• Anxiety and mood
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.85-94
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• 2014

Non-pharmacological treatments have long been used for paraphilia or sexual offenders, but few clinical studies were conducted. However, recently there were issued cognitive behavioral therapy of paraphilia or sexual offenders based on the research findings obtained so far. In addition, there were the changes of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder by American Psychiatric Association at 2014. The methods of cognitive behavioral therapy for paraphilia or sexual offenders were electric aversion therapy, olfactory aversion therapy, ammonia aversion therapy, covert sensitization, masturbatory reconditioning, directed masturbation, verbal satiation, social skill training, assertiveness training etc. By synthesizing the newly reported foreign guidelines for treatment and review articles, the aim of this study is to investigate the non-pharmacologic therapies used for treatment of paraphilia or sexual offenders.

• BMB Reports
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.421-425
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• 2003

The serine/threonine protein kinase family is a large and diverse group of enzymes that are involved in the regulation of multiple cellular pathways. Elevated kinase activity has been implicated in many diseases and frequently targeted for the development of pharmacological inhibitors. Therefore, non-radioactive antibody-based kinase assays that allow high throughput screening of compound libraries have been developed. However, they require a generation of antibodies against the phosphorylated form of a specific substrate. We report here a time-resolved fluorescence assay platform that utilizes a commercially-available generic anti-phosphothreonine antibody and permits assaying kinases that are able to phosporylate threonin residues on protein substrates. Using this approach, we developed an assay for Cdc7/Dbf4 kinase activity, determined the $K_m$ for ATP, and identified rottlerin as a non-ATP competitive inhibitor of this enzyme.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.207-210
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• 1974

Pharmacological investigation was performed in chickens which were pretreated with reserpine. Transmural stimulations were given to the isolated jejunum of chickens and studied the responses and the effects of dibenamine, propranolol, atropine and tetrodotoxin on them. The results obtained were summerized as follows: 1. Three different patterns of response were obtained from the isolated jejunum of non-treated chickens after giving them transmural stimulation. The first pattern was contraction followed by relaxation, the second pattern was contraction only and the third pattern was relaxation only. 2. The transmural stimulation of the jejunum preparations evoked relaxation while the periarterial stimulation evoked contraction in the reserpinized chick. 3. The relaxation response to the transmural stimulation was not affected by the pretreatment with dibenamine, propranolol and atropine. 4. The relaxation response to the transmural stimulation was abolished by tetrodotoxin. The results obtained in these studies indicate that the relaxation response to the transmural stimulation is due to non-adrenergic inhibitory fibers.

• Korea Science and Art Forum
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• v.31
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• pp.355-365
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• 2017

The future population of Korea is expected to reach the second highest level in the world by 2060 for the elderly. It is because of the rapid development of low fertility and medical technology. The burden of society for the elderly is expected to increase steadily. The elderly person firstly appears functional disorder. They have low ability in memory and in cognitive will be. Their activities are therefore limited. And economic production capacity is sharply reduced. Self-sufficiency is a difficult situation. They need help in economic and social aspects. Products for them need research and development. The elderly have a Mild Cognitive Impairment(MCI) stage with poor cognitive abilities. It is effective to combine pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment methods for people with mild cognitive impairment. The effects of non-pharmacological treatments on music have been proven. This paper is a study on the appearance from the viewpoint of design in the development of ancillary instruments using music therapy techniques with Digital Convergence. For this study, we investigated the preference for external appearance of mild cognitive impairment. Two times surveys were conducted. As a result, the design of home care product for the hard cognitive impaired was different from that of a conventional game machine or set top box. It should be designed according to the user's special circumstances. They are memory and cognitive abilities. Products that meet physical and mental changes must be developed.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.25-34
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• 1983

In this isolated study, it was aimed to elucidate the pharmacological properties of non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic inhibitory responses in the longitudinal strips of rabbit portal vein. 1) The portal vein responded inhibitory to electrical field stimulation in a frequency - and calcium-dependent manner after pretreatment with atropine, guanethidine and ergotamine, simultaneously. 2) When exogenous ATP, ADP, adenosine and cyclic AMP were added, respectively, they only showed the relaxations in the higher concentration without mimicing or affecting the inhibitory response induced by the electrical stimulation. The antagonist of purine substances, neither quinine nor isobutyl-methyl xanthine did influence on the relaxation. 3) The inhibitory response was significantly increased in the presence of $1{\mu}g/ml 4-amino-pyrineine (4-AP) which is $K^+-conduction$ blockade, but higher concentration of 4-AP directly decreased the vascular tone. 4) Though repeated application of ATP revealed the inhibitory effect on the relaxation, however, that of adenosine resulted rather increase of the amplitude. 5) After pretreatment with $^3H-adenosine$, $^3H-efflux$ induced by ATP or adenosine was markedly enhanced, but the electrical stimulation caused less $^3H-efflux$. 6) ^3H-efflux by electrical stimulation was not affected by the administration 4-AP, tetrodotoxin and adenosine.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.74-79
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• 2015

Objectives: Here we investigated the anti-lipogenic potential of kaurenoic acid (KA), a diterpene derived from Aralia continentalis, in a cellular model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Methods: HepG2 cells were treated with palmitate for 24h to induce intracellular lipid accumulation. To assess the influence of KA on steatotic HepG2 cells, various concentration of KA was co-administered. After palmitate treatment, Intracellular triglyceride content was measured. Expression level of several lipogenic genes, sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor-1c (SREBP-1c), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1) were measured using Western-blot analyses or RT-PCR. Results: Palmitate markedly increased intracellular triglyceride level and expression of related lipogenic genes in HepG2 cells, and which was relieved by co-administered KA. Conclusions: It is conceivable that that KA may have a pharmacological potential to reduce lipid accumulation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.34 no.1 s.132
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• pp.45-54
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• 2003

We have conducted to characterize the physico-chemical change and pharmacological transformation of traditional herbal medicines by means of processing. Processed Gardeniae Fructus was prepared by heating of fruit of Gardenia jasminoides(GF) for $30{\sim}50\;minute$ in the roster designed for herb processing. The contents of drying loss, water extract, diluted ethanol extract, ether extract and geniposide in non-processed GF and processed GF were examined. The contents of drying loss, water extract and geniposide in processed GF showed a decrease as compared with those of non-processed GF, however the contents of dilute ethanol and ether extract showed a increase as compared with those of non-processed GF. The rate of decrease/increase of those index were in proportion to heating time. And, biological activities of methanol extract of non-processed GF and processed GF were investigated. DPPH scavenging effects and inhibitory effect of xanthine oxidate and hemolysis of processed GF exhibited more effective than those of non-processed GF in vitro. Accelerating effect of large intestinal transport and purgative action of non- processed GF were discriminated by processing of GF. Methanol extracts of non-pro- cessed GF and processed GF showed the protective effects against the hepatotoxicity induced by ${\alpha}-naphthylisothiocyanate$ in rats. These results suggested that the transformation of biological activities of GF by means of processing may be due to the physico-chemical change of the constituents in GF by heating.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.527-537
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• 2020

Panax ginseng, a medicinal plant, has been used as a blood-nourishing tonic for thousands of years in Asia, including Korea and China. P. ginseng exhibits adaptogen activity that maintains homeostasis by restoring general biological functions and non-specifically enhancing the body's resistance to external stress. Several P. ginseng effects have been reported. Korean Red Ginseng, in particular, has been reported in both basic and clinical studies to possess diverse effects such as enhanced immunity, fatigue relief, memory, blood circulation, and anti-oxidation. Moreover, it also protects against menopausal symptoms, cancer, cardiac diseases, and neurological disorders. The active components found in most Korean Red Ginseng varieties are known to include ginsenosides, polysaccharides, peptides, alkaloids, polyacetylene, and phenolic compounds. In this review, the identity and bioactivity of the non-saponin components of Korean Red Ginseng discovered to date are evaluated and the components are classified into polysaccharide and nitrogen compounds (protein, peptide, amino acid, nucleic acid, and alkaloid), as well as fat-soluble components such as polyacetylene, phenols, essential oils, and phytosterols. The distinct bioactivity of Korean Red Ginseng was found to originate from both saponin and non-saponin components rather than from only one or two specific components. Therefore, it is important to consider saponin and non-saponin elements together.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.129-138
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• 2002

Objectives：In order to treatment guideline of ADHD, present clinical practise of child psychiatrists and their opinion of optimal intervention were evaluated. Methods：Structured questionnaire items about diagnostic workup, drug choice of 5 different situations according to different co-morbid disorders, and non - pharmacological treatment were applied to 32 child psychiatrists working at university and general hospital. we compared the data with Texas Algorithm Project guideline. Results：(1) Intelligence Test, Sentence Completion Test, sustained attention test, and Conner's questionnaire were the basic routine test that must be performed. (2) Main trend of medication in this study was not different from TAP guideline. (3) In case of co-morbid tic disorder, first recommending drug is still psychostimulant in the TAP guideline. But in this study initial psychostimulant prescription was not main trend. (4) In case of MPH non-response co-morbid disruptive behavior disorder, MPH medication combined with other drug were more common than switching to other drug as suggested the TAP guidelines. (5) In non-pharmacological treatment, most child psychiatrists reported the importance of parent management. Conclusion：There were some difference in medication trend in this study compared with TAP guideline. Further study and conference are needed for experts consensus in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.121-130
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• 2020

Background: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), manual acupuncture (MA), and spinal cord stimulation (SCS) are used to treat a variety of pain conditions. These non-pharmacological treatments are often thought to work through similar mechanisms, and thus should have similar effects for different types of pain. However, it is unclear if each of these treatments work equally well on each type of pain condition. The purpose of this study was to compared the effects of TENS, MA, and SCS on neuropathic, inflammatory, and non-inflammatory pain models. Methods: TENS 60 Hz, 200 ㎲, 90% motor threshold (MT), SCS was applied at 60 Hz, an intensity of 90% MT, and a 0.25 ms pulse width. MA was performed by inserting a stainless-steel needle to a depth of about 4-5 mm at the Sanyinjiao (SP6) and Zusanli (ST36) acupoints on a spared nerve injury (SNI), knee joint inflammation (3% carrageenan), and non-inflammatory muscle pain (intramuscular pH 4.0 injections) in rats. Mechanical withdrawal thresholds of the paw, muscle, and/or joint were assessed before and after induction of the pain model, and daily before and after treatment. Results: The reduced withdrawal thresholds were significantly reversed by application of either TENS or SCS (P < 0.05). MA, on the other hand, increased the withdrawal threshold in animals with SNI and joint inflammation, but not chronic muscle pain. Conclusions: TENS and SCS produce similar effects in neuropathic, inflammatory and non-inflammatory muscle pain models while MA is only effective in inflammatory and neuropathic pain models.