• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.79-92
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to estimate the morphology and the size of permanent maxillary molar in Korean Adult. The 100 dental college students with a normal dentition and without any dental prosthesis and severe caries were selected for this study. The subjects were taken impression to make study model. On the study model, authour three times measured those sizes and estimated morphological structures with a calipers, a Boley gauge and a protractor. The results were as follows; 1. In the maxilary first molar's clinical crown height, mesiolingual cusp height was 6.34mm, mesiobuccal cusp height was 6.05mm, distobuccal cusp height was 5.20mm. And in the maxillary second molar's clinical crown height, mesiobuccal cusp height was 5.85mm, mesiolingual cusp height was 5.71mm, distobuccal cusp height was 5.51mm, distolingual cusp height was 3.53mm. This result considered that the maxillary first molar inclined to distobuccal, and the maxillary second molar more upright than the maxillary first molar. 2. In the width of clinical crown, the maxillary first molar was 10.43mm, the maxillary second molar was 10.20mm, and the difference between the first molar's width and the second molar's width was 0.23mm. 3. The crown thickness was measured divided into mesial buccolingual half and distal buccolingual half. The mesial buccolingual half was 11.14mm, and distal buccolingual half was 10.35mm in the maxillary first molar, and in the maxilary second molar, mesial buccolingual half was 11.25mm, and distal buccolingual half was 9.72mm. This result considered that height of convergency located in mesial half of crown. 4. In the buccal groove length, total length and ratio, the maxillary first molar was 52.5%, the maxillary second molar was 50%. And the development of buccal groove in the maxillary first molar was 59% in case of the well developed buccal groove and 41% in case of the weak developed one. And frequency of buccal pit of the maxillary first molar was 12.5%. Whereas, the frequency of buccal of the well developed buccal groove in the maxillary second molar was 37% and that of the weak developed one was 63%. And frequency of buccal pit of the maxillary second molar was not seen. 5. The 3 cusp type tooth cannot be found in the maxillary first molar and the frequency of 3 cusp type tooth in the maxillary second molar was as small as 6% 6. In the case of 4 cusp type tooth, the size of distal lingual cusp molar was difference between in the maxillary first molar and in the maxillary second molar by about 1mm. 7. The intercuspal distance was similar in the maxillary first premolar and second molar. And intercuspal distanc of mesial half of the maxillary first molar and the maxillary second molar was silmillar, too. 8. The an measurement of occlusal surface in 4 cusp type tooth showed that the angle of occlusal surface between the distobuccal and mesiolingual was an obtuse angle, and the angle of occlusal surface between mesiobuccal and distolingual was an acute angle in the both cases of maxillary first and second molar. 9. The measurements of the development of Carabelli cusp showed that the frequency of the well developed one was 7% and that of the weak developed one was 56% in the maxillary first molar. And there cannot be found the well developed one and can be found 2.5% only in the case of the weak developed one in the maxillary second molar. 10. The well developed oblique ridge in the maxillary first molar showed the 100% frequency and that in the maxillary second molar showed the 85.5% frequency. The frequency of mesiomarginal ridge tubercle in the maxillary first molar was 82% and that in the maxillary second molar was 30.5%. And the frequency of distal accessory tubercle in the maxillary first molar can be seen about 19% and that in the maxillary second molar can be seen about 12%.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.38C no.9
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• pp.822-829
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• 2013

Hypertension is one of the most common clinical diseases, with an increasing prevalence globally. Hypertension triggers various harmful consequences and affects multiple organs. Life-long care may be required in some cases. According to the Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the prevalence of hypertension is gradually increasing. A 2011 survey revealed that 28.9% of Korean adults had hypertension. The prevalence rates were slightly higher among men than women. Accurate measurement of blood pressure(BP) is crucial to classify patients, to identify BP-related risks, and to inform correct treatment. For accurate blood pressure measurement, the use of a cuff bladder size appropriate for the mid-upper arm circumference(MUAC) is essential. Incorrect sized cuff bladder is one of the main causes of equipment error affecting sphygmomanometer accuracy. When commercial sphygmomanometers were examined, the cuff bladders differed from the dimensions specified in the ISO 81060-1:2007 standards. Undercuffing is responsible for a spurious overestimation of BP in patients with large arms leading to overdiagnosis of hypertension, whereas overcuffing (that is, use of relatively large cuffs with small arms), may be responsible for an opposite problem, leading to erroneous underestimation of BP levels. The cuff bladder sizes recommended by the American Heart Association(AHA) are an arm circumference(AC) of 17-25 cm for small-sized adults, AC of 24-32 cm for adults, AC of 32-42 cm for normal-sized adults, and AC of 42-50 cm for obese adults. In contrast, the AC of Korean adults ranges from 23-31 cm, belonging to a single type of adult bladder. Three types of bladders are necessary for Korean adults with an AC of 23-31cm. Hospitals often use one or two differently-sized Western cuffs for adult patients, which can yield inaccurate BP determinations. Cuff bladders with dimensions based on anthropometric reference data obtained from Koreans will aid hospitals to measure BP more accurately.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.4
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• pp.367-375
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• 1990

In order to determine the effects of bedrock, organic matter, calcium and iron oxide on the soil aggregation, this research has performed with soils from bedrock regions of Limestone, Granite and Granite gneiss. This research was also to estimate how organic matter, calcium and iron oxide influence on soil aggregation under different forest conditions in various bedrock regions. And it also had a purpose to rate physical factors relevant to soil aggregation, their characteristics and aggregate diameter which closely relates to stabilities in the process of soil erosion. The following conclusions have been drawn in response to the overall research objectives. The rates of the soil aggregation on different bedrock regions were 21% in Limestone bedrock, 19.8% in Granite bedrock and 9.9% in Granite gneiss bedrock. A main factor in soil aggregation was the orgainc matter content in soils and the rate of soil aggregation increased in the constant proportion with the organic matter content. The relation could be formulated into Y=4.31X-4.37(Y : aggregation ratio X : organic matter content). The soil aggregation ratio under the deciduous forests eras higher than that under the coniferous forests. It was considered that this resulted from differences in organic matter content. Soil aggregates with larger diameter than 0.5mm were found more in Limestone bedrock than other smaller size soil aggregates of 0.25mm diameter were more distributed in Granite gneiss bedrock. Granite bedrock region had normal distribution in soil aggregate sizes with the highest frequency of 0.5mm diameter. Calcium and iron oxides had only partial influences on the soil aggregation in some specific conditions. But in Limestone bedrock region calcium influenced on the soil aggregation with the organic matter content.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.48-55
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• 2011

In this research, the near-infrared absorption from 1,100-2,300 nm was used to measure the content of capsaicinoids in the red-pepper powder by using the Acousto-optic tunable filters (AOTF) spectrometer with sample plate and sample rotating unit. Non-spicy red-pepper samples from one location (Younggwang-gun. Korea) were mixed with spicy one (var. Chungyang) to make samples separated by particle size (below 0.425 mm, 0.425-0.71 mm, and 0.71- 1.4 mm). The Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) model to predict the capsaicinoid content on particle sizes was developed with measured spectra by AOTF spectrometer and used to analyze the amount of capsaicinoids by HPLC. The PLSR Model of red-pepper powder of below 0.425 mm, 0.425-0.71 mm, and 0.71-1.4 mm with cross validation had ${R_V}^2$ = 0.948-0.979 and Standard Error of Prediction (SEP) = 6.56-7.94 mg%. The prediction error of smaller particle size of red-pepper powder was low. The best PLSR model was found in pretreatment of Range Normalization, Standard Normal Variate, and 1st Derivatives of red-pepper powder of below 1.4 mm with cross validation, having ${R_V}^2$ = 0.959 and SEP = 8.82 mg%.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2002

High energy photon beams from medical linear accelerators produce large scattered radiation by various components of the treatment head, collimator and walls or objects in the treatment room including the patient. These scattered radiation do not provide therapeutic dose and are considered a hazard from the radiation safety perspective. Scattered dose of therapeutic high energy radiation beams are contributed significant unwanted dose to the patient. ICRP take the position that a dose of 500mGy may cause abortion at any stage of pregnancy and that radiation detriment to the fetus includes risk of mental retardation with a possible threshold in the dose response relationship around 100 mGy for the gestational period. The ICRP principle of as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) was recommended for protection of occupation upon the linear no-threshold dose response hypothesis for cancer induction. We suggest this ALARA principle be applied to the fetus and testicle in therapeutic treatment. Radiation dose outside a photon treatment filed is mostly due to scattered photons. This scattered dose is a function of the distance from the beam edge, treatment geometry, primary photon energy, and depth in the patient. The need for effective shielding of the fetus and testicle is reinforced when young patients ate treated with external beam radiation therapy and then shielding designed to reduce the scattered photon dose to normal organs have to considered. Irradiation was performed in phantom using high energy photon beams produced by a Varian 2100C/D medical linear accelerator (Varian Oncology Systems, Palo Alto, CA) located at the Yonsei Cancer Center. The composite phantom used was comprised of a commercially available anthropomorphic Rando phantom (Phantom Laboratory Inc., Salem, YN) and a rectangular solid polystyrene phantom of dimensions $30cm{\times}30cm{\times}20cm$. the anthropomorphic Rando phantom represents an average man made from tissue equivalent materials that is transected into transverse 36 slices of 2.5cm thickness. Photon dose was measured using a Capintec PR-06C ionization chamber with Capintec 192 electrometer (Capintec Inc., Ramsey, NJ), TLD( VICTOREEN 5000. LiF) and film dosimetry V-Omat, Kodak). In case of fetus, the dosimeter was placed at a depth of loom in this phantom at 100cm source to axis distance and located centrally 15cm from the inferior edge of the $30cm{\times}30cm^2$ x-ray beam irradiating the Rando phantom chest wall. A acryl bridge of size $40cm{\times}40cm^2$ and a clear space of about 20 cm was fabricated and placed on top of the rectangular polystyrene phantom representing the abdomen of the patient. The leaf pot for testicle shielding was made as various shape, sizes, thickness and supporting stand. The scattered photon with and without shielding were measured at the representative position of the fetus and testicle. Measurement of radiation scattered dose outside fields and critical organs, like fetus position and testicle region, from chest or pelvic irradiation by large fie]d of high energy radiation beam was performed using an ionization chamber and film dosimetry. The scattered doses outside field were measured 5 - 10% of maximum doses in fields and exponentially decrease from field margins. The scattered photon dose received the fetus and testicle from thorax field irradiation was measured about 1 mGy/Gy of photon treatment dose. Shielding construction to reduce this scattered dose was investigated using lead sheet and blocks. Lead pot shield for testicle reduced the scatter dose under 10 mGy when photon beam of 60 Gy was irradiated in abdomen region. The scattered photon dose is reduced when the lead shield was used while the no significant reduction of scattered photon dose was observed and 2-3 mm lead sheets refuted the skin dose under 80% and almost electron contamination. The results indicate that it was possible to improve shielding to reduce scattered photon for fetus and testicle when a young patients were treated with a high energy photon beam.