• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.1003-1010
• /
• 2012

Background: This study examined the influence of body mass index (BMI), subjective body perception (SBP), and the differences between BMI and SBP influence on smoking among women. Methods: This study used the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV-2, 3 2008-2009. A urinary cotinine test was administered to 5485 women at least 19 years of age. Individuals whose cotinine level was at least 50 ng/mL were categorized as smokers. A multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the extent to which body-related variables affect female smoking. Results: Women with a lower BMI who perceived themselves to be normal or very fat were 2.09 times (1.14-3.83) more likely to smoke than women with a normal BMI and SBP. Women who were never married with a low BMI and thin SBP were 3.11 times (1.47-6.55) more likely to smoke than women with a normal BMI and SBP. Married women with a high BMI who considered themselves very fat were 0.63 times (0.43-0.94) less likely to smoke than women with a normal BMI and SBP. In contrast, divorced and widowed women with a low or normal BMI who considered themselves very fat were 26.1 times (1.35-507.3) more likely to smoke. Conclusions: Discrepancies between the objective physical condition (BMI) and the subjective body image (SBP) influence the female smoking rate. To reduce the number of female smokers, public education on the association between smoking behavior and weight issues is needed, especially among women with low BMI and distorted weight perception.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
• /
• v.2 no.5
• /
• pp.383-390
• /
• 2000

The purpose of this study was to classify the somatotype of elderly women and to extract discriminant factors of the classification. The subjects were 218 elderly women aged 60-85 years old. Data were collected from 46 anthropometric and photographic measurements of each subject and analyzed by frequencies, crosstabs, analysis of variance and discriminant analysis. The somatotype was classified into 5 types according to the lateral view. The normal type was defined as the type which the plumb line passes through the cervicale and the lateral malleolus. The lean-back type positioned the plumb line more posteriorly than normal type. The swayback type positioned the plumb line at about the same line as the lean-back type, but curvature of lateral view was prominent. The lean-forward type I and II positioned the plumb line more anteriorly than normal, but the spinal curvature of the type II disappeared. As the result of discriminant analysis, significant discriminant factors of anthropometric measurement were cervicale height, anterior waist height, neck point to posterior waist length, anterior waist length. Photographic measurement were C valve, D value, ∠${\alpha}$ and ∠${\beta}$.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.9-17
• /
• 2008

Background : The conventional electroencephalography(EEG) is commonly used as aid in the diagnosis of dementia. Recently developed quantitative electroencephalography(qEEG) provides data that are not achievable by conventional EEG. The aim of this study was to find out the usefulness of quantified-EEG in dementia. Method : Twenty elderly women(10 normal elderly, 10 demented elderly) were participated in this study. EEG power and coherence was computed over 21 channels; right and left frontal, central, parietal, temporal and occipital areas. Result : The activity of ${\alpha}$ wave was more higher than others significantly at frontal and parietal areas in normal elderly, but the activity of ${\theta}$ wave was higher in demented elderly. And the activity of ${\theta}$ wave in demented elderly women was more higher than normal elderly women significantly. Conclusion : In conclusion, we discovered that quantitative EEG was used to diagnose dementia.

• 모자간호학회지
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.12-23
• /
• 1994

This study was done to determine the situations of stress incontinence(SI) and the differences in general characteristics, obstetrical history and SI related variables between women with stress incontinence and normal women. The design for study was a descriptive study. The number of subjects consisted of 156 women who were selected by systematic random sampling in Kwangju city. Data collection was done with the modified Hendrickson's Stress Incontinence Scale(1981) which was analyzed using frequency and percentiles. The results were as follows : 1. The stress incontinence (SI) rate of the sample was 64.1% and the majority of the women(40.9%) had experienced SI for a period of five years(the mean period was 2.7 years) without any treatment or care(83.0%). The amount of SI was from one drop(40.0%) to one teaspoon(16.7%) daily. 2. Items on the SI scale had the scores ranging from 4 to 44 with a mean score of 13.7 which showed mild SI. 3. The priority of provocative factors for SI were abdominal tightening(83%), coughing(58%), laughing(52%), sneezing(40%), steeping(18%), sudden standing(17%), nose blowing(13%), heavy exercise(11%), rapid walking up-stairs(10%) and excitment (9%) in that order. 4. There were no significant differences in age, education, spouse, job and income between the women with SI and the normal women. 5. There were no significant differences in the age at the last delivery, age of last baby. number of vaginal, or cesarean deliveries, or abdominal operations between the women with SI and the normal women. It can be concluded that SI in women has a high incidence nth various provocative factors but it is relatively mild SI on a daily basis and generally there has been no treatment. It is suggested that a descriptive study of emotional problems and precipitating variables in SI women will increase the knowledge of SI.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.352-362
• /
• 1994

To evaluate the effects of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) to the iron status of fetuses, umbilical cord blood of 35 newborn infants borne by PIH mothers and of 37 normal term infants delivered at Yeungnam University Hospital from September 1, 1993 to September 30, 1994, were studied. The serum hemoglobin concentration of women with PIH was significantly higher than normal full-term pregnant women. There was no significant difference in serum hemoglobin concetration between women with PIH and normal full-term pregnant women and their newborn infants. There was no significant difference in serum hemoglobin concentration beween infants of women with PIH and normal full-term infants. The serum iron concentration of newborn infants of women with PIH was higher and the serum ferritin concentration of newborn infants of women with PIH was lower than normal full-term infants, but there were no significant difference between the two groups. The serum total iron-binding capactity and unsaturated iron-binding capacity of infants of women with PIH were significantly higher than normal full-term infants. The newborn infants of PIH women seemed that they might have occult depletion of iron store and need meticulous follow up during early neonatal period.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.149-155
• /
• 2014

We performed this study to evaluate the role of Interleukin-17 (IL-17) and Interleukin-18 (IL-18) in insulin resistance during normal pregnancy. This descriptive cross sectional study was carried out on 97 healthy pregnant women including 32, 25, and 40 individuals in the first, second, and third trimesters, respectively, and on 28 healthy non pregnant women between the autumn of 2012 and the spring of 2013. We analyzed the serum concentrations of IL-17 and IL-18 by using the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Insulin resistance was measured by homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance equation. No significant differences between the demographic data of the pregnant and non pregnant groups were observed. Insulin resistant in pregnant women was significantly higher than the controls (p=0.006). Serum IL-17 concentration was significantly different in non pregnant women and pregnant women in all gestational ages (p<0.05). Serum IL-18 level was significantly lower in subjects with first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy in compared to non pregnant women (p<0.05). No significant correlations were found between serum IL-17 and IL-18 levels with insulin resistance (r=0.08, p=0.34 vs. r=0.01, p=0.91, respectively). Our data suggested that IL-17 and IL-18 do not appear to attribute greatly to pregnancy deduced insulin resistance during normal pregnancy.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.306-317
• /
• 2009

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the characteristics of body weight perception and physiological index in young adult women. Methods: Subjects were 283 Korea women. Data was from the 2005 Korean National Health and Survey. Three groups-low normal and overweight-were based on Body mass index(BMI). General characteristics, health status perception, weight control behavior and physiological index such as BMI, total cholesterol, high-density cholesterol (HDL), low-density cholesterol (LDL), triglyceride, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and waist circumference were compared. Data were analyzed by t-test, $x^2$-test and ANOVA using SPSS program. Results: Of the normal weight group, 28.7% of subjects perceived themselves as overweight. Of the low weight group, 30.3% regarded their weight as normal weight. Of the overweight subjects, weight control was attempted by exercise (50.1%) and food reduction (77.1%). Significant group-related differences were evident in HDL, LDL, triglyceride, systolic blood pressure and waist circumference among three groups. Conclusions: Perception and attitude regarding body weight can be inaccurate. A weight control program should consider the relation of physiological index and weight based on BMI.

• Women's Health Nursing
• /
• v.7 no.4
• /
• pp.536-546
• /
• 2001

The purposes of this descriptive study were to identify the prevalence rate of urinary incontinence(UI) and the differences in frequency of incontinent and normal women by general characteristics, obstetrical history, and the conditional events for urinary incontinence of the elderly women in a community. By the results of this study, it is intended to provide nursing practice guidelines for incontinent women. The research design of this study was a preliminary descriptive study. The 173 subjects were 55 years old and over, and resided in a small city area. Data were collected from June 20 to July 20, 2001, by an interview or a self-report with questionaire. The questionaire was composed of items of general characteristics, obstetrical characteristics, and conditions of UI by the modified Henderickon's Stress Incontinence Scale(1981). The results were summariezed as follows: 1. The UI prevalence rate of the sample was 64.2%. Of the incontinent women, 31.5% had experienced UI for a period of three to five years, and 84.7% had never treated or managed their UI. Frequency of UI was once or twice times per month(46.8%). 2. The total mean of UI on the scale in the incontinent women was 25.50 of 85, ranging from 18 to 41. 3. The most frequent condition of UI was coughing, followed by laughing, sneezing, heavy exercise, and preparation of urination in descending order. 4. There were significant differences in age, education, social activity, and urinary difficulty between the incontinent women and the normal women. 5. There were significant differences in frequency of spontaneous abortion, age of menopause between the incontinent women and the normal women. 6. There were no significant differences in number of delivery, frequency of artificial abortion, age of the last delivery, and postal health management between the incontinent women and the normal women. In conclusion, the incidence of UI in this study was high, but there were no effective treatments or management. It is suggested to provide the adult women with knowledge about UI, and to educate preventive behavior and control skill of urinary incontinence. Also episodes of urinary incontinence were high in the situation of sudden increase of abdominal pressure. This data can be used for the prevention strategy of urinary incontinence, In future research it is recommended to identify comprehensive factors related to urinary incontinence including psychosocial factors, and effective strategies of urinary incontinence.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.91-100
• /
• 2001

Objective : The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of the osteoporosis in low back pain(LBP). Methods : We use method of projection with Quantitative computed tomography(QCT) to estimate Bone mineral density(BMD) of lumbar spine more precisely. From January 1999 to August 2000 we studied lumbar BMD of 46 women with LBP and 53 women with non-LBP, musculoskeletal symptoms who visited Dong-Guk University Bundang Hospital by QCT. Results : 1. Lumbar BMDs in women with LBP and women with non-LBP, musculoskeletal symptom were lower than in normal women and BMDs in women with LBP was higher than in women with non-LBP, musculoskeletal symptom but the significant difference was not revealed between two group in statistics(p<0.05).. 2. Radiological study shows that the number of degenerative spondylosis was 19, compression fracture was 11, non-radiological study was 10, normal was 5 in women with LBP. 3. Radiological study shows that the number of degenerative change was 7, compression fracture was zero, non-radiological study was 33, normal was 5 in women with non-LBP, musculoskeletal symptom. Conclusion : BMDs in women with LBP was higher than in women with non-LBP, musculoskeletat symptom but the significant difference was not revealed between two group in statistics(p<0.05).

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.128-139
• /
• 2006

The purpose of this study was to compare the differences of anxiety-depression and maternal fetal attachment between pregnant women with preterm labor and normal pregnant women. The number of subjects was 132 convenienced sample. The sample were 66 pregnant women with preterm labor admitted in clinics and 66 normal pregnant women visited OB outpatient department at 1 general hospital in Busan. The data were collected by a self-reported questionnaire from Aug. 1st to Oct, 31th. 2006 and were analyzed with t-test, ANOVA, chi-square test using SPSS/Win PC+ 12.0. The research results were as follows: 1. The general characteristics between normal and preterm pregnancy were homogeneous. 2. It was significantly differed according to anxiety-depression between two groups, but it was not significantly differed according to maternal fetal attachment. 3. There were negative correlations with anxiety-depression and maternal fetal attachment. In conclusion, the special program should be created for each pregnant women and ante-natal nursing service may assessed and consulted on anxiety-depression and maternal fetal attachment, and needed the development of professional and educational nursing intervention on anxiety-depression and maternal fatal attachment enhancement in prenatal health care.