• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제108권2호
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• pp.139-146
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• 2019

This study was conducted to determine the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) distribution within tree components (i.e., stem, branches, leaves, and roots) of the Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi Carriere) plantation and natural oriental cork oak (Quercus variabilis Blume) stands. Fifteen Japanese larch and 15 oriental cork oak trees were destructively sampled to compare the C and N stocks in the components of the trees from three different regions-Hadong-gun, Hamyang-gun and Sancheong-gun-in Gyeongnam Province, South Korea. Species-specific allometric equations were developed to estimate the C and N contents in the tree components based on the diameter at breast height (DBH). There were differences in mean C and N concentrations between the Japanese larch and the oriental cork oak. The mean C concentrations of the tree componentswere significantly higher in Japanese larch than in oriental cork oak; whereas, the N concentration in the stems was significantly lower in Japanese larch than in oriental cork oak. The allometric equations developed for C and N content were significant (p < 0.05) with a coefficient of determination ($R^2$) of 0.76 to 0.99. The C and N stocks in the tree components do not appear to be affected by the species such as Japanese larch plantations and oriental cork oak stands. This study emphasizes the importance of C and N concentrations to estimate the C and N distribution according to tree components in different tree species.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.828-832
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• 2013

IPCC 2006 guideline에서 제시한 Tier 3 수준에 맞게 배나무 과수원의 온실가스 저장량을 산정하기 위하여, 전라남도 나주에 위치한 농촌진흥청 배시험장 재배포장($35^{\circ}01^{\prime}27.70N$, $126^{\circ}44^{\prime}53.50^{\prime\prime}E$, 표고 6m)에 $5.0{\times}3.0m$ 간격으로 재식된 Y자 수형의 15년생 배 '신고(Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai cv. Niitaka)' 재배지를 대상으로 과수와 재배지 토양의 총 탄소 및 질소 저장량을 측정하였다. 이를 위해 2012년 8월, 3반복으로 과수를 굴취하여 주간, 주지, 측지, 잎, 과일, 뿌리로 분류하였고, 과수 주간으로부터 약 0.5m 떨어진 지점에서 0.6m 깊이까지 0.1m 간격으로 토양을 채취하였다. 나무 한그루당 건물중은 주간이 4.7kg, 주지가 13.3kg, 측지가 13.9kg, 잎이 3.7kg, 과일이 6.7kg, 뿌리가 14.1kg이었다. 단위 질량당 총 탄소 및 질소의 함량은 주간에서 각 2.3kg과 0.02kg, 주지에서 6.4kg과 0.07kg, 측지에서 6.4kg과 0.09kg, 뿌리에서 6.5kg과 0.07kg, 잎에서 1.7kg과 0.07kg, 과일에서 3.2kg과 0.03kg 이었다. 재식밀도(667trees/ha)를 기준으로, 탄소와 질소는 재배지 토양에 각각 138.29 및 $13.31Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$가 저장되어 있었고, 과수에 각각 17.66 및 $0.23Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$씩 보유되어 있었다. 이를 종합한 결과 과수 재배지에서 탄소는 $155.95Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$, 질소는 $13.54Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$가 저장되어 있었다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제111권2호
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• pp.234-241
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• 2022

본 연구는 고령토 광산 식생 복원지와 인접 소나무 임분을 대상으로 토양양분 저장량을 비교하고 복원지 식생의 잎 양분 농도와 토양 특성과의 관계를 조사하였다. 경상남도 산청군에 위치한 고령토 광산은 복원 식생으로 목본은 상수리나무와 잣나무, 초본은 큰김의털과 비수리가 식재 또는 파종되었다. 한편, 일부 식생 복원지는 인접 산림으로부터 유입된 물오리나무, 아까시나무, 싸리류 등이 침입 식생으로 분포하였다. 토양 0~10 cm 깊이의 탄소 및 질소 저장량은 소나무 임분이 식생 복원지에 비해 유의적으로 높았으나(P < 0.05), 인, 포타슘, 마그네슘 저장량은 유의적인 차이가 없었으며, 칼슘 저장량은 식생 복원지가 높게 나타났다. 식생 복원지에 조성된 비수리 잎 내 질소 농도는 20.28 mg N g^-1로 큰김의털 5.67 mg N g^-1에 비해 약 3배 정도 높았으나, 포타슘 농도는 비수리가 9.07 mg K g^-1로 큰김의털 18.8 mg K g^-1에 비해 약 2배정도 낮았다. 침입 식생인 물오리나무, 싸리류, 아까시나무는 잣나무나 상수리나무 같은 식재 수종에 비해 잎 내 질소 농도가 2~4배 정도 높게 나타났다. 본 연구에 따르면 고령토 광산 식생 복원지의 열악한 토양 특성을 고려할 때 복원 수종으로 질소고정식물을 식재하거나 파종하고 토양 비옥도를 향상할 수 있는 산림 사업이 필요한 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.43-60
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• 2019

Background: Tropical montane forests played an important role in the provision of ecosystem services. The intense degradation and deforestation for the need of agricultural land expansion result in a significant decline of forest cover. However, the expansion of agricultural land did not completely destruct natural forests. There remain forests inaccessible for agricultural and grazing purpose. Studies on these forests remained scant, motivating to investigate biomass and soil carbon stocks. Data of biomass and soils were collected in 80 quadrats ($400m^2$) systematically in 5 forests. Biomass and disturbance gradients were determined using allometric equation and disturbance index, respectively. The regression modeling is employed to explore the spatial distribution of carbon stock along disturbance and environmental gradients. Correlation analysis is also employed to identify the relation between site factors and carbon stocks. Results: The result revealed that a total of 1655 individuals with a diameter of ${\geq}5cm$, representing 38 species, were measured in 5 forests. The mean aboveground biomass carbon stocks (AGB CS) and soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks at 5 forests were $191.6{\pm}19.7$ and $149.32{\pm}6.8Mg\;C\;ha^{-1}$, respectively. The AGB CS exhibited significant (P < 0.05) positive correlation with SOC and total nitrogen (TN) stocks, reflecting that biomass seems to be a general predictor of SOCs. AGB CS between highly and least-disturbed forests was significantly different (P < 0.05). This disturbance level equates to a decrease in AGB CS of 36.8% in the highly disturbed compared with the least-disturbed forest. In all forests, dominant species sequestrated more than 58% of carbon. The AGB CS in response to elevation and disturbance index and SOC stocks in response to soil pH attained unimodal pattern. The stand structures, such as canopy cover and basal area, had significant positive relation with AGB CS. Conclusions: Study results confirmed that carbon stocks of studied forests were comparable to carbon stocks of protected forests. The biotic, edaphic, topographic, and disturbance factors played a significant variation in carbon stocks of forests. Further study should be conducted to quantify carbon stocks of herbaceous, litter, and soil microbes to account the role of the whole forest ecosystem.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.779-786
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• 1996

The main purpose of this study was to estimate the role of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) released from sediment and denitrification process in sediment on the nitrogen budget of Hiroshima Bay by means of collecting data on distributions and budgets of nitrogen and phosphorus in the bay, DIN fluxes across sediment-water interface and denitrification rates in the sediments of the same area. The TN : TP and DIN:DIP atomic ratios of the discharged freshwater were about 26 and 21, respectively. The standing stocks in the seawater of the TN : TP atomic ratio varied from 8 to 14 with an annual mean value of 11, while the DIN : DIP atomic ratio varied from 10 to 15 with an annual mean value of 12 in the bay. The residence time of nitrogen and phosphorus were estimated to be about 109 days and 200 days in the bay, respectively. The proportion of DIN released from sediment and denitrification rate to the loading of total nitrogen into Hiroshima Bay were $45\%\;(37\~82\%)\;and\;13\%(0.0\~37\%)$, respectively, and the amount of nitrogen through denitrification process was 6.5 times larger than the outflow of nitrogen from the bay. The results show that DIN released from sediment and denitrification process in sediment play important roles on the nitrogen budget in Hiroshima Bay.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.202-216
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• 2017

Nitrogen (N) is an essential macronutrient. Thus, evaluating its flows and stocks in rice paddy ecosystems provides important insights into the sustainability and environmental loads of rice production. Among the N sources of paddy fields, atmospheric deposition and irrigation inputs remain poorly understood. In particular, insufficient information is available for atmosphere-rice paddy exchange of gaseous and particulate reactive N (Nr, all N species other than molecular N) which represents the net input or output through dry deposition and emission. In this study, we assessed the N inputs via atmospheric deposition and irrigation to a Japanese rice paddy area by weekly monitoring for 2 years with special emphasis on gas and particle exchange. The rice paddy during the cropping season acted as a net emitter of ammonia ($NH_3$) to the atmosphere regardless of the N fertilizer applications, which reduced the effects of dry deposition to the N input. Dry N deposition was quantitatively similar to wet N deposition, when subtracting the rice paddy $NH_3$ emissions from N exchange. The annual N inputs to the rice paddy were 3.2 to $3.6\;kg\;N\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ for exchange, 8.1 to $9.8\;kg\;N\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ for wet deposition, and 11.1 to $14.5\;kg\;N\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ for irrigation. The total N input, 22.8 to $27.5\;kg\;N\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$, corresponded to 38% to 55% of the N fertilizer application rate and 53% to 67% of the brown rice N uptake. Monitoring of atmospheric deposition and irrigation as N sources for rice paddies will therefore be necessary for adequate N management.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.499-508
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• 2019

사과 '후지'/M.9 포트묘목 개발을 위해 질소시비농도에 따른 생장특성을 조사하고, 포트 우량묘목 생산에 적합한 질소시비농도와 잎의 무기영양성분 함량 및 토양 화학성의 안정성을 확인하였다. 질소시비농도가 높아질수록 묘목의 생장은 증가되었고, 특히16 mM 처리가 수체 생장에 가장 좋았으며, 우량묘목 판단기준에 부합하였다. 32 mM 이상의 고농도는 오히려 생장을 감소시켰다. 잎의 무기영양성분 함량은 8, 16 mM 처리구에서 기존 사과과원의 적정수준보다 높았고, 이러한 무기영양성분은 정식 후 수체 생장에 도움이 될 것으로 생각되었다. 토양 화학성 또한 8, 16 mM 처리구에서 안정적이었다. 따라서 수체생육, 잎의 무기영양성분, 포트 내 토양화학성을 고려한 결과, 사과 '후지'/M.9 우량 포트묘목 생산을 위한 적정 질소시비량은 16 mM로 판단되었다.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.591-597
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• 2015

IPCC 2006 지침에서 제시한 Tier 3 수준에 맞게 배나무 과수원의 온실가스 저장량을 산정하기 위하여, '신고(Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai cv. Niitaka)' 배 재배지를 대상으로 1년 시비에 따른 과수와 재배지 토양의 총 탄소와 질소 저장량을 평가하였다. 이를 위해 전라남도 나주에 위치한 농촌진흥청 배시험장 재배포장에서 $5.0{\times}3.0$으로 재식된 Y수형의 16년 생 '신고'배에 질소와 인, 칼륨비료를 각각 $200kg\;N{\cdot}ha^{-1}$, $130kg\;P{\cdot}ha^{-1}$, $180kg\;K{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ 시비하였다. 2013년 8월, 배나무 수체와 토양의 총탄소와 질소 함량을 평가하기 위해 샘플을 채취하였다. 과수는 굴취하여 주간, 주지, 측지, 잎, 과일, 뿌리로 분류하여, 총탄소와 질소 함량, 건중량을 조사하였다. 토양은 과수 주간으로부터 약 0.5m 떨어진 지점에서 0.6cm 깊이까지 0.1m 간격으로 토양을 채취하여, 풍건한 뒤 2mm체에 통과시킨 시료를 채취하여 총 탄소와 질소 함량을 분석하였다. 나무 한 그루당 건중량은 주간은 5.6kg, 주지는 12.0kg, 측지는 15.7kg, 잎은 5.7kg, 과일은 9.8kg, 뿌리가 10.5kg 이었다. 나무 한 그루당 총탄소와 질소 함량은 주간에서 2.6C kg, 0.02N kg였고, 주지는 5.5C kg, 0.04N kg, 측지는 7.2C kg, 0.07N kg, 잎은 2.6C kg, 0.11N kg, 과일은 4.0C kg, 0.03N kg, 뿌리에서는 4.8C kg, 0.05N kg이였다. 재식밀도(667trees/ha)를 기준으로 산정하였을 때, 토양에 저장되는 탄소량은 155.7Mg, 질소량은 14.0 Mg이였으며, 수체에 저장되는 탄소량은 $17.8Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$, 질소량은 $0.2Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$이였다. 따라서 배나무 재배지 내에 저장되는 총탄소량은 173.6Mg였으며, 질소량은 14.2Mg이었다. 이를 작년 2012년 결과와 비교하였을 때, 1년 시비 결과 배 과수원의 탄소 저장량은 $17.7Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ 증가하였으나, 질소 저장량은 변화가 거의 없었다($0.66Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$).

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.37-45
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• 2013

The monthly variations of blood characteristics and RNA/DNA of black sea bream, Acanthopagrus schlegeli, habituated in Geojae costal area were analysed to determine health condition of natural stocks in terms of gonad maturation and spawning season from March 2010 to February 2011. Spawning season determinated by gonadosomatic index is from June to August. RNA/DNA ratio of black sea bream muscle was strongly correlated with spawning season. During the gonad maturation RNA/DNA ratio in dorsal muscle tissue was decreased contrast to rapid increase during spawning season. Blood composition factors increased in terms of gonad maturation are aspartate aminotransferase, cholesterol, triglyceride, total protein, glucose, globulin, alkaline phosphatase and inorganic phosphate. Other blood factors increased during spawning season are alanine aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid and lactate dehydrogenase.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.9-14
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• 2024

Quantitative evaluation of nutrient status and stoichiometry on the forest floor is a good indicator of litter quality in various vegetation types. This study was conducted to determine the effects of vegetation type on the nutrient concentration and stoichiometry of forest floors at a regional scale. Forest floor samples were collected from four vegetation types of evergreen coniferous forests including Cryptomeria japonica, Chamaecyparis obtusa, evergreen broadleaf, and bamboo spp. forests in southern Korea. The dry weight of the forest floor was higher in the C. japonica and C. obtusa forests than in the evergreen broadleaf and bamboo forests. The mean carbon (C) concentrations of the forest floor were highest in the broadleaf forest, followed by the bamboo forest, C. japonica and C. obtusa forests. Mean nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) concentrations in the the coniferous forests were lower than those in the broadleaf and bamboo forests. The mean C:N ratio was the highest in C. obtusa forest (118±25), followed by C. japonica (66±6), evergreen broadleaf (41±1), and bamboo (30±1) forests. However, C:P and N:P ratios were lower in the coniferous forests than in the broadleaf forest indicating that the stoichiometry of the forest floor varies across vegetation types. The C, N, and P stocks on the forest floor were higher in the C. obtusa forest than in the broadleaf or bamboo forests. These results highlight that vegetation type-dependent stoichiometric ratio is an useful indicator for understanding interspecific difference in quality and quantity of the forest floor.