• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.97-118
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• 2019

Based on Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis (NFEA), this paper focuses on the bi-axial ultimate strength of typical bottom structures under corrosion. On one hand, uniform and not simultaneous corrosion across different structures is introduced, and surrogate models by Gaussian Process (GP) are built for both longitudinal and transverse cases individually, and corresponding probabilistic characteristics are investigated; meanwhile, corrosion effects on interaction between bi-axial stresses at ultimate state are studied. On the other hand, non-uniform localized pitting corrosion of normally distributed circular shapes is introduced, and different pitting corrosion densities are considered; structural bi-axial ultimate strengths under pitting corrosion are studied, and the results are compared with that from equivalent uniform corrosion; the probabilistic characteristics of structural ultimate strength in life cycle are studied; finally, the ultimate strength under randomly distributed pitting corrosion is compared with results from normally distributed pitting and uniform corrosion under various boundary conditions.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2001년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.1041-1044
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• 2001

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of non-uniform corrosion distribution on the analysis of concrete cover failure. A series of experiments have been undertaken to measure the corrosion rate of reinforcement according to the concentration of chloride ion so as to suggest a relationship between the reinforcement corrosion rate and chloride ion density. The corrosion induced pressure depending on the density of chloride ion has been derived. And nonlinear analysis assuming nonlinear corrosion distribution for cover cracking was achieved and compared with other experimental results to verify the accuracy of the model. Analysis was also performed for various parameters to compare their effects.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제84권4호
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• pp.517-530
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• 2022

In re-assessing the Jacket-type fixed steel structures, the current standards often allow the simplicity of corrosion sections using local buckling or equivalent section approach to applying empirical formulae of frame stress and resistance analyses. However, those approaches can lead to significant errors for non-uniform corroded frames in a specific area, including force distribution, stress, and allowable strength of the tubular section, compared to the actual cases. This paper investigates a suitable approach to determine the actual stress on non-uniform corroded tubular frames under compression through the non-linear ABAQUS model by considering the effect of large deformation on the frame axis and the frame section. There are 3 scenarios of interest. In the 1st and 2nd scenarios with simple corrosion cases, the stress ratios using the numerical model and theoretical formulae correspond to the calculation of allowable strength reduction ratios in standards. However, scenario 3, which describes non-uniform corroded sections based on survey data, provides considerable differences in results. Therefore, it proves the reliable and effective results when using this method to analyze the resistance of the actual corroded section in the Jacket platforms.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.273-283
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• 2022

Al6061 aluminum alloy specimens were exposed to atmospheric conditions for maximum 24 months. 24-month exposure specimen showed some more frequent and larger size of corrosion products and pitting on the surface compared with the 12-month exposure specimens. The XRD examination revealed the dominant surface oxide phases of Al₂O₃ and Al(OH)₃. The oxide thickness at uniform oxidation (or non-pitting) region was not much changed over exposure time. The 1.2 ㎛ deep oxygen penetration area was found in the 12-months exposed specimen near the thin uniform aluminum oxide film. The line-EDS was conducted through the penetration regions and non-penetrated grain boundary. There were signs of O and Si concentration through the penetration region, whereas non-penetration region showed no concentration of O or Si. It was confirmed that pitting is a more severe degradation mode in Al6061 (max. >4 ㎛ deep) compared with the uniform oxidation (max. ~200 nm deep) up to 24-months exposure.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.62-70
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• 2021

Al2024 aluminum alloy specimens were exposed to atmospheric conditions for maximum 24 months and analyzed by electron microscopes to characterize their corrosion behavior and oxide film characteristics. As the exposure time increased from 12 months to 24 months, the number of pitting sites per 1 mm² increased from ~100 to ~200. The uniform oxidation (or non-pitting) region of the 12-month exposure specimen showed 30~120 nm thick oxide layer, whereas the 24-month exposure specimen showed 170~200 nm thick oxide with the local oxygen penetration region up to 1 ㎛ deep. There was no local corrosion area observed in the 12-month exposure specimen except pitting. However, in the 24-month exposure specimen, local oxygen penetration region was observed beneath the uniform oxide layer and near the pitting cavity. Al2024 showed two times thicker uniform oxide layer but much shallower local oxygen penetration region than Al1050, which appears to be related to low Si concentration. Further research is needed on the effects of Mg segregation near the tip of the oxygen penetration region.

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was to assess the extents of the release of metals from the non-precious alloys used for dental casting by measuring the differences in the extents of the release of metals by types of alloys, pH level and elapsed time. Methods: Uniform-sized specimens(10 each) were prepared according to the Medical Device Standard of the Korea Food and Drug Administration(2010) and International Standard Organization(ISO22674, 2006), using four types of alloys(one type of Ni-Cr and one type of Co-Cr used for fixed prosthesis, and one type of Ni-Cr and one type of Co-Cr used for removable prosthesis). A total of 12 metal-release tests were performed at one-day, three-day, and two-week intervals, for up to 20 weeks. The metal ions were quantified using an Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometer. Results: The results showed that the extent of corrosion was higher in the ascending order of Jdium-$100^{(R)}$, Bellabond-$Plus^{(R)}$, Starloy-$C^{(R)}$, and Biosil-$F^{(R)}$. The lower the pH and the longer the elapsed time were, the greater the increase in metal corrosion. At pH 2.4, the release of Ni from Jdium-$100^{(R)}$, a Ni-Cr alloy, was up to 15 times greater than the release of Co from the Co-Cr alloy from two weeks over time, indicating that the Ni-Cr alloy is more susceptible to corrosion than the Co-Cr alloy. Conclusion: It is recommended that Co-Cr alloy, which is highly resistant to corrosion, be used for making dental prosthesis with a non-precious alloy for dental casting, and that non-precious alloy prosthesis be designed in such a way as to minimize the area of its oral exposure. For patients with non-precious alloy prostheses, a test of the presence or absence of periodontal tissue inflammation or allergic reaction around the prosthesis should be performed via regular examination, and education on the good management of the prosthesis is needed.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.573-580
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• 2012

Corrosion resistance and basic physical properties of solid tantalum are not comparable to most of the structural metallic materials. The relative high cost and melting temperature of tantalum are obstacles to be widely applied to general engineering processes. Electrodeposition in molten salt enables compact and uniform tantalum coating. In this study, Ta was coated onto base metal (SUS316L) with different current densities (0.5, 5, $20mA/cm^2$) by using MSE (Molten Salt Electrodeposition). In this study, it showed that deposition efficiency and microstructure of Ta coating layer were strongly depended on current density. In the case of the current density of $5mA/cm^2$, densest microstructure was obtained. The current density above $5mA/cm^2$ caused non-uniform microstructure due to rapid deposition rate. Dense microstructure and intact coating layer contributed to significant corrosion resistance enhancement.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.568-575
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• 2010

Flow Accelerated Corrosion is an active degradation mechanism of CANDU feeder. The tight bend downstream to Gray loc weld connection, close to reactor face, suffers significant wall thinning by FAC. Extensive in-service inspection of feeder wall thinning is very difficult because of the intense radiation field, complex geometry, and space restrictions. Development of a knowledge-based inspection program is important in order to guarantee that adequate wall thickness is maintained throughout the whole life of feeder. Research results and plant experiences are reviewed, and the plant inspection databases from Wolsong Units One to Four are analyzed in order to support developing such a knowledge-based inspection program. The initial thickness before wall thinning is highly non-uniform because of bending during manufacturing stage, and the thinning rate is non-uniform because of the mass transfer coefficient distributed non-uniformly depending on local hydraulics. It is obvious that the knowledge-based feeder inspection program should focus on both fastest thinning locations and thinnest locations. The feeder wall thinning rate is found to be correlated proportionately with QV of each channel. A statistical model is proposed to assess the remaining life of each feeder using the QV correlation and the measured thicknesses. W-1 feeder suffered significant thinning so that the shortest remaining life barely exceeded one year at the end of operation before replacement. W-2 feeder showed far slower thinning than W-1 feeder despite the faster coolant flow. It is believed that slower thinning in W-2 is because of higher chromium content in the carbon steel feeder material. The average Cr content of W-2 feeder is 0.051%, while that value is 0.02% for W-1 feeder. It is to be noted that FAC is reduced substantially even though the Cr content of W-2 feeder is still very low.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.57-62
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• 2008

Electrochemical properties of Ti-30Ta-$(3{\sim}15)$Nb alloys coated by HA/Ti compound layer have been studied by various electrochemical method. Ti-30Ta binary alloys contained 3, 7, 10, and 15 wt% Nb contents were manufactured by the vacuum furnace system. The specimens were homogenized for 24 hrs at $1000^{\circ}C$. The samples were cut and polished for corrosion test and coating. It was coated with HA/Ti compound layer by magnetron sputter. The HA/Ti non-coated and coated morphology of Ti alloy were analyzed by x-ray diffractometer(XRD) and filed emission scanning electron microscope(FE-SEM). The corrosion behaviors were investigated using potentiodynamic method in 0.9% NaCl solution at $36.5{\pm}1^{\circ}C$. The homoginazed Ti-30Ta-$(3{\sim}15wt%$)Nb alloys showed the ${\alpha}+{\beta}$ phase, and ${\beta}$ phase peak was predominantly appeared with increasing Nb content. The microstructure of Ti alloy was transformed from needle-like structure to equiaxed structure as Nb content increased. HA/Ti composite surface showed uniform coating layer with 750 nm thickness. The corrosion resistance of HA/Ti composite coated Ti-alloys were higher than those of the non-coated samples in 0.9% NaCl solution at $36.5{\pm}1^{\circ}C$. Especially, corrosion resistance of Ti-Ta-Nb system increased as Nb content increased.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.631-645
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• 2006

Buckling capacity of compression members may change due to inadvertent changes in the member section dimensions or material properties. This may be the result of repair, modification of section properties or degradation of the material properties. In some occasions, enhancement of buckling capacity of compression members may be achieved through splicing of plates or utilization of composite materials. It is very important for a designer to predict the buckling resistance of the compression member and the important parameters that affect its buckling strength once changes in section and/or material properties took place. This paper presents an analytical approach for determining the buckling capacity of a compression member whose geometric and/or material properties has been altered resulting in a multi-step non-uniform section. This analytical solution accommodates the changes and modifications to the material and/or section properties of the compression member due to the factors mentioned. The analytical solution provides adequate information and a methodology that is useful during the design stage as well as the repair stage of compression members. Three case studies are presented to show that the proposed analytical solution is an efficient method for predicting the buckling strength of compression members that their section and/or material properties have been altered due to splicing, coping, notching, ducting and corrosion.