• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.59-66
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• 1977

Mineral contents of sail in two-year-old ginseng plantation. of the top-dressings for ginseng and of the green grasses (Chung-Cho) were analyzed in order to clarify budget of inorganic nutrients of ginseng Plant. The amount of mineral nutrients contained in soil of two-year-old ginseng plantation had 56 times of nitrogen, 1.2 times of phosphorus and 20 times of potassium as compared with the requisition of two to sin-year-old ginseng plants per $\textrm{m}^2$. In consideration of the lack of phosphorus, it is recommendable to use bone mill as top dressing, which contains higher content of Phosphorus than ether top-dressings.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.74-89
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• 1999

Distributions and budgets of nitrogen and phosphorus in inner and central areas of Hiroshima bay were investigated for three years from January 1991 to December 1993. The mean loadings of nitrogen and phosphorus Stowed into the entire bay were 870 tonN/month and 129 tonP/month, respectively. About 79 % of nitrogen and 84 % of phosphorus loadings were flowed into the inner area. The TN:TP and DIN:DIP atomic ratios of the discharged freshwater were about 15 and 21, respectively. The PON:POP and DIN:DIP atomic ratios of seawater in the bay varied from 8 to 14 with a mean value of 11, and from 8 to 18 with a mean value of 12, respectively. Estimated fluxes of nitrogen and phosphorus based on the exchange of seawater were 585 tonN/month and 106 tonP/month, respectively, from the inner area to the central area, whereas those fluxes were 62 tonN/month and 107 tonP/month, respectively, from the central area to Akinada. When the remainders of nitrogen and phosphorus substracted outflows from inflows should be sunk, sink fluxes of nitrogen and phosphorus per surface area of the entire bay would be about 9.83 gN/m²ㆍyr and 0.27 gP/m²ㆍyr, respectively. In the central area, the remainders of nitrogen and phosphorus were greater than those in inner area. The residence times of nitrogen and phosphorus were estimated to be about 112 days, respectively, in the entire of Hiroshima Bay.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.204-213
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• 2012

The objectives of this research were to estimate nitrogen budgets in agriculture and livestock in 2010, and to evaluate nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) emission by a local government. Input-output budgets for nitrogen were categorized into two sections including agriculture and livestock. Fertilizer, deposition, fixation, compost, irrigation, and feed were used as the nitrogen inputs while crop production, crop uptake, denitrification, volatilization, leaching, compost, and ocean disposal were used as the nitrogen outputs. Annual nitrogen input and output for agriculture and livestock were 1,148,848 N ton/yr and 610,380 N ton/yr respectively indicating the decrease of the nitrogen input and output, compared to our previous researches in 2005 and 2008. Total nitrogen input in 16 local government was estimated resulting that $N_2O$ emission was the highest for Jeonnam (2,574 ton/yr) and the lowest for Seoul (7 ton/yr).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.128-138
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• 2011

In this study, energy budget was estimated to produce an efficient artificial seed. And it needs to enhance fisheries productivity of sandfish, A. japonicus. In order to estimate energy budget of the sandfish, A. japonicus juvenile fed on nonriched Artemia nauplii (NA) and the enriched Artemia nauplii (EA), of sandfish were reared at constant condition of seawater temperature of natural temperature (NT) and heated temperature (HT). During the reared period, energy used by the reared juveniles were calculated from estimates of data on ingestion, growth, oxygen consumption, nitrogen excretion and energy content. Energy budget of NT-NA, NT-EA, HT-NA and HT-EA were represented as 100C=66.49G+21.28M+0.78F+1.44U, 100C=67.54G+21.40M+9.39F+1.67U, 100C=66.86G+22.66M+8.01F+2.47U and 100C=67.06G+22.96M+7.70F+2.28U. The assimilation efficiency estimated NT-NA, NT-EA, HT-NA and HTEA were represented as 87.78%, 88.94%, 89.52% and 90.02%. Gross growth efficiency estimated NT-NA, NT-EA, HT-NA and HT-EA were represented as 66.49%, 67.54%, 66.86% and 67.06%. Net growth efficiency estimated NT-NA, NT-EA, HT-NA and HT-EA were represented as 75.75%, 75.94%, 74.68% and 74.49%. In this results, two ways could be considered to produce an efficient artificial seed of sandfish. To hasten the growth of sandfish juvenile, heated seawater (HT) and enriched Artemia nauplii (EA) should be inputted to reared condition. And to increase the energy efficiency, natural seawater (NT) and enriched Artemia nauplii (EA) should be inputted to reared condition.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.97-104
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• 2000

The purpose of this is made an examination of phosphorus loading model for eutrophication response in the Yongsan lake. For the model, we measured the total amount of nutrients derived from the Yongsan river watershed, inflow rate to the Yongsan lake, water quality, and water budget from January to December in 1999. The total amount of precipitation in the Yongsan river watershed was 4,951.7$\times$10$^{6}$ ㎥/y and inflow amount was 2,569.7$\times$10$^{6}$ ㎥/y, therefore the outflow rate of the Yongsan river watershed was 51.9%. The develop loading of total nitrogen was 86,928.1kg/d and that of total phosphorus was 22,007.6kg/d at the Yongsan river watershed, But, as the inflow loading of total nitrogen was 33,962kg/d and the inflow loading of total phosphorus was 2,218kg/d to the Yongsan lake. so each infolw rate was 39.0% and 10.1%. The hydraulic residence time was 34days, total phosphorus loading [L(P)] on the surface area was 23.398g/㎥/y, the hydraulic load( $Q_{s}$) of inflow water was 74.269m/y, the reserve rate of phosphorus in the lake was 0.359, and the settinh velocity of phosphorus was 0.114m/d at the Yongsan lake. Mathematical model of phosphorus loading to estimate the responses of eutrophication at the Yongsan lake is [ $P_{j}$] = 0.838 [L(P)/Q.(1+√ $T_{w}$)$^{-1}$ ] . ] . .

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.104-108
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• 1998

Analysis of energy budget in Neomysis awatschensis exposed to PCB toxicity was carried out by measurement of bioassay, growth, oxygen consumption, nitrogen excretion at 10 and $20^{\circ}C$. Energy contents of the body, molted exoskeleton and eggs, which measured to understand used energy for growth, molt and oxygen consumption were 5.52cal/mg, 2.17 cal/mg and 6.15 cal/mg, respectively. Feeding energies at $10^{\circ}C$ were 3.755ca1 in control group and 3.420 cal at 2.0 ppb concentration, of them, $70.19\%$ and $67.53\%$ of their energies were assimilated. At $20^{\circ}C$, feeding energies were 5.998 cal in control group and 4.166 cal at 2.0 ppb concentration. The assimilation efficiency of the mysid estimated by ash-ratio method ranged between $11.5\~67.5\%$ and $73.4\~70.5\%$ with PCB toxicity at $10^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$ respectively. Energy used by respiration of total assimilated energy was $45.18\%$ in control group and $62.27\%$ in 2.0 pub concentration at $20^{\circ}C$, and energy used by metabolism was high 2.0 ppb concentration than control group.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.430-437
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• 2010

The continuous release of nutrient sources into natural water resource can be a continuing problem in eutrophication, as well as severe reductions in water quality. However, any desirable measure is not developed yet even though so many researches and efforts have been done to solve this problem. Forest as one of troublesome nonpoint sources may contributes most to nutrient loading, but the loading of N and P from forest in order to grasp the eutrophication potential of nonpoint sources has not been evaluated. The nutrient sources from the organic litter accumulated on the surface of forest soils can be a critical factor in continuity of eutrophication of a lake. The decomposition rate of litter can be estimated to predict release of N and P from the forest stand. The loss rate of nitrogen is complicated but depends in part upon the physical matrix of the element. Therefore, long-term nutrient budget and flux estimates at stand would be useful tools in calculating potential nutrient fluxes into the watercourses in a sustainable way. The present investigation can give insight to the actual situation of the eutrophication potentials of forest as the practical nonpoint sources.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.8-14
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• 2007

Water quality in Lake Rotorua, New Zealand, deteriorated since the 1960s because of excessive phytoplankton growths due principally to increasing nitrogen and phosphorus in the lake waters. Nutrient concentrations in eight of the nine major streams feeding Lake Rotorua have increased since 1965. The groundwater system has a key role in the hydrology of the Lake Rotorua catchment and the groundwater system is probably the control on the time delay between intensification of agricultural land use and response of surface water quality. All major, and many minor streams, in the catchment are fed by springs. Two lithological units are most important to groundwater flow in the Lake Rotorua catchment: Mamaku Ignimbrite, erupted in about 200,000 years ago and Huka Formation sediments which filled the caldera left by the Mamaku Ignimbrite eruption. Rainfall recharge to groundwater in the groundwater catchment of Lake Rotorua is estimated as approximately 17300 L/s. A calibrated steady-state groundwater flow model estimates that approximately 11100 L/s of this flow discharges into streams and then into the lake and the balance travels directly to Lake Rotorua as groundwater discharge through the lake bed. Land use has impacted on groundwater quality. Median Total Nitrogen (TN) values for shallow groundwater sites are highest for the dairy land use (5.965 mg/L). Median TN values are also relatively high for shallow sites with urban-road and cropping land uses (4.710 and 3.620 mg/L, respectively). Median TN values for all other uses are in the 1.4 to 1.5 mg/L range. Policy development for Lake Rotorua includes defining regional policies on water and land management and setting an action plan for Lake Rotorua restoration. Aims in the action plan include: definition of the current nutrient budget for Lake Rotorua, identification of nutrient reduction targets and identification of actions to achieve targets. Current actions to restore Lake Rotorua water quality include: treatment of Tikitere geothermal nitrogen inputs to Lake Rotorua, upgrade of Rotorua City sewage plant, new sewage reticulation and alum dosing in selected streams to remove phosphorus.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.25 no.3 s.107
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• pp.189-195
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• 2002

In order to elucidate the budget and cycling of Nitrogen and Sulfur, essential elements and principal constituents of acid rain, their input through precipitation, and their output by streamflow were quantified in coniferous and deciduous forested watersheds, using combination of nutrient concentration and hydrological analysis, in Kwangnung Experimental Forest from July 1991 to December 1993. Amount of annual mean precipitation was $12,916\;ton{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$, annual mean runoff $5,094\;ton{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$(39%), $7,467\;ton{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$(59%) in coniferous and deciduous forest watersheds, respectively. Amounts of annual input of $N({NO_3}^-+{NH_4}^+)$ and ${SO_4}^{2-}$ through preciptation were 12.5, $81.72\;kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$, repectively. Annual output via runoff of $N({NO_3}^-+{NH_4}^+)$ and ${SO_4}^{2-}$ were 0.06, $39.23\;ton{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$ in the coniferous forest watershed ecosystem, and 0.15, $55.46\;ton{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$ in the deciduous one, respectively. On the basis of annual nutrient input and output, the annual budget of $N({NO_3}^-+{NH_4}^+)$ and ${SO_4}^{2-}$ were +12.46, $+42.49\;ton{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$ in the coniferous forest watershed, and +11.35, $+26.26\;ton{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$ in the deciduous one. Thus $N({NO_3}^-+{NH_4}^+)$ and ${SO_4}^{2-}$ were accumulated in both forested watershed ecosystems.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.743-754
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• 2000

Model parameters of the WASP5 applied to Saemanguem lake were estimated. The methodology is based on grouping water quality constituents and relevant parameters and successively estimating each group of parameters by a trial-and-error procedure. Chlorophyll-a, nitrogen cycles, phosphorus cycles, BOD and DO were simulated at the complexity level 4. The Saemangeum basin divided into a number of unit sub-watershed. And a water budget model analysis with 22 years from 1975 to 1996 year was examined. In this paper, input data at upstream boundaries of model was made to determine seasonally-averaged flow rate through water budget analysis. Calibration and verification of the model were used seasonal average of water quality measurements in 1997 and 1998 years. Grouping water quality constituents and associated parameters proved to be efficient in estimating a number of model parameters. From the results of model calibration and verification, it was found that quantitative evaluations of nonpoint source for organic matters are essential.