• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.111-120
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• 2014

인천시내에 유통되는 오렌지, 키위 등 215건의 과일에 대하여 분석대상 농약 259종에 대한 잔류농약 모니터링을 실시하였다. 전체 수거 과일의 56.3%에서 기준이내 농약이 검출되었으며, 이중 수입과일은 60.8%, 국내산 과일은 45.1%의 검출률을 나타내었으나 농약잔류허용기준을 초과한 품목은 없었다. 그 중 감귤류의 농약 검출률은 83.9%로 상당히 높은 수준으로 나타났다. 농약성분별 검출빈도는 carbendazim(13.1%), imazalil(11.7%), thiabendazole(10.7%), fludioxonil(9.8%) 순으로, 검출된 농약의 위해성 평가결과 해당 농산물섭취에 따른 인체 유입 농약의 일일섭취추정량 ADI%는 0.00011~0.98795% 수준으로 위해성은 낮은 것으로 추정된다. 또한, 감귤류와 같은 과피를 제거 하고 섭취하는 과일은 과피 제거로 91.6%의 잔류농약 경감 효과를 나타내었으며, 세척 후 섭취하는 형태인 포도나 체리 등은 수돗물 침지 후 세척법에 의해서 평균 43.1%의 잔류농약 감소를 보여, 과일섭취에 따른 위해성 역시 상당부분 감소할 것으로 보인다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.119-128
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• 2007

산란계의 생산성, 계란 품질, 질소와 인의 흡수량과 배설량 및 회장 소화율에 미치는 파이타제의 첨가 효과를 구명하고자 사료에 0, 300, 600 FTU/kg의 파이타제를 첨가하여 4주간 사양 시험 종료후 1주간 대사실험을 실시하였다. 공시동물은 산란율이 유사한 55주령 White Leghorn 산란계 162수$(1.6{\pm}0.3\;kg)$를 공시하였으며, 처리구는 첨가 수준에 따라 P0(대조구), P1(300 FTU/kg), P2(600 FTU/kg)의 3처리구로 나누고, 처리구당 6반복, 반복당 9수씩 완전임의 배치하였다. 산란율은 파이타제 첨가 수준에 따라 증가하였다. 계란 품질은 난중, 난각 두께, 하우유니트와 난황색 모두 처리구간에 차이를 보이지 않았으나(p>0.05), 난각 강도는 파이타제 처리구에서 4주째에 각각 3.86 $kg/cm^2$와 3.85 $kg/cm^2$로 나타나 파이타제 첨가에 따른 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 질소 배설량과 흡수량은 처리구간에 차이가 없었으나(p>0.05), 인 배설량과 흡수량은 파이타제 첨가구에서 대조구에 비해 배설량이 크게 감소하고 흡수량은 증가하였다(p<0.05). 파이타제 첨가에 따른 영양소와 아미노산의 소화율은 조섬유, 조회분, 칼슘과 인, 필수 아미노산 중 lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, 비필수 아미노산 중 alanine, cystine, glutamic acid, glycine, tyrosine의 소화율을 유의적으로 증가시켰다(p<0.05). 이 실험 결과 산란계에 미생물유래 파이타제 급여는 산란율을 향상시키고, 인 배설량을 낮추며, 흡수량을 증가시키지만, 계란 품질에 미치는 영향이 없었고, 소화율에 대한 영향은 추후의 연구가 필요하다고 사료된다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.435-443
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• 2014

마늘을 0, 10, 20 및 30% 첨가하여 된장을 제조한 후 6주간 숙성시키면서 1주 간격으로 된장의 품질 관련인자의 변화를 분석하였다. 명도는 마늘 농도와는 상관없이 모든 시료가 숙성기간이 길어짐에 따라 그 값이 감소하였으며, 마늘 첨가 농도가 높아질수록 더 낮았다. 황색도는 숙성 후기에 그 값이 감소하였는데, 대조군보다 마늘 첨가된장에서 더 낮았다. 제조 직후와 비교하여 숙성 1주차에 pH는 크게 감소하고 산도는 증가하였으나 그 이후로는 불규칙한 증감을 보였으며, 마늘의 첨가 농도에 따른 통계적인 유의차도 없었다. 아미노태 질소는 숙성 5주차까지 지속적으로 증가하는 경향을 나타내었는데, 숙성 5주차와 6주에는 시료군간에 유의적인 차이가 없어 마늘의 첨가가 된장의 아미노태 질소 함량에 큰 영향을 미치지 않음을 확인할 수 있었다. 환원당 역시 숙성기간이 길어짐에 따라 그 함량 역시 증가하였는데, 제조 직후에 비하여 숙성 6주 뒤에는 모든 시료군에서 약 2.5배 증가하였다. 이소플라본 함량은 숙성시간의 경과와 더불어 감소하는 경향을 보였으며 숙성 초기에는 배당체 형태의 함량이 높았으나 후기로 갈수록 그 함량은 감소하고 비배당체 형태는 증가하는 경향이었다. Bacillus는 마늘의 첨가량에 따른 차이가 없었으나 효모수는 마늘의 첨가량이 높을수록 적었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.102-110
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• 2015

The purpose of this experiment was to determine and compare the digestibility of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in full-oil (no oil extracted) and de-oiled (oil extracted) corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) with different condensed distillers solubles (CDS) ratios. Six barrows ($29.6{\pm}2.3kg$) fitted with ileal T-cannula were allotted into a $6{\times}6$ Latin square design. Each period was comprised of a 5-d adaption period followed by a 2-d collection of ileal digesta. The five test diets contained 62% DDGS as the sole source of AA. A nitrogen-free diet was used to measure the basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Chromic oxide (0.3%) was used as an index in each diet. The results showed that CP and AA were very similar in 5 DDGS, but the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of lysine (from 56.16% to 71.15%) and tryptophan (from 54.90% to 68.38%) had the lowest values and largest variation within the essential AA, which suggests reduced availability of AA and different levels of Maillard reactions in the five DDGS. The apparent ileal digestibility and SID of CP and most of AA in full-oil DDGS (sources 1 and 2) were greater (p<0.05) than de-oiled DDGS (sources 3, 4, and 5). Comparing the AA SID in the 5 DDGS, full-oil with low CDS ratio DDGS (source 1) had non-significantly higher values (p>0.05) than full-oil with high CDS ratio DDGS (source 2); however, the SID of most AA of de-oiled with low CDS ratios DDGS (source 3) were non-significantly lower (p>0.05) than de-oiled with high CDS ratio DDGS (source 4); and the de-oiled DDGS with middle CDS ratio (source 5) but with different drying processing had the lowest SID AA values. In conclusion, de-oiled DDGS had lower SID of CP and AA than full-oil DDGS; a higher CDS ratio tended to decrease the SID of AA in full-oil DDGS but not in de-oiled DDGS; and compared with CDS ratio, processing, especially drying, may have more of an effect on AA digestibility of DDGS.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권10호
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• pp.1660-1669
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• 2018

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of probiotics (Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecium) and xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, serum profiles, intestinal health, fecal microbiota and noxious gas emission in weanling pigs. Methods: A total of 240 weanling pigs ([Yorkshire${\times}$Landrace]${\times}$Duroc) with an average body weight (BW) of $6.3{\pm}0.15kg$ were used in this 28-day trial. Pigs were randomly allocated in 1 of the following 4 dietary treatments in a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement with 2 levels of probiotics (0 and 500 mg/kg probiotics) and XOS (0 and 200 mg/kg XOS) based on the BW and sex. Results: Administration of probiotics or XOS improved average daily gain (p<0.05) during 0 to 14 d and the overall period, while pigs that were treated with XOS had a greater average daily gain and feed efficiency (p<0.05) compared with unsupplemented treatments throughout 15 to 28 d and the whole experiment. Either probiotics or XOS treatments increased the apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients (p<0.05) during 0 to 14 d. No effects on serum profiles were observed among treatments. The XOS increased villus height: crypt depth ratio in jejunum (p<0.05). The supplementation of probiotics (500 mg/kg) or XOS (200 mg/kg) alone improved the apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen and gross energy on d 14, the activity of trypsin and decreased fecal NH3 concentration (p<0.05). Administration of XOS decreased fecal Escherichia coli counts (p<0.05), while increased lactobacilli (p<0.05) on d 14. There was no interaction between dietary supplementation of probiotics and XOS. Conclusion: Inclusion of XOS at 200 mg/kg or probiotics (Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecium) at 500 mg/kg in diets containing no antibiotics significantly improved the growth performance of weanling pigs. Once XOS is supplemented, further providing of probiotics is not needed since it exerts little additional effects.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제25권7호
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• pp.543-554
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• 1992

True metabolizable energy(TME) is believed a better indicator for animal performance than apparent metabolizable energy (AME) for excluding the endogenous energy losses from excreta, However few researches have been conducted to compare superiority of any energy systems through practical animal feeding tests. Present study was to compare the energy systems in young chicks in terms of predictability of energy intake for the birds performances including body energy retention and of methodological accuracy by evaluating reproducibility and additi-vity of energy values of feed ingredients and compound diets. Five ingredients such as yellow corn wheat soybean meal fish meal and wheat bran were measured for their various biological energy values. in the first feeding trial chicks were restric-ted-fed the basal diet at 80, 60 and 40% on weight basis of the amount of feed ingested by chicks fed ad libitum the same diet. chicks in the second trial were also restricted-fed diets at levels of 80, 70, 60 and 50% on energy basis of the amount consumed by the basak duet group fed ad libitum The diets in the latter trial were however composed of differeent formulations from the basal diet. One-week-old Single Comb White Leghorn male chicks were individually alloted in a cage on 10 cages/treatment basis and fed the diets for 14 days. Individual carcass energy was measured after the feeding trials. Coefficients of variation of energy measurements were lesser for nitrogen-corrected AME and TME(AMEn & TMEn respectively) than AME and TME values suggesting taht reprodu-cibility of energy determinations by former systems could be better than the latters. The coeffi-cients for AME and TME were almkost of the same values. Additivity obtained by the rations between the calculated values and catual measurements appeared quite satisfactory for all the energy systems. Those of AME and TME however were relatively better than the other systems. Regression coefficient ${r}^2$ between energy intake by various systems and chick performances appeared higher for TME, AMEn and TMEn than AME implying that the former systems could provide better predictability for body weight gain and energy retention than the AME. The ${r}^2$ values for TME and AMEn particularly for body weight gain were on the average 0.967 and 0.960 respectively. In conclusion TME or AMEn can be recommended as choice for dietary energy system in terms of performance predictability of the birds and of procedural convenience for the measurements.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.470-475
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• 2006

국내산 콩 품종 3종과 미국산 콩 2종(non-GMO 및 GMO glyphosate-tolerant HS2906)에 대하여 단백질함량과 분포의 차이를 아미노산 분석, 총 질소량, PAGE/densitometry법에 의 해 분석하였다. 아미노산 구성과 총 질소량에서 품종간 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 한편 단백질 추출에서 SDS/buffer 추출법이 더 효과적이었다. 총 단백질함량(380.2-423.9 mg/g)과 단백질 분포는 품종간 유사하였으나. 상세 PACE(12.5% normal gel) 결과 재래종 콩(WS82)에 비해 제초제 저항성 GMO콩(HS2906)에서 beta conglycinin(55kDa) 양이 낮게 나타났으며, 25 kDa 단백질의 경우 미국산 콩에서는 관찰되지 못한 반면에 국내산 콩 품종에서는 뚜렷하게 관찰되었으며, ${\beta}$-conglycinin은 미국산 제초제 저항성 GMO콩과 국내산 황금콩에서 상대적으로 낮은 것으로 관찰되었다. 이와 같은 결과는 normal PAGE/densitometry 분석법은 콩시료 분석에 유용하게 활용될 수 있음을 보여주었다.

• 식품산업과 영양
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.36-45
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• 2004

Bamboo salt has been used for the purpose of prevention and treatment of various diseases in Korea. Present study was carried out to ascertain the effects of purple bamboo salt upon anti-allergic effect, anti-inflammatory activity and immune-enhance effect as well. Purple bamboo salt significantly inhibited the ear swelling response and histamine release induced by compound 48/80 in mice and rat peritoneal mast cells. Purple bamboo salt (0.01 ∼ lg/kg) also dose-dependently inhibited the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis by oral administration. Purple bamboo salt (1 mg/mL) in hibited phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate plus calcium ionophore A23187-stimulated tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-1${\beta}$ and IL-6 secretion, by 67.04${\pm}$0.08%, 68.01${\pm}$1.85%, 69.48${\pm}$0.54%, respectively. In addition, purple bamboo salt inhibited the expression of TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA in HMC-1 cells. Finally, we investigated the effect of purple bamboo salt in the forced swimming test (FST) and the change of purple bamboo salt-mediated cytokine production from MOLT-4 cells. At the 7th, immobility time was significantly decreased in the purple bamboo salt-administration group (35.4 ${\pm}$5.9 s for 1 g/kg) in comparison with the control group (93.2 ${\pm}$ 15.45). After FST, the content of glucose in the blood serum was increased and the levels of blood urea nitrogen, lactic dehydrogenase was decreased in purple bamboo salt-administration group. However, it had no effect on the elevation of CK and TP level. Purple bamboo salt (1 mg/mL) significantly increased the interferon (IFN)-${\gamma}$ and IL-2 level compared with media control (about 3.7-fold for IFN-${\gamma}$, about 3.5-fold for IL-2, p〈0.05) but did not affect the IL-4.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.385-392
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• 2007

A glucose clamp technique was used to compare dietary starch (ST), starch plus sucrose (ST+SU) and sucrose (SU) with regard to the effect on tissue responsiveness and sensitivity to insulin in intact adult male goats. The goats were fed diets containing 1.2 times of ME and CP for maintenance requirements twice daily for 21 d. Of the energy intake, 30% was offered with ST, ST+SU or SU for the respective diets, and 70% as alfalfa hay, ground corn and ground soybean meal at the respective weight ratio of 1, 1, and 0.3 for all diets. Tissue responsiveness and sensitivity to insulin were evaluated using a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp technique with four levels of insulin infusion beyond 13 h after feeding. The concentrations of plasma metabolites and insulin were also determined at 3, 6 and 13 h after feeding to evaluate the effects of different carbohydrates on metabolic states in the body. Plasma glucose concentration was higher (p = 0.01) for SU diet than for ST and ST+SU diets. Increasing SU intake decreased (p<0.01) plasma acetate concentration across the time. At 3 h but not 6 and 13 h after feeding, high lactate (p = 0.01), and non-significant high propionate (p = 0.14) and low urea nitrogen (p = 0.19) concentrations were observed in plasma on SU compared with ST and ST+SU diets. Plasma insulin concentration was not different (p = 0.44) between ST and SU fed animals. In the glucose clamp experiment, considering the effects on the maximal glucose infusion rate (tissue responsiveness to insulin, p = 0.54) and the plasma insulin concentration at half-maximal glucose infusion rate (insulin sensitivity, p = 0.54), SU was not different from ST. It is concluded that SU may not be greatly different from ST with regard to the effect on tissue responsiveness and sensitivity to insulin in adult goats when fed twice daily as part of a high-concentrate diet. The possible greater effects of SU on plasma metabolites concentrations at 3 h than at 6 and 13 h after feeding suggest that a lack of persistency of SU effects during the postfeeding period may be associated with the poor response to SU in insulin action.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권10호
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• pp.1424-1436
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of banana flower powder (BAFLOP) supplementation on gas production kinetics and rumen fermentation efficiency in in vitro incubation with different ratios of roughage to concentrate in swamp buffalo and cattle rumen fluid. Two male, rumen fistulated dairy steers and swamp buffaloes were used as rumen fluid donors. The treatments were arranged according to a $2{\times}2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement in a Completely randomized design by using two ratios of roughage to concentrate (R:C; 75:25 and 25:75) and 3 levels of BAFLOP supplementation (0, 2 and 4% of dietary substrate) into two different kinds of rumen fluid (beef cattle and swamp buffalo). Under this investigation, the results revealed that the rumen ecology was affected by R:C ratio. The pH declined as a result of using high concentrate ratio; however, supplementation of BAFLOP could buffer the pH which led to an improvement of ruminal efficiency. BAFLOP supplementation affected acetic acid (C2) when the proportion of concentrate was increased. However, there were no effect on total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) and butyric acid (C4) by BAFLOP supplementation. The microbial community was affected by BAFLOP supplementation, especially the bacterial population. As revealed by real-time PCR, the populations of F. succinogenes and R. albus were reduced by the high concentrate treatments while that of R. flavafaciens were increased. The populations of three dominant cellulolytic bacteria were enhanced by BAFLOP supplementation, especially on high concentrate diet. BAFLOP supplementation did not influence the ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N) concentration, while R:C did. In addition, the in vitro digestibility was improved by either R:C or BAFLOP supplementation. The BAFLOP supplementation showed an effect on gas production kinetics, except for the gas production rate constant for the insoluble fraction (c), while treatments with high concentrate ratio resulted in the highest values. In addition, BAFLOP tended to increase gas production. Based on this study, it could be concluded that R:C had an effect on rumen ecology both in buffalo and cattle rumen fluid and hence, BAFLOP could be used as a rumen buffering agent for enhancing rumen ecology fed on high concentrate diet. It is recommended that level of BAFLOP supplementation should be at 2 to 4% of total dry matter of substrate. However, in vivo trials should be subsequently conducted to investigate the effect of BAFLOP in high concentrate diets on rumen ecology as well as ruminant production.