• Toxicological Research
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.281-292
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to assess the single and 5 week oral dose toxicity of calcitriol and alendronate combination (1 : 10,000) treatment for osteoporosis or Paget's disease in male and female rats. In single dose oral toxicity study, the values of $LD_{50}$ of calcitriol and alendronate mixture were 750.075 mg/kg in male rats and 775.0775 mg/kg in female rats, respectively. Body weight and food consumption were continuously increased after adminstration of calcitriol and alendronate mixtures, and there was no significant changes in body weight and food consumption in all groups. In five-week oral toxicity study of calcitriol and alendronate mixture at a dose of 0.2 $\mu\textrm{g}$ + 2 mg, 1 $\mu\textrm{g}$ + 10 mg, 5 $\mu\textrm{g}$ + 50 mg and 25 $\mu\textrm{g}$ + 250 mg, respectively, there was no mortality, abnormal behavior and appearance in all groups throughout the administration period (5 weeks) and recovery period (2 weeks). Dose-dependent changes in parameters of urinalysis and hematological analysis were not observed in male and female rats treated with calcitriol and alendronate mixtures. All the values of the parameters appeared to be in the normal range. These data indicate that both calcitriol and alendronate are drugs having low toxicity in rats. NOAEL of calcitriol and alendronate mixtures were 50.005 mg/kg in 5-week oral toxicity.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제29권4A호
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• pp.373-384
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• 2009

다공성 경량골재의 사전흡수수에 따른 콘크리트 수축 저감 효과의 정량적 평가와 부등수축해석모델 상수 제공을 위한 첫번째 단계로서, 수분이동모델을 설정하고 이에 따른 수분이동 특성상수인 유효수분확산계수, 수분용량, 습도공급도, 습도소모도를 물-결합재비, 골재 종류를 변수로 하여 측정하였다. 콘크리트 내, 외부 습도차에 의한 정상상태에서의 유효수분확산계수는 물-결합재비가 낮을수록 낮은 값을 나타내었으며 동일한 물-결합재비인 경우 일반골재를 사용한 배합이 경량골재를 사용한 배합보다 낮은 유효수분확산계수값을 나타내었다. 콘크리트 내 수분의 저장 능력 즉, 수분용량을 산정하기 위해 9가지 습도에서 콘크리트의 수분량을 측정하였으며 경량골재를 사용한 배합이 일반골재를 사용한 배합보다 모든 습도조건에서 수분량이 크게 나타났다. 일반 대기환경 습도 50% 이상 조건에서 적용할 수 있는 경량골재의 습도공급도를 측정하여 정량화 하였으며, 경량골재에서의 수분 방출량은 주변 습도에 반비례하고 시간에 비례하는 뚜렷한 경향을 나타내는 지수함수의 형태로 설정하였다. 시멘트 수화 자기건조에 의한 수분의 내부소모에 따른 콘크리트 내 습도소모도를 측정하였으며, 측정결과 물-결합재비 0.3의 경우 7~10일 이내의 초기재령에서 약 10% 내외의 급격한 습도감소를 나타내었으며 물-결합재비 0.4, 0.5의 경우 완만한 형태로 약 5%, 1% 내외의 습도 감소를 나타내었다.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.597-605
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• 2012

Evidence framework enables us to determine the tuning constant in a penalized likelihood formula. We apply the framework to the estimating parameters of normal mixtures. Evidence, which is a solely data-dependent measure, can be evaluated by Laplace approximation. According to a synthetic data simulation, we found that the proper values of the tuning constant can be systematically obtained.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.187-188
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• 2006

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.625-637
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• 2015

We develop a Bayesian clustering procedure based on a Dirichlet process prior with cluster specific random effects. Gibbs sampling of a normal mixture of linear mixed regressions with a Dirichlet process was implemented to calculate posterior probabilities when the number of clusters was unknown. Our approach (unlike its counterparts) provides simultaneous partitioning and parameter estimation with the computation of the classification probabilities. A Monte Carlo study of curve estimation results showed that the model was useful for function estimation. We find that the proposed Dirichlet process mixture model with cluster specific random effects detects clusters sensitively by combining vague edges into different clusters. Examples are given to show how these models perform on real data.

• 음성과학
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.151-162
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• 2007

This study focuses on the classification of pathological voice using GMM (Gaussian Mixture Model) and compares the results to the previous work which was done by ANN (Artificial Neural Network). Speech data from normal people and patients were collected, then diagnosed and classified into two different categories. Six characteristic parameters (Jitter, Shimmer, NHR, SPI, APQ and RAP) were chosen. Then the classification method based on the artificial neural network and Gaussian mixture method was employed to discriminate the data into normal and pathological speech. The GMM method attained 98.4% average correct classification rate with training data and 95.2% average correct classification rate with test data. The different mixture number (3 to 15) of GMM was used in order to obtain an optimal condition for classification. We also compared the average classification rate based on GMM, ANN and HMM. The proper number of mixtures on Gaussian model needs to be investigated in our future work.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.309-318
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• 2006

There are many statistical methods of testing the equality of two population variances. Among them, the well-known F test is very sensitive to the normality assumption. Several other tests that do not assume normality have been proposed, but these tests usually need tables of critical values or software for hypotheses testing. McGrath and Yeh (2005) suggested a quick and compact Count Five test requiring only the calculation of the number of extreme points. Since the Count Five test uses only extreme values, this discards some information from the samples, often resulting in a degradation in power. In this paper, an alternative Count Five test using the trimmed mean is proposed and its properties are discussed for some distributions and normal mixtures.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.433-444
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• 1975

석회혼합토의 양생온도가 압축강도에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해서 4종류(KY : Sand, MH : Sand, SS : Sandy Loam. JJ : Loam)의 시료(試料)에 석회(石灰)3, 6, 9, 12%씩을 첨가(添加)해서 20, 30, 40, $60^{\circ}C$로 각각 양생온도를 달리해서 양생기간별 압축 강도시험을 한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 석회혼합량(石灰混合量)이 증가(增加)하면 최적합수비(最適合水比)는 증가(增加)하고 최대건조밀도(最大乾燥密度)는 감소(感少)하는 경향을 보였다. 2. SS, JJ흙은 우회함량(右灰含量) 9%에서 최대강도를 나타냈고, KY, MH는 석회함량 및 양생기일의 변화에 강도의 증감현상이 나타나지 않았다. 또한 수침한 경우는 석회함량이 많을수록 수침으로 인한 강도 감소율이 적어지는 경향을 보였다. 3. 양생온도가 30, 40, 50, $60^{\circ}C$로 각각 증가됨에 따라 석회혼합토의 압축강도는 증가 하고 그의 증가율은 양생초기에 크고 120시간(時間)에서 응결하는데 거의 충분(充分)한 양생시간에 도달한 것으로 생각된다. 4. 우리나라의 평균최대기온은 7월(月)~8월(月)에 $30^{\circ}C$정도로 석회혼합토의 강도증진을 위해서 이상적인 공사기간임을 제안한다. 5. 양생온도를 높이면 28일(日)기준양생과 동등한 촉진양생시간은 감소하는 경향을 나타냈으며 시멘트 혼합시 보다 석회혼합시에 더욱 짧았다. 6. 기준양생기일과 촉진양생시간 사이에는 직선관계가 성립되고 양생온도가 증가 할수록 직선의 기울기는 감소하는 경향을 보였고 그상관식은 다음과 같다. (1) $30^{\circ}C$ : t=2.63d-1.4(r=0.99) (2) $40^{\circ}C$ : t= 1.76d-0.8(r=0.97) (3) $50^{\circ}C$ : t= 1.35d-3.2(r=0.94) (4) $60^{\circ}C$ : t=0.49d+1.8(r=0.91) 여기서 t : 촉진양생기간 d : 기준양생기일.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.921-938
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• 2015

Realistic prediction of concrete creep is of crucial importance for durability and long-term serviceability of concrete structures. To date, research about the behaviour of self-compacting concrete (SCC) members, especially concerning the long-term performance, is rather limited. SCC is quite different from conventional concrete (CC) in mixture proportions and applied materials, particularly in the presence of aggregate which is limited. Hence, the realistic prediction of creep strains in SCC is an important requirement for the design process of this type of concrete structures. This study reviews the accuracy of the conventional concrete (CC) creep prediction models proposed by the international codes of practice, including: CEB-FIP (1990), ACI 209R (1997), Eurocode 2 (2001), JSCE (2002), AASHTO (2004), AASHTO (2007), AS 3600 (2009). Also, SCC creep prediction models proposed by Poppe and De Schutter (2005), Larson (2007) and Cordoba (2007) are reviewed. Further, new creep prediction model based on the comprehensive analysis on both of the available models i.e. the CC and the SCC is proposed. The predicted creep strains are compared with the actual measured creep strains in 55 mixtures of SCC and 16 mixtures of CC.

• 한국포장학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2010

For screening test of the non-volatile compounds which migrate from food packaging materials into foodstuffs, the traditional high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) systems suffer from the lack of universal detector with high sensitivity and universality and high efficiency HPLC separation column which provides complete separation of complex mixtures into all individual substances. In this work, the use possibility of online two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) system coupled with a charged aerosol detector (CAD), a universal detector, was reviewed. 2D-LC system permits to improve peak capacity and resolving power for complex mixtures. Charged aerosol detector (CAD) offers a new feasibility for detection of any non-volatile compounds with high sensitivity and constant response factor in a calibration range. The combination of size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and normal phase HPLC (NP-HPLC) is most frequently used for the separation of the natural and synthetic polymers which are mainly used as raw materials for the manufacture of food packaging materials. However, there is no commercial software available for data acquisition and handling and therefore the quantification in 2D-LC analysis is still rare.