative analyses in the following studies.

• KCID journal
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.3-16
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• 2010

The subject of externality of agricultural water supply has been discussed in the OECD AC ( Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Agriculture Committee) while argued between monsoon Asian developing countries and the agricultural product export nations (Australia, EU, etc). It argued that a 'positive' approach to multifunctionality views agriculture as an economic activity with multiple, interconnected outputs or effects, and a 'normative' approach interprets multifunctionality in terms of the multiple roles assigned to agriculture. and the agricultural product export nations insisted 'negative' approach to externality of agricultural water supply like causing water pollution. So, in this study, define the externalities (positive, negative and economic, environmental) in terms of the agricultural water supply and calculate benefit and cost each the externalities by cost estimation. As results, BC is calculated to 1.28 which means that it is more economical to agricultural water supply and shows that although the negative exernalities comes out while supply the agricultural water, it still more valuable to supply the agricultural water.