• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.928-933
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• 2006

Percutaneous delivery of NSAIDs has advantages of avoiding hepatic first pass effect and delivering the drug for extended period of time at a sustained, concentrated level at the inflammation site that mainly acts at the joint and the related regions. To develop the new topical formulations of pranoprofen that have suitable bioadhesion, the gel was formulated using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and poloxamer 407. The effects of temperature on drug release was performed at $32^{\circ}C$, $37^{\circ}C$ and $42^{\circ}C$ according to drug concentration of 0.04%, 0.08%, 0.12%, 0.16%, and 0.2% (w/w) using synthetic cellulose membrane at $37{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$. The increase of temperature showed the increased drug release. The activation energy (Ea), which were calculated from the slope of lop P versus 1000/T plots was 11.22 kcal/ mol for 0.04%, 10.79 kcal/mol for 0.08%, 10.41 kcal/mol for 0.12% and 8.88 kcal/mol for 0.16% loading dose from the pranoprofen gel. To increase the drug permeation, some kinds of penetration enhancers such as the ethylene glycols, the propylene glycols, the glycerides, the non-ionic surfactants and the fatty acids were incorporated in the gel formulation. Among the various enhancers used, propylene glycol mono laurate showed the highest enhancing effects with the enhancement factor of 2.74. The results of this study suggest that development of topical gel formulation of pranoprofen containing an enhancer is feasible.

• BMB Reports
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.540-544
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• 1996

Ferritins from germinated pumpkin seeds were isolated by ammonium sulfate precipitation (0.55 saturation), ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, and gel filtration chromatographies on Sephacryl S-300 and Sephadex G-100. Pumpkin ferritin contains less iron than soybean ferritin. Pumpkin ferritin cross-reacted with anti-soybean ferritin antiserum made in rabbit, and showed two distinct antibody reactive bands, both of equal intensity. The pumpkin ferritins corresponding to the two bands were separable by centrifugation in a sucrose gradient (20~50%). The molecular weights of the native pumpkin ferritins based on the estimation of sucrose gradient centrifugation, gel filtration on Sephacryl S-300 and non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis appeared to be: 530~580 KD (the large molecular weight pumpkin ferritin) and 330-360 KD (the small molecular weight pumpkin ferritin) The large molecular weight pumpkin ferritin contains less iron. Both pumpkin ferritins cross-reacted with anti-soybean ferritin antibody with a spur formation suggesting partial antigenic recognition.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Mechanical Technology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.1-7
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• 2011

The paper concerns numerical study of fully developed laminar flow of a Newtonian water and non-Newtonian fluids, 0.2% aqueous of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC) solution in eccentric annuli with combined bulk axial flow and inner cylinder rotation. Pressure losses and skin friction coefficients have been measured when the inner cylinder rotates at the speed of 0~200 rpm. A numerical analysis considered mainly the effects of annular eccentricity and inner cylinder rotation. The present analysis has demonstrated the importance of the drill pipe rotation and eccentricity. In eccentricity of 0.7 of a Newtonian water, the flow field is recirculation dominated and unexpected behavior is observed. it generates a strong rotation directed layer, that two opposing effects act to create two local peaks of the axial velocity. The influences of rotation, radius ratio and working fluid on the annular flow field are investigated.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.24 no.6_2
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• pp.737-744
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• 2021

An investigation is conducted to study a solid-liquid mixture vertically upward hydraulic transport of solid particles by non-Newtonian fluids in the Mud system. Rheology of particulate suspensions in viscoelastic fluids is of importance in many applications such as particle removal from surfaces, transport of proppants in fractured reservoir and cleaning of drilling holes, etc. In this study a clear acrylic pipe was used in order to observe the movement of solid particles. Annular velocities varied from 0.4 m/s to 1.2 m/s. The mud systems which were utilized included aqueous solution of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) solutions. Main parameters considered in the study were inner-pipe rotary speed, fluid flow regime and particle injection rate. Solid volumetric concentration and pressure drops were measured for the various parameters such as inclination angle, flow rate, and rotational speed of inner cylinder.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.317-325
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• 2022

Polymers are the major constructive material of pharmaceutical formulations that play a prime role in designing effective drug-delivery systems and releasing drugs at their sites of application. Polymers are composed of multiple repeating units of high molecular mass components with attendant properties. Most synthetic polymers are non-biocompatible, expensive, and extremely inclined to deliver adverse impacts. Meanwhile, edible polymers obtained from natural sources have gained remarkable recognition for their promising use in modern medicine. Moreover, polymers derived from natural sources are generally preferred due to certain of their unique features such as abundant availability, biocompatibility, nontoxicity, economical, safe, and effective functions that fit the purpose. Polysaccharides including starch, cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and mucilage are identified as a major class of naturally obtained molecules that have a substantial role as functional polymers. This review summarizes the potential role of polysaccharides derived from vegetable sources such as adhesives, anticaking agents, binders, disintegrants, emulsifiers, film-framing agents, and thickeners. This is simply an opportunity to abandon synthetic excipients that hurt our bodies and think back to nature from where we originate.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.27 no.1 s.53
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• pp.51-58
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• 2005

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cigarette filter on in vitro cytotoxicity of cigarette mainstream smoke from the cigarette. In this work, we used 3 types of cigarettes included non-filtered 2R4F cigarette, cellulose acetate-filtered 2R4F cigarette, and carbon dual-filtered 2R4F cigarette which was made from original 2R4F by replacing with an acetate filter containing carbon. The cytotoxicity of both the cigarette smoke condensate (CSC), which was collected in Cambridge filter pad, and the gas/vapor phase (GVP), which was bubbled through in phosphate-buffered saline in a gas-washing bottle, was determined using a neutral red uptake assay with CHO-K1 cells. With regard to cytotoxicity when calculated on an equal puff basis, the cytotoxicity of CSC from the filtered cigarettes was lower than that of the non filtered cigarette. Also, $EC_{50}$ vlaue of GVP from carbon filter cigarette was 40.9 puff/L, indicating the cytotoxicity to be $20\%$ lower than that of the CA filter cigarette. The cytotoxicity of the GVP was correlated to the several vapor phase components (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, acrolein, crotonaldehyde and MEK). In conclusion, carbon filter, which significantly reduced the amount of carbonyl compounds in mainstream cigarette smoke, results in significant reductions in the cytotoxicity potential of the smoke.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.156-164
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• 2003

It has been known that the natural colorants exhibit good dye-uptake toward cotton, silk, and wool fibers, while they do poorly toward synthetic fibers. This study utilizes the chitosan treatment in order to improve the dye-uptake for the natural fibers and to enable the synthetic fibers, whose dye-uptake levels are low, show better affinity toward the natural colorants. Since chitosan has $-NH_2$ group and -OH group in the structure, the dyeability of the fabric will be improved when the fabric is treated with the chitosan. Cotton fabric as one of the natural fiber fabrics and nylon fabric as one of the synthetic fiber fabrics were selected for this study. 1. In case of cotton fabric, the chiosan treatment takes effect for the Caesalpinia sappan and cochineal, resulting in remarkable ${\Delta}E$ increase after dyeing. Chitosan helps in developing dark shade by increasing the uptake of the Caesalpinia sappan and cochineal. It does not, however, participate in the developing of the specific color as does a metallic mordant. 2. In case of dyeing cotton fabric with Gardenia jasminoides, the effect of the treatment with mordant and chitosan is not very pronounced. It is thought that the Gardenia jasminoides uptake is accomplished in a direct manner in the cellulose chains without the aid of mordant. 3. Air-permeability is decreased when the non-mordanted and non-chitosan treated cotton fabric is dyed with Caesalpinia sappan, cochineal, and Gardenia jasminoides. 4. In case of nylon fabric, premordanting and chitosan treatments are not highly effective in promoting the dye-uptake.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2001.11b
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• pp.324-329
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• 2001

This experimental study concerns the characteristics of a transitional flow in a concentric annulus with a diameter ratio of 0.52, whose outer cylinder is stationary and inner one rotating. The pressure losses and skin-friction coefficients have been measured for the fully developed flow of $0.1\sim0.4%$ aqueous solution of sodium carbomethyl cellulose (CMC), respectively at inner cylinder rotational speed of $0\sim600rpm$. The transitional flow has been examined by the measurement of pressure losses to reveal the relation of the Reynolds and Rossby numbers with the skin-friction coefficients. The present results show that the skin-friction coefficients have the significant relation with the Rossby numbers, only for laminar regime. The occurrence of transition has been checked by the gradient changes of pressure losses and skin-friction coefficients with respect to the Reynolds numbers. The increasing rate of skin-friction coefficients due to the rotation in uniform for laminar flow regime, whereas it is suddenly reduced for transitional flow regime and, then, is gradually declined for turbulent flow regime. Consequently, the critical(axial-flow) Reynolds number decrease as the rotational speed increases. Thus, the rotation of inner cylinder promotes the early occurrence of transition due to the onset of taylor vortices.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.79-86
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• 2006

This study purposes to find the best one for dyeing with artemisia in order to develop a more efficient method of dyeing with artemisia and investigates the antibiotic activities of artemisia. After dyeing cotton, rayon, silk, wool and nylon fabrics with dyebath extracted from artemisia, observation on dyeability by temperature, concentration and time has been carried out. And I took an observation on color change, color fastness to washing and color fastness to light after mordanting treatment. Also observation on the antibiotic properties of non-dyed fabrics, artemisia-dyed fabrics and artemisia-dyed fabrics with post-mordant has been performed to investigate the antibiotic activities of artemisia. And the following results have been obtained. 1. The dyeability of artemisia was better for protein fabrics such as silk or woo and amide-based synthetic fabrics like nylon than for cellulose fabrics such as cotton and rayon. 2. For all tested fabrics, the dyeability was increased as the concentration of artemisia dyebath, dyeing time and dyeing temperature was increased. Especially the dye ability for protein fabrics was most affected by the temperature, and high dyeability was obtained at high temperatures. 3. For the color fastness of artemisia-dyed fabrics with mordanting treatment, the color fastness to washing was good with grade of 4-5 while the color fastness to light ranged from grade 2 to grade 3, which requires improvement for practical use. 4. The artemisia-dyed fabrics were shown to have much higher antibiosis than the non-dyed fabrics, and the artemisia-dyed fabrics with mortanting treatment showed the following result; Cu 99.9%, Al 64% and bittern 64.7%.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.48-53
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• 1996

Brown rot fungus, Tyromyces palustris, has been reported to cause the loss of strength accelerated by oxalate, a non-enzymatic low molecular weight acid, with minute weight loss of decaying wood in early stage. The production of oxalate in relation to wood decaying and the presence of oxaloacetase. an oxalate producing enzyme, were identified during the process. Tyromyces palustris produced the largest amount of oxalate among brown rot fungi. In order to find out the cleavage of pulp fiber, we submerged pulp fiber in oxalate solution and the results showed that the number of short pulp fiber was highly increased, compared with control solution. The pH of decaying wood was decreased to 1.77 which was close to that of saturated oxalate solution, pH 1.2, Thus, the oxalate was thought to be accumulated in the decaying wood, The oxaloacetase which accelerates production of oxalate was derived from fungus, and the production of oxalate by the enzyme was determined by using on UV/Vis spectrophotometer. Therefore, the oxalate was found to be produced by oxaloacetase during decay. The oxalate may cause the acid-hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose. The oxalate was thought to reduce the degree of polymerization and increase the enzyme activity, which resulted in rapid loss of strength in early stage-an identical feature of brown rot fungus.