• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 2016

Background: Rhizobacteria play an important role in plant defense and could be promising sources of biocontrol agents. This study aimed to screen antagonistic bacteria and develop a biocontrol system for root rot complex of Panax notoginseng. Methods: Pure-culture methods were used to isolate bacteria from the rhizosphere soil of notoginseng plants. The identification of isolates was based on the analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences. Results: A total of 279 bacteria were obtained from rhizosphere soils of healthy and root-rot notoginseng plants, and uncultivated soil. Among all the isolates, 88 showed antagonistic activity to at least one of three phytopathogenic fungi, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, and Phoma herbarum mainly causing root rot disease of P. notoginseng. Based on the 16S rRNA sequencing, the antagonistic bacteria were characterized into four clusters, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetesi. The genus Bacillus was the most frequently isolated, and Bacillus siamensis (Hs02), Bacillus atrophaeus (Hs09) showed strong antagonistic activity to the three pathogens. The distribution pattern differed in soil types, genera Achromobacter, Acidovorax, Brevibacterium, Brevundimonas, Flavimonas, and Streptomyces were only found in rhizosphere of healthy plants, while Delftia, Leclercia, Brevibacillus, Microbacterium, Pantoea, Rhizobium, and Stenotrophomonas only exist in soil of diseased plant, and Acinetobacter only exist in uncultivated soil. Conclusion: The results suggest that diverse bacteria exist in the P. notoginseng rhizosphere soil, with differences in community in the same field, and antagonistic isolates may be good potential biological control agent for the notoginseng root-rot diseases caused by F. oxysporum, Fusarium solani, and Panax herbarum.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.561-578
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• 1999

The goal of periodontal therapy is the periodontal regeneration by the removal of microorganisms and their toxic products from the periodontally diseased root surface. To achieve periodontal regeneration, root conditioning as an adjunct to root planing has been done. There are low pH etchants such as citric acid, tetracycline-HCl, and EDTA solution which is a neutral chelating agent. The purpose of present study was to examine the effect of root conditioning by citric acid, tetracycline HCl, and EDTA. Total 35 root specimens(6${\times}$3${\times}$2mm) were prepared from the periodontally diseased teeth, scaled and root planed. The specimens were treated with normal saline for 1 minute, saturated citric acid(pH 1) for 3 minutes, 50mg/ml tetracycline-HCl(pH 2) for 5 minutes, 15% EDTA(pH 7) for 5 minutes using rubbing technique. The specimens were examined under scanning electron microscopy at 1000, and 3000 magnification. On the microphotographs taken at 1000 magnification, the numbers of opened and patent dentinal tubules per unit area(10,640${\mu}m^2$) were counted. And the diameters of opened dentinal tubules per unit are (10,640${\mu}m^2$) were measured. The differences of number and diameter among all groups were statistically analyzed by Kruskal Wallis Test. The results were as follows; 1. In the specimens applied with normal saline(control group), the root surface was finely cracked, and was covered by irregular smear layer. Neither exposed dentinal tubules nor any patent dentinal tubules could be seen. 2. In the specimens applied with saturated citric acid(experimental 1 group), the globular collagen fibers were exposed around the peritubular space, and many dentinal tubules were revealed. 3. In the specimens applied with tetracycline-HCl(experimental 2 group), the process-like collagen fibers were exposed around the peritubular space, and some dentinal tubules were revealed. 4. In the specimens applied with 15% EDTA(experimental 3 group), the root surface was covered by the collagenous fibrillar network, and many dentinal tubules were revealed. 5. The numbers of opened and patent dentinal tubules were significantly more in exp. 1 group and exp. 3 group than in exp. 2 group(P<0.05). But there was no significant difference between exp. 1 group and exp. 3 group. In control group, the number of opened and patent dentinal tubules could not be counted because any dentinal tubules couldn't be seen. 6 . The diameter of opened dentinal tubules was significantly smaller in exp. 1 group and exp. 3 group than in exp. 2 group(P<0.05). But there was no significant difference between exp. 1 group and exp. 3 group. In control group, the diameter of opened dentinal tubules could not be measured because any dentinal tubules couldn't be seen. The results demonstrate that root conditioning with citric acid, tetracycline- HCl, and EDTA is more effective in periodontal healing than only root planing, and 15% EDTA solution can replace low pH etching agents such as citric acid, tetracycline-HCl for root conditioning.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.301-314
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• 2004

Objectives : We studied to discover the patterns of DITI of the patients having a both neck and upper extremity pain on one side without any nerve root compression sign and the history of cervical disc herniation. Method : We selected 26 patients as an experimental group, who had visited for a both neck and upper extremity pain on one side without any nerve root compression sign, at the department of acupunture and moxibustion in Conmaul oriental medical hospital, during 2001. 01. - 2003. 09. And 31 normal adults were selected as a control group, not having any neck or arm pain and any history of cervical disease. We analyzed the segmental temperature statistically with t-test. Results & Conclusion : There was a significant change of temperatures in the scapula, posterior brachium, lateral forearm and dorsal hand area. And the experimental group showed cold spot and disruption of normal thermographic shape that were usually shown on the cervical sprain.

• Journal of Oriental Medical Thermology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.61-69
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• 2005

Objectives : We studied to discover the patterns of DITI of the patients having a both neck and upper extremity pain on one side without any nerve root compression sign and the history of cervical disc herniation. Method : We selected 26 patients as an experimental group, who had visited for a both neck and upper extremity pain on one side without any nerve root compression sign, at the department of acupunture and moxibustion in Conmaul oriental medical hospital, during 2001. 01. - 2003. 09. And 31 normal adults were selected as a control group, not having any neck or arm pain and any history of cervical disease. We analyzed the segmental temperature statistically with t-test. Results & Conclusion : There was a significant change of temperatures in the scapula, posterior brachium, lateral forearm and dorsal hand area. And the experimental group showed cold spot and disruption of normal thermographic shape that were usually shown on the cervical sprain.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.97-105
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the smear layer removing efficiency of two root canal preparation techniques. Twelve single-rooted teeth were used in two groups of six each. Group 1 was biomechanically prepared by hand using a K-file with a high volume of normal saline irrigation. Group 2 was. prepared by using ultrasonically activated K-file with a constant high volume of normal saline irrigation. After the experimental procedures, each root was split saggitally. The removing efficiency of the preparation methods were assessed in terms of surface condition of the canal walls at three levels, those coronal, middle, and apical thirds. On the basis of remaining debris, presence of smear layer, and patency of dentinal tubules, each canal was evaluated according to a scale form 0 to 2. A statistical analysis was used to indicated any significant differences in surface condition between the two methods. There was no statistical significance between hand instrumentation and ultrasonic instrumentation at the cervical third but removing efficiency of ultrasonic instrumentation was superior. No statistically significant differences were obhserved for middle or apical third.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.309-315
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• 2000

Panax ginseng is an important medicinal plant that has been used worldwide for geriatric, tonic, stomachic, and aphrodisiac treatments. Ginsenosides contained in the ginseng root are the main substances having active functions for human body. The price of ginseng is very expensive due to a complex process of cultivation, and the yield of ginseng is limited, which cannot meet the demand of the increasing market. Researchers have applied plant biotechnology to solve the problems but there are still things to be determined towards ginsenoside production by large-scale adventitious root culture. In this experiment, 5 to 20 liter bioreactors were employed to determine optimal conditions for adventitious root culture and ginsenoside production of Panax gineng. Callus was induced from the ginseng root on MS agar medium containing 1.0 mg. $L^{-1}$ 2,4-D and 0.1 mg. $L^{-1}$ kinetin. Then the callus was cultured on MS agar medium supplemented with 2.0 mg. $L^{-1}$ IBA, 0.1 mg. $L^{-1}$ kinetin, and 30 g. $L^{-1}$ to induce adventitious roots. The maximum root growth and ginsenoside production were obtained in 1/2 MS medium. 2.0 mg. $L^{-1}$ naphthalene acetic acid resulted in greater root growth than 2.0 mg $L^{-1}$ indole-3-butyric acid. Ginsenoside content increased with 2.0 mg. $L^{-1}$ benzyl adenin or kinetin. High concentrations of benzyl adenin (above 3.0 mg. $L^{-1}$ ) decreased the adventitious root growth and ginsenoside productivity. N $H_{4}$$^{+}$ inhibited the ginsenoside accumulation, while high concentrations of $K^{+}$, $Mg_{2}$$^{+}$, and $Ca_{2}$$^{+}$ increased it. N $H_{4}$$^{+}$ at 0.5 and 1.0 times of the normal amount in 3/4 SH medium resulted in the greatest biomass increase, but the highest ginsenoside productivity was obtained when N $O_{3}$$^{-}$ was used as the sole nitrogen source in the medium. Most microelements at high concentrations in the medium inhibited the root growth, but high concentrations of MnS $O_4$enhanced the root growth. Root dry weight increased with increasing sucrose concentrations up to 50 g. $L^{-1}$ , but decreased from 70 g $L^{-1}$ Ginsenoside productivity was maximized at the range of 20 to 30 g. $L^{-1}$ sucrose. In the experiment on bioreactor types, cone and balloon types were determined to be favorable for both adventitious root growth and ginsenoside production. Jasmonic acid was effective for increasing ginsenoside contents and Rb group ginsenosides mainly increased. These results could be employed in commercial scale bioreactor cultures of Panax ginseng.x ginseng.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.571-577
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• 2008

Root fracture of primary teeth is relatively uncommon because the more pliable alveolar bone allows displacement of the tooth. Root fracture of primary teeth is occupied $2{\sim}7%$ in trauma pattern of primary teeth. A horizontal root fracture is classified based on the location of the fracture in relation to the root tip : the apical third, middle third, or cervical third of the root. The prognosis worsens the further cervically the fracture has occurrer. Root fracture of primary teeth should be treated by splinting the incisor to the adjacent normal teeth with a resin-wire splint for $8{\sim}12$ weeks. However, if a portion of the root is abscessed or extremely mobile, it can be extracted, and the remaining root fragment will resorb normally. For coronal third fracture in primary teeth, the coronal third is extracted, leaving the apical portion of the root to resorb normally. These root fracture cases of primary teeth were treated by resin-wire splinting despite extremely mobile coronal fragment. Even though they seems like healing well, They need to be monitored regularly until their successors erupt.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.2
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• pp.63-71
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• 1962

This work was to develope a more simple producing method of mulberry seedling with lower cost than the normal grafting method and the conclusions were found as; 1. There was no difference for the production of the seedling root when the young mulberry branch was graved in soil at the time it grown as 60∼80cm height. 2. It was found that the best result was obtained in case of 15 to 20 young branches of a mulberry shoot were graved instead of whole of them. 3. The seedling root quality of the clay soil graved was found better than the sand soil used, but root producing quantity was found as the same. 4. The fertilizing at the time of the young branch graving was not effective and also the continual fertilizing seemed not to be effective. 5. The seedlings root production was found that Kairyo Nezumigaeshi was best and Ichihei, Suwon Daeyop, Shimano-Uchi, Suwon No.3 and Suwon No.4 were followed of it. But Rosoh was found as poor. Morus alba L. was found as a better Species than Morus Lhou(Ser) Koidz and Morus bombycis Koidz for the production of the seedling root and its quality.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of two new calcium silicate-based pulp-capping materials (Biodentine and BioAggregate) to induce healing in a rat pulp injury model and to compare them with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). Materials and Methods: Eighteen rats were anesthetized, cavities were prepared and the pulp was capped with either of ProRoot MTA, Biodentine, or BioAggregate. The specimens were scanned using a high-resolution micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) system and were prepared and evaluated histologically and immunohistochemically using dentin sialoprotein (DSP). Results: On micro-CT analysis, the ProRoot MTA and Biodentine groups showed significantly thicker hard tissue formation (p < 0.05). On H&E staining, ProRoot MTA showed complete dentin bridge formation with normal pulpal histology. In the Biodentine and BioAggregate groups, a thick, homogeneous hard tissue barrier was observed. The ProRoot MTA specimens showed strong immunopositive reaction for DSP. Conclusions: Our results suggest that calcium silicate-based pulp-capping materials induce favorable effects on reparative processes during vital pulp therapy and that both Biodentine and BioAggregate could be considered as alternatives to ProRoot MTA.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.292-296
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• 2003

The lateral root formation in soybean sprout culture declines its quality. This study was done to measure the effect of fluorescent light treatment during 24 hour imbibition and 6-day culture on seed germination and growth of soybean sprout. After 6 day culture, the sprouts were sorted as normal (＞4cm), abnormal (＜4cm) and non-germination by their hypocotyl lengths, and lateral roots, fresh and dry weights were measured. Lateral roots were less formed in the fluorescent light treatment lasted during the whole period of the imbibition than in the treatment for 50 minutes a day during the culture. The fluorescent light treatment during the imbibition mainly affected the germination and growth compared to the treatment done during the culture. Compared to the dark imbibition, the light treatment during the imbibition resulted in more normal sprouts, thicker diameters of hypocotyl and hook, and more fresh weights in cotyledon, hypocotyl, whole sprout, and economic yield. However, these results were reverse in lengths of hypocotyl and root, and fresh and dry weights of roots. It is concluded that the fluorescent lamp mainly irradiating red and blue lights can be used for the sprout production as an alternative light replacing blue and red lights treated during the imbibition because it blocked the lateral root appearance and stimulated growth of the sprout.