• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2023

The electromembrane process, which has advantages such as scalability, sustainability, and eco-friendliness, is used in renewable energy fields such as fuel cells and reverse electrodialysis power generation. Most of the research to visualize the internal flow in the electromembrane process has mainly been conducted on heterogeneous ion exchange membranes, because of the non-uniform swelling characteristics of the homogeneous membrane. In this study, we successfully visualize the electro-convective vortices near the Nafion homogeneous membrane in PDMS-based microfluidic devices. To reinforce the mechanical rigidity and minimize the non-uniform swelling characteristics of the homogeneous membrane, a newly developed swelling supporter was additionally adapted to the Nafion membrane. Thus, a clear image of electroconvective vortices near the Nafion membrane could be obtained and visualized. As a result, we observed that the heterogeneous membrane has relatively stronger electroconvective vortices compared to the Nafion homogeneous membranes. Regarding electrical response, the Nafion membrane has a higher limiting current and less overlimiting current compared to the heterogeneous membrane. Based on our visualization, it is assumed that the heterogeneous membrane has more activated electroconvective vortices, which lower electrical resistance in the overlimiting current regime. We anticipate that this work can contribute to the fundamental understanding of the ion transport characteristics depending on the homogeneity of ion exchange membranes.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.50-54
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• 2016

In this paper, a hybrid method is proposed to design an air-core superconducting solenoid system for 6 T axial uniform magnetic field using Niobium Titanium (NbTi) superconducting wire. In order to minimize the volume of conductor, the hybrid optimization method including a linear programming and a nonlinear programming was adopted. The feasible space of solenoid is divided by several grids and the magnetic field at target point is approximated by the sum of magnetic field generated by an ideal current loop at the center of each grid. Using the linear programming, a global optimal current distribution in the feasible space can be indicated by non-zero current grids. Furthermore the clusters of the non-zero current grids also give the information of probable solenoids in the feasible space, such as the number, the shape, and so on. Applying these probable solenoids as the initial model, the final practical configuration of solenoids with integer layers can be obtained by the nonlinear programming. The design result illustrates the efficiency and the flexibility of the hybrid method. And this method can also be used for the magnet design which is required the high homogeneity within several ppm (parts per million).

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.396-405
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• 2002

An experimental study on counter-current flow limitation phenomena in narrow annular passages was carried out The gap sizes tested were 1, 2 and 3 mm. This is very small compared with the outer diameter of the annular passage, 500 mm. It was visually observed that a CCFL might occur in some part of the periphery while the other part is remained in a counter current flow pattern. That is, non-uniform behaviour of fluids due 4o a 2-dimensional effect appear in a large diameter facility. Because of this non-uniformity, a CCFL is defined in the present work as the situation where net water accumulation is sustained. That is, some amount of water should not be allowed to penetrate the gap and accumulate over the gap at CCFL criterion. The measured data are presented in the form of Wallis＇type correlation with characteristic length of gap size. It was found that the present correlation is in good agreement with other empirical correlation based on measurements whose test section diameter is close and the gap size is much larger than that of the present test section.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.631-642
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• 2016

Usually, the output characteristics of a photovoltaic (PV) array are significantly affected by non-uniform irradiance which is caused by ambient obstacles, clouds, orientations, tilts, etc. Some local maximum power points (LMPP) in the current-voltage (I-V) curves of a PV array can result in power losses of the array. However, the output power at the global maximum power point (GMPP) is different in different interconnection schemes in a PV array. Therefore, based on the theoretical analysis and mathematical derivation of different topological structures of a PV array, this paper investigated the output characteristics of dual series PV arrays with different interconnections. The proposed mathematical models were also validated by experimental results. Finally, this paper also concluded that in terms of performance, the total cross tied (TCT) interconnection was not always the optimal structure, especially in a dual series PV array. When one of the PV modules was severely mismatched, the TCT worked worse than the series parallel (SP) structure. This research can provide guidance for switching the interconnection to gain the greatest energy yield in a changeable- structure PV system.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.1033-1036
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• 2002

Wafer bonding methods such as fusion and anodic bonding suffer from high temperature treatment, long processing time, and possible damage to the micro-scale sensor or actuators. In the localized bonding process, beating was conducted locally while the whole wafer is maintained at a relatively low temperature. But previous research of localized heating has some problems, such as non-uniform soldering due to non-uniform heating and micro crack formation on the glass capsule by thermal stress effect. To address this non-uniformity problem, a new heater configuration is being proposed. By keeping several points on the heater strip at calculated and constant potential, more uniform heating, hence more reliable wafer bonding could be achieved. The proposed scheme has been successfully demonstrated, and the result shows that it will be very useful in hermetic packaging. Less than 0.2 ㎫ contact Pressure were used for bonding with 150 ㎃ current input for 50${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ width, 2${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ height and 8mm $\times$ 8mm, 5mm$\times$5mm, 3mm $\times$ 3mm sized phosphorus-doped poly-silicon micro heater. The temperature can be raised at the bonding region to 80$0^{\circ}C$, and it was enough to achieve a strong and reliable bonding in 3minutes. The IR camera test results show improved uniformity in heat distribution compared with conventional micro heaters. For gross leak check, IPA (Isopropanol Alcohol) was used. Since IPA has better wetability than water, it can easily penetrate small openings, and is more suitable for gross leak check. The pass ratio of bonded dies was 70%, for conventional localized heating, and 85% for newly developed FP scheme. The bonding strength was more than 30㎫ for FP scheme packaging, which shows that FP scheme can be a good candidate for micro scale hermetic packaging.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.350-353
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• 2005

Microstructures according to experimental conditions (pouring temperature, stirring current and stirring time) and hardness according to aging time were investigated for A356 cast aluminum alloy and 7075 wrought aluminum alloy. In pouring temperature control, grains became larger and non-uniform at high temperature, however dendritic shapes were shown at lower temperature. In stirring current control, dendritic grains were not destroyed enough at lower current, however fine grains were agglomerated at higher current. And, in stirring time control, grains were more globular but grew larger and larger with the stirring time increasing.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 1999.05a
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• pp.383-386
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• 1999

Surge arrestor is used for protection of facilities and lines. Recently lots of arresters fatted prematurely In the distribution lines. It is important to know that what the cause of the failures is. This paper presents characteristics of the aged and new 18kV surge arrester. In order to analyse characteristics, we measured leakage current using specialty made leakage current measurement system and also investigated Tan $\delta$ of the arrester and microstructure of the elements. Through the investigation we found that the characteristics among the ZnO elements in an arrester were a little different, It means that the surge arreste can have non-uniform electric field due to the characteristic difference of The each element. Owing to this concentration of the electric field, the localized aging might be proceeded.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.418-423
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• 2003

AC loss is an important issue in the design of high-T$\sub$c/ superconducting power cables which consist of a number of Bi-2223 tapes wound on a former. In the cables, the tapes have different critical currents intrinsically. And they are electrically connected to each other and current leads. These make loss measurements considerably complex, especially for short samples of laboratory size. So special cautions are required in the positioning of voltage leads for measuring the true loss voltage. In this work we have prepared a conductor composed of three Bi-2223 tapes with different critical currents. The critical current and AC loss characteristics in the conductor have experimentally investigated. The results show that for uniform current distributions the conductor's critical current is proportional to the critical current of the Bi-2223 tape to which a voltage lead is attached. However it depends on the current non-uniformity parameter in the conductor rather than the tape's critical currents for nonuniform current distributions. The loss tests indicate that the AC loss is dependent on arrangements of voltage leads but not on their contact positions. The measured losses in the conductor also agree well with the sum of the transport losses measured in each Bi-2223 tape.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.74 no.2
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• pp.215-225
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• 2020

Thin films easily wrinkle under compressive loading due to their small bending stiffness resulting from their tiny thickness. For a thin film deposited on a functionally graded substrate with non-uniform stiffness exponentially changes along the length span in this paper, the uniaxial wrinkling problem is solved analytically in terms of hyper-Bessel functions. For infinite, semi-infinite and finite length systems the wrinkling load and wrinkling wavenumber are determined and compared with those in literature. In comparison with a homogeneous substrate-bounded film in which the wrinkling pattern is uniform along the length span, for a functionally graded substrate-film system the wrinkles accumulate around the softer location of the functionally graded substrate. Therefore, the effective length of the film influenced by the wrinkles decreases, the amplitude of the wrinkles on softer regions of the functionally graded substrate grows and the wrinkling load of the functionally graded substrates with higher softening rate decreases more. The results of the current research are expected to be useful in science and technology of thin films and wrinkling of the structures especially living tissues.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.320-334
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• 1994

A set of full size cold rolled steel sheets has been prestrained in the direction of rolling by uniform tensile elongation of 3% and 6%. Then mid-sized tensile specimens were cut from each of the full size sheets at 30, 45, 60 and 90 degrees to the rolling direction. The mid-sized tensile specimens were then prestrained again by uniform tensile elongation by 1%, 2%, 5%, 10% and 15%. finally, miniature tensile specimens were prepared from each of the mid-sized specimens at every 10 degrees to the specimen axis. From the tensile tests on miniature specimens material's hardening behavior under non-proportional loading has been investigated. There are a number of new observations which has not been known to the authors before current work. One of them is continuous reservation of orthoropic symmetry during tensile elongation of mid-sized specimens. Another is continuous rotations of orthotropy axes. Existing theories seem to fail to explain this observations. A new model is proposed in relation to the rotation of orthotropy axes.