석조유구(石造遺構)를 통한 한국(韓國) 고대건축(古代建築)에 관한 연구(硏究) -삼국시대와 통일신라시대를 중심으로- (A Study on the Ancient Architecture in view of the Stone Remains (focused on the 3 Kingdom Period and Unificated Shilla Period))
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- 건축역사연구
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- 제8권3호
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- pp.23-38
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- 1999
The purpose of this study is to analogize the appearance of Korean Ancient Architecture in view of the Stone Remains from 3 Kingdom Period to Unificated Shilla Period. But in these period, there is no building remains but some stupas and fine arts. Especially, there are many architectural appearance and revealing signature in these Historical Stone remains. Architectural elements which are analogized by stone remains what has value as historical materials by preservation of original form from 3 Kingdom Preiod to Unificated Shilla Period are as follows : 1) Platform, the representative characteristic of Korean traditional architecture, was frame structure and accumulate structure. And circular or square footing stood a same shape column on it is put on the platform. 2) In the case of column, there used entasis column and inclined column and circular chamfer technique was applied on the top side of it. Upper side of column, capital and head pentrating tie that small bearing block was put on the center of it was joined. And longitu야nal rest(長舌) supported a cross beam. Capital and small bearing block had no bottom heel, and heel side was curved and straight. Centered bracket structure was often used, and multi bracket structure is not used yet. Inward incline technique was used. 3) Inward opening pair door which had lintel, threshold, doorjamb was usually used, Fixing stone was used for structural safety, and circular handle and lock was used for decoration. Handrail was used on the edge of wooden floor for decorative effect and safety. 4) Square rafter and circular rafter were used in the same period and so did flying rafter. Double eaves and single eave were used in the same period but, single eave was usually used. In this period, square rafter was usually used. This would be studied more by comparing with Japanese wooden architecture. 5) Hipped roof was used and half-hipped roof was not used yet. In front of th hip, there are small sculpture called Jap-Sang(雜像), and windbell was hang on the end of the hip rafter. Concave roof tile, convex roof tile, round eaver tile, decorative tile at end of roof ridge were used. Lotus style was well used on the face of roof tile for decoration. From the results of this study, wooden architecture of Unificated Shilla period was simple compare to Koryo dynasty and Chosun dynasty but, it had some brilliant character. It was hard work that analogized the form of non-existent wood architecture of Ancient Korean period by restricted stone remains. But, in addition to the results of this study and research of old documentations, more study should be go on.
현행(現行) 재래식(在來式) 철근(鐵筋)콘크리트 표준시방서(標準示方書)의 강도설계규준(强度設計規準)을 대치(代置)할 수 있는 AFOSM 신뢰성(信賴性) 이론(理論)에 의한 LRFD 신뢰성(信賴性) 설계규준(計規準)을 제안(提案)하는 것이 본(本) 연구(硏究) 주요내용(主要內容)이다. 우리의 현실(現實)을 고려한 각(各) R.C. 구조요소별(構造要素別) 저항(抵抗) 및 하중효과(荷重効果)의 불확실량(不確實量)을 사용하여 현행(現行) R.C. 표준시방서(標準示方書)의 신뢰성(信賴性) 수준(水準)을 검정(檢定)하므로서 우리 실정(實情)에 맞는 합리적(合理的)인 목표신뢰성지수(目標信賴性指數)를 선택한 다음, 확률변수(確率變數)의 비정규분포(非正規分布)를 등가(等價)의 정규분포(正規分布)로 변환(變換)시킨 Rackwitz-Fiessler의 실용적(實用的) 알고리즘을 이용한 AFOSM 법(法)에 의해 계산(計算)된 하중조합별(荷重組合別) 하중(荷重) 및 저항계수(抵抗係數)로부터 합리적(合理的)인 공통(共通) 하중계수(荷重係數)를 선정하고 이에 대응(對應)하는 각(各) 요소별(要素別) 저항계수(抵抗係數)를 산정(算定)하므로서 LRFD 설계규준(設計規準)을 제안(提案)하였다. 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서 제안(提案)하는 R.C. 구조(構造)의 LRFD 신뢰성(信賴性) 설계규준(設計規準)을 현행(現行) R.C. 표준시방서(標準示方書)의 강도설계규준(强度設計規準)에 대응(對應)하는 설계규준(設計規準)으로 도입(導入)함이 바람직하다는 사실(事實)을 확인할 수 있었다.
도서 상품에 대한 정보량이 폭증하면서 고객이 도서 선택에 어려움을 겪는 상황이 발생하고 있다. 이에 따라 고객에게 적합한 도서 정보를 제공하여 구매를 유도하는 도서 추천시스템의 중요성이 커지고 있다. 하지만 도서의 서지정보나 사용자 정보 등을 이용한 기존의 추천시스템은 추천 결과의 신뢰도에 문제를 드러내고 있기 때문에 도서 본문 텍스트의 의미적 정보를 추천시스템에 반영하는 것이 필요하다. 따라서 본 논문은 이에 대한 선행연구로 TF-IDF기법과 소설의 외형적 구조를 이용한 소설 텍스트의 주제어 추출 방법을 제안하였다. 이를 위해 100권의 소설텍스트를 수집하고 각각의 소설을 머리말, 대화문, 비대화문, 맺음말의 4개의 구조로 분리한 후 TF-IDF 가중치를 계산하였다. 실험결과 본문 텍스트만을 이용했을 때 보다 머리말과 맺음말을 포함하고 대화문에 가중치를 높게 부여하였을 때 주제어의 추출 정확도가 42.1%의 성능 향상을 보였다.
Imagine a world where we could biomanufacture hybrid nanomaterials having atomic-scale resolution over functionality and architecture. Toward this vision, a fundamental challenge in materials science is how to design and synthesize protein-like material that can be fully self-assembled and exhibit information-specific process. In an ongoing effort to extend the fundamental understanding of protein structure to non-natural systems, we have designed a class of short peptides to fold like proteins and assemble into defined nanostructures. In this talk, I will talk about new strategies to drive the self-assembled structures designing sequence of peptide. I will also discuss about the specific interaction between proteins and inorganics that can be used for the development of new hybrid solar energy devices. Splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen is one of the promising pathways for solar to energy convertsion and storage system. The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) has been regarded as a major bottleneck in the overall water splitting process due to the slow transfer rate of four electrons and the high activation energy barrier for O-O bond formation. In nature, there is a water oxidation complex (WOC) in photosystem II (PSII) comprised of the earthabundant elements Mn and Ca. The WOC in photosystem II, in the form of a cubical CaMn4O5 cluster, efficiently catalyzes water oxidation under neutral conditions with extremely low overpotential (~160 mV) and a high TOF number. The cluster is stabilized by a surrounding redox-active peptide ligand, and undergo successive changes in oxidation state by PCET (proton-coupled electron transfer) reaction with the peptide ligand. It is fundamental challenge to achieve a level of structural complexity and functionality that rivals that seen in the cubane Mn4CaO5 cluster and surrounding peptide in nature. In this presentation, I will present a new strategy to mimic the natural photosystem. The approach is based on the atomically defined assembly based on the short redox-active peptide sequences. Additionally, I will show a newly identified manganese based compound that is very close to manganese clusters in photosystem II.
The International Atomic Energy Agency's Statute in Article III.A.5 allows it“to establish and administer safeguards designed to ensure that special fissionable and other materials, services, equipment, facilities and information made available by the Agency or at its request or under its supervision or control are not used in such a way as to further any military purpose; and to apply safeguards, at the request of the parties, to any bilateral or multilateral arrangement, or at the request of a State, to any of that State's activities in the field of atomic energy”. Safeguards are essentially a technical means of verifying the fulfilment of political obligations undertaken by States and given a legal force in international agreements relating to the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. The main political objectives are: to assure the international community that States are complying with their non-proliferation and other peaceful undertakings; and to deter (a) the diversion of afeguarded nuclear materials to the production of nuclear explosives or for military purposes and (b) the misuse of safeguarded facilities with the aim of producing unsafeguarded nuclear material. It is clear that no international safeguards system can physically prevent diversion. The IAEA safeguards system is basically a verification measure designed to provide assurance in those cases in which diversion has not occurred. Verification is accomplished by two basic means: material accountancy and containment and surveillance measures. Nuclear material accountancy is the fundamental IAEA safeguards mechanism, while containment and surveillance serve as important complementary measures. Material accountancy refers to a collection of measurements and other determinations which enable the State and the Agency to maintain a current picture of the location and movement of nuclear material into and out of material balance areas, i. e. areas where all material entering or leaving is measurab e. A containment measure is one that is designed by taking advantage of structural characteristics, such as containers, tanks or pipes, etc. To establish the physical integrity of an area or item by preventing the undetected movement of nuclear material or equipment. Such measures involve the application of tamper-indicating or surveillance devices. Surveillance refers to both human and instrumental observation aimed at indicating the movement of nuclear material. The verification process consists of three over-lapping elements: (a) Provision by the State of information such as - design information describing nuclear installations; - accounting reports listing nuclear material inventories, receipts and shipments; - documents amplifying and clarifying reports, as applicable; - notification of international transfers of nuclear material. (b) Collection by the IAEA of information through inspection activities such as - verification of design information - examination of records and repo ts - measurement of nuclear material - examination of containment and surveillance measures - follow-up activities in case of unusual findings. (c) Evaluation of the information provided by the State and of that collected by inspectors to determine the completeness, accuracy and validity of the information provided by the State and to resolve any anomalies and discrepancies. To design an effective verification system, one must identify possible ways and means by which nuclear material could be diverted from peaceful uses, including means to conceal such diversions. These theoretical ways and means, which have become known as diversion strategies, are used as one of the basic inputs for the development of safeguards procedures, equipment and instrumentation. For analysis of implementation strategy purposes, it is assumed that non-compliance cannot be excluded a priori and that consequently there is a low but non-zero probability that a diversion could be attempted in all safeguards ituations. An important element of diversion strategies is the identification of various possible diversion paths; the amount, type and location of nuclear material involved, the physical route and conversion of the material that may take place, rate of removal and concealment methods, as appropriate. With regard to the physical route and conversion of nuclear material the following main categories may be considered: - unreported removal of nuclear material from an installation or during transit - unreported introduction of nuclear material into an installation - unreported transfer of nuclear material from one material balance area to another - unreported production of nuclear material, e. g. enrichment of uranium or production of plutonium - undeclared uses of the material within the installation. With respect to the amount of nuclear material that might be diverted in a given time (the diversion rate), the continuum between the following two limiting cases is cons dered: - one significant quantity or more in a short time, often known as abrupt diversion; and - one significant quantity or more per year, for example, by accumulation of smaller amounts each time to add up to a significant quantity over a period of one year, often called protracted diversion. Concealment methods may include: - restriction of access of inspectors - falsification of records, reports and other material balance areas - replacement of nuclear material, e. g. use of dummy objects - falsification of measurements or of their evaluation - interference with IAEA installed equipment.As a result of diversion and its concealment or other actions, anomalies will occur. All reasonable diversion routes, scenarios/strategies and concealment methods have to be taken into account in designing safeguards implementation strategies so as to provide sufficient opportunities for the IAEA to observe such anomalies. The safeguards approach for each facility will make a different use of these procedures, equipment and instrumentation according to the various diversion strategies which could be applicable to that facility and according to the detection and inspection goals which are applied. Postulated pathways sets of scenarios comprise those elements of diversion strategies which might be carried out at a facility or across a State's fuel cycle with declared or undeclared activities. All such factors, however, contain a degree of fuzziness that need a human judgment to make the ultimate conclusion that all material is being used for peaceful purposes. Safeguards has been traditionally based on verification of declared material and facilities using material accountancy as a fundamental measure. The strength of material accountancy is based on the fact that it allows to detect any diversion independent of the diversion route taken. Material accountancy detects a diversion after it actually happened and thus is powerless to physically prevent it and can only deter by the risk of early detection any contemplation by State authorities to carry out a diversion. Recently the IAEA has been faced with new challenges. To deal with these, various measures are being reconsidered to strengthen the safeguards system such as enhanced assessment of the completeness of the State's initial declaration of nuclear material and installations under its jurisdiction enhanced monitoring and analysis of open information and analysis of open information that may indicate inconsistencies with the State's safeguards obligations. Precise information vital for such enhanced assessments and analyses is normally not available or, if available, difficult and expensive collection of information would be necessary. Above all, realistic appraisal of truth needs sound human judgment.
Corporate credit rating is a very important factor in the market for corporate debt. Information concerning corporate operations is often disseminated to market participants through the changes in credit ratings that are published by professional rating agencies, such as Standard and Poor's (S&P) and Moody's Investor Service. Since these agencies generally require a large fee for the service, and the periodically provided ratings sometimes do not reflect the default risk of the company at the time, it may be advantageous for bond-market participants to be able to classify credit ratings before the agencies actually publish them. As a result, it is very important for companies (especially, financial companies) to develop a proper model of credit rating. From a technical perspective, the credit rating constitutes a typical, multiclass, classification problem because rating agencies generally have ten or more categories of ratings. For example, S&P's ratings range from AAA for the highest-quality bonds to D for the lowest-quality bonds. The professional rating agencies emphasize the importance of analysts' subjective judgments in the determination of credit ratings. However, in practice, a mathematical model that uses the financial variables of companies plays an important role in determining credit ratings, since it is convenient to apply and cost efficient. These financial variables include the ratios that represent a company's leverage status, liquidity status, and profitability status. Several statistical and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques have been applied as tools for predicting credit ratings. Among them, artificial neural networks are most prevalent in the area of finance because of their broad applicability to many business problems and their preeminent ability to adapt. However, artificial neural networks also have many defects, including the difficulty in determining the values of the control parameters and the number of processing elements in the layer as well as the risk of over-fitting. Of late, because of their robustness and high accuracy, support vector machines (SVMs) have become popular as a solution for problems with generating accurate prediction. An SVM's solution may be globally optimal because SVMs seek to minimize structural risk. On the other hand, artificial neural network models may tend to find locally optimal solutions because they seek to minimize empirical risk. In addition, no parameters need to be tuned in SVMs, barring the upper bound for non-separable cases in linear SVMs. Since SVMs were originally devised for binary classification, however they are not intrinsically geared for multiclass classifications as in credit ratings. Thus, researchers have tried to extend the original SVM to multiclass classification. Hitherto, a variety of techniques to extend standard SVMs to multiclass SVMs (MSVMs) has been proposed in the literature Only a few types of MSVM are, however, tested using prior studies that apply MSVMs to credit ratings studies. In this study, we examined six different techniques of MSVMs: (1) One-Against-One, (2) One-Against-AIL (3) DAGSVM, (4) ECOC, (5) Method of Weston and Watkins, and (6) Method of Crammer and Singer. In addition, we examined the prediction accuracy of some modified version of conventional MSVM techniques. To find the most appropriate technique of MSVMs for corporate bond rating, we applied all the techniques of MSVMs to a real-world case of credit rating in Korea. The best application is in corporate bond rating, which is the most frequently studied area of credit rating for specific debt issues or other financial obligations. For our study the research data were collected from National Information and Credit Evaluation, Inc., a major bond-rating company in Korea. The data set is comprised of the bond-ratings for the year 2002 and various financial variables for 1,295 companies from the manufacturing industry in Korea. We compared the results of these techniques with one another, and with those of traditional methods for credit ratings, such as multiple discriminant analysis (MDA), multinomial logistic regression (MLOGIT), and artificial neural networks (ANNs). As a result, we found that DAGSVM with an ordered list was the best approach for the prediction of bond rating. In addition, we found that the modified version of ECOC approach can yield higher prediction accuracy for the cases showing clear patterns.
제주도 남쪽지역에 발달한 신생대 대륙붕 주변분지(marginal-continental shelf basin)들은 타이완-신지 융기대 및 오키나와 곡분을 따라서 주로 북동-남서 방향으로 분포하고 있다. 이들 분지중 제주분지의 육성퇴적층에 대한 층서와 조구조적 환경(tectonic setting)을 밝히기 위해 10개 시추공을 연결하는 측선의 탄성파자료와 사암 및 응회암층 시료를 분석한 결과, 본 지역의 층서는 5개의 퇴적층과 기반암으로 설정되었다. 퇴적층 A는 플라이스토세 - 현세 퇴적물로 구성되어 있으며 퇴적층 B는 플라이오세 퇴적물로 구성되어있고 하위 퇴적층 C와 경사부정합관계를 갖는다. 하부구간에서는 수로의 발달로 인해 연속성이 매우 불량한 부분이 분지의 북부쪽에서 주로 관찰된다. 분지 남부지역은 하위 퇴적층과는 뚜렷이 구분되었으나 북부지역은 이들 퇴적층이 평행하게 퇴적되어 층간의 경계구분이 어렵다. 초기 마이오세에 해당되는 퇴적층 C의 탄성파 반사면들은 분지의 최남단부에서는 상위층에 경사지게 수렴하나 중-북부에서는 준평행하게 발달된다. 이들 두 지역간의 차이는 분지 남서부를 따라 발달된 주향이동 단층의 영향에 의한 것이며 이들 단층의 활동은 퇴적층 B의 발달이전에 종료되었다. 초기-중기 마이오세의 퇴적층 D내에는 퇴적후의 습곡 및 단층작용이 많이 관찰된다. 본 층은 부분적인 침강에 의해 두께의 변화가 심하다. 올리고세의 퇴적층 E는 하부 기반암 위에 부정합으로 놓여있으며 퇴적초기의 지형에 의한 경사에 의해 기울어 져 있고 퇴적 이 종료된 후의 구조운동에 의 해 습곡되 었다. 퇴적층 D 내에 발달된 화산암층의 절대 연령은 초기 - 중기 마이오세 이며 퇴적층 E 내에 분포하는 응회암층은 희토류 원소 분석 결과 및 고생물 자료 해석에 의하면 Green Tuff Formation 보다 고기의 화산활동에 의한 응회암이다. 탄성파층서 및 퇴적물의 분석 결과에 의하면 분지의 형성후 퇴적된퇴적층 E는 육성 퇴적물로 이루어 져 있으며 대륙지괴의 근원지로부터 퇴적물이 공급되었음을 지시한다. 퇴적층 E가 형성된 후 분지 외부의 퇴적물 공급지가 구조적 요인에 의해 융기하였고, 그 결과로서 퇴적물의 유입, 분지의 침강 및 화산활동이 급격히 증가하였으며 이들로 구성된 퇴적층 D는 화산활동을 수반한 반복조산대로부터 유래되었다.
The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70
The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70