• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.144-153
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• 2006

The effects on deacidification of citrus fruits produced at early harvesting season for juice products were examined by heating treatment of raw fruits and electrodialysis of juice. Weight and total acidities were decreased by heating treatment for 40 hr at $25^{\circ}C,\;30^{\circ}C,\;35^{\circ}C\;and\;40^{\circ}C$, but $^{\circ}Brix$ and pH increased Sugar to acid ratio also increased. Total acidities were decreased from 1.25 (Oct30, 2004), 1.24 (Nov.5, 2004), 0.99 (Nov.13, 2004) and 0.98% (Nov.19, 2004) to 0.48 (Oct30, 2004), 0.51 (Nov.05, 2004), 0.37 (Nov.13, 2004) and 0.42% (Nov.19, 2004) by electrodialysis for 100 min respectively, and $^{\circ}Brix$ also slightly decreased, but solid to acid ratio was increased as a result. However pH and color remained almost unchanged by electodialysis. Also, free sugar contents of citrus juice little were changed, but organic acid content were decreased fairly. Narirutin and hesperidin content among flavonoids were slightly decreased by electrodialysis, but they were not significantly different. $K^+,\;PO_4^{2-},\;SO_4^{2-}\;and\;Cl^-$ content were decreased by electrodialysis, and $K^+$ contents decreased by more than 80% However, $Na^+$ consent was increased by about 2 times. Total polyphenol contents and electron donating abilities were decreased a little by electrodialysis but nitrite scavenging abilities were little changed. By acceptability test citrus juice prepared by electrodialysis for 100 min was superior to original citrus juice.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.207-215
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• 2014

To investigate the biological benefits of Korean traditional vegetables, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol extracts from blanched and dried sprouts of evening primrose (Oenothera laciniata, OL) and gooseberry (Actinidia arguta, AA) were measured. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of OL were higher than those of AA; OL contained 60.4 mg tannic acid/g dry weight and 31.9 mg rutin/g dry weight, while AA contained 33.0 mg tannic acid/g dry weight and 20.3 mg rutin/g dry weight. The $IC_{50}$ value for DPPH radical scavenging activity was $58.2{\mu}g/mL$ for OL ethanol extract and $122.1{\mu}g/mL$ for AA ethanol extract. The reducing power upon $500{\mu}g/mL$ of ethanol extract treatment was as strong as $52.1{\mu}g$ ascorbate eq./mL for OL and $45.3{\mu}g$ ascorbate eq./mL for AA. Regarding anti-inflammatory effects, inhibition rate against 5-lipoxygenase (LOX) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 activities were 29.5% and 79.5% for OL, as well as 11.5% and 39.1% for AA, respectively at a concentration of $250{\mu}g/mL$. Lipopolysaccaride ($1{\mu}g/mL$)-treated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells subjected to OL ethanol extract at various concentrations ($0{\sim}25{\mu}g/mL$) showed significantly reduced synthesis of nitrite oxide (NO), prostaglandin (PG) E2, and IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner without cytotoxicity, although TNF-${\alpha}$ synthesis was not affected. In conclusion, both OL and AA sprouts showed strong antioxidative activity, whereas OL showed very strong anti-inflammatory activity via effective reduction of NO, PGE2, and IL-6 synthesis in LPS-activated macrophage cells.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.281-286
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• 2014

This study was carried out to develop Yakju, a new kind of Korean traditional rice wine added with bamboo ethanol extract and characterized by containing various health benefits. The wine with bamboo ethanol extract was fermented by adding ginger and pear to improve flavor and quality. Several quality characteristics and physiological functionalities of Yakju were investigated. When bamboo ethanol extract was added to Yakju, the pH level decreased compared to that of the control. However, total acidity and soluble solid levels were higher than those of the control. The alcohol content of Yakju added with bamboo ethanol extract was slightly higher than that of the control. In examining the colors of Yakju containing bamboo ethanol extract, L value was lower than that of the control, whereas b value and brownness were higher. Various organic acids such as citric acid, malic acid, succinic acid, lactic acid, and acetic acid were determined, and the main organic acid among them was lactic acid. Various free sugars such as sorbitol, glucose, and fructose were detected and glucose was the most abundant. Total polyphenol content of Yakju added with bamboo ethanol extract was lower than that of the control. Further, electron-donating ability ranged from 23.8~40.0%, which was higher than that of the control. Nitrite scavenging ability of Yakju added with bamboo ethanol extract ranged from 15.2~36.4%, which was higher than that of the control at pH 6.0. Sensory evaluation of Yakju showed that bamboo ethanol extract+ginger as well as bamboo ethanol extract+ginger+pear treatment significantly increased flavor, taste, and overall acceptance compared to the others.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.172-179
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• 2003

This study was carried out to find the preventive medical and therapeutic effects of Sarcodon asparatus on adult disease by employing several biological and biochemical assays. Nitrate scavenging ability(NSA) of Sarcodan asparatus extracts was displayed up to 99.9% at pH 1.2 in a dose-dependent manner. They also had 90.4% electron donating ability(EDA) at the concentration of 0.1 mg/mL. Extracts of Sarcodon asparatus were also able to function as a powerful antioxidant at all concentrations(0.01∼l.0 mg/mL). Furthermore, we observed that 1 mg/mL concentration of the extracts was more powerful than BHT, With respect to fibrolytic activity, Sarcodon asparatus showed 1,843.8 unit/g, which was higher than streptokinase(1,189 unit/g). The inhibitory effects of the extracts on angiotensin converting enzyme, measured by the normal and pretreatment methods, were 53 and 58%, respectively. We also performed cytotoxicity effect of Sarcodon asparatus extracts on a various cancer cell lines. The growth inhibitory effects of the extracts(5.0 mg/mL) on A549, HeLa, AGS, and SK-Hep-1 cells were 78.9, 55.3, 69.0, and 42.5 %, respectively. Interestingly, Sarcodon asparatusextracts induced mutation on Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 when Ames test was done.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.684-690
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• 2008

To investigate the applicability of hot water extract (PLW) and ethanol extract (PLE) from Phellinus linteus as functional food and cosmeceutical materials, its total flavonoids content, total phenolics content, electron donating ability (EDA), nitrite-scavenging ability (NSA), SOD-like activity, inhibitory effect of tyrosinase and elastase were examined. Total flavonoids contents of PLW and PLE were 17.31 mg/g and 42.61 mg/g, respectively, and total phenolics contents were estimated as 149.92 mg/g for PLW and 432.42 mg/g for PLE. The EDA of PLW and PLE were $6.49{\sim}92.98%$ and $22.61{\sim}94.28%$. The EDA and total phenolics contents had a high correlation of 0.83. The NSA was pH dependent, and was highest at pH 1.2 and lowest at pH 6.0. The NSA of PLE was higher than that of PLW. The SOD-like activities of PLW and PLE were $14.36{\sim}35.21%$ and $17.27{\sim}81.84%$, respectively, and the activity was dependent on the sample concentration. The tyrosinase inhibitory activity was the highest in PLE ($10.51{\sim}80.93%$) while that of PLW was $4.77{\sim}43.69%$. Finally, the elastase inhibitory activity was $10.01{\sim}76.02%$ at PLE. Based on the above results, we deemed that the ethanol extract of Phellinus linteus was the most pertinent for use as functional food and cosmeceutical materials.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.82-90
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• 2014

This study was conducted in order to analyze the polyphenol contents and antioxidant activities of hot-water extracts of Aster scaber in the wild field and cultivated field, and through the drying methods for the comparison on the quality characteristics of Aster scaber, according to cultivation and drying methods, and the development of functional materials. The extraction yield was higher in the Aster scaber cultivated field than those of the Aster scaber in the wild field, and high from the dried Aster scaber. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of Aster scaber hot-water extracts from the wild field were higher than those in the cultivated field. The total polyphenol contents were high in the extract of blanched and dried Aster scaber, and the flavonoid content was high in the non-treated Aster scaber. The electron donating ability (EDA) values of Aster scaber hot-water extracts were increased along with the increase of extract concentration, while the EDA of the blanched and dried Aster scaber extracts was higher than the other extracts. Furthermore, the SOD-like activity was increased by the extract concentration, and was high in the extract of the non-treated Aster scaber. The nitrite scavenging ability in pH 1.2 was high in the non-treated, blanched, dried, and natural dried Aster scaber. The xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities were increased through the increase of extract concentrations, and higher in the hot-water extract from Aster scaber in the wild field (WRA) than those in the other extracts. The inhibition of tyrosinase and reduction of power were increased by the increased extract concentration, and high in the extracts of blanched and dried Aster scaber. The reduced power was higher in the Aster scaber hot-water extracts of cultivated field, and was higher in the extracts of blanched and dried Aster scaber than those in the extracts dried through the use of other drying methods. Aster scaber has a high content of polyphenol and flavonoid, and antioxidant activities, which were developed as functional materials.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.403-411
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• 2009

This study was conducted to gather the basic data on the increase of utilization for the Japanese staunton vine (Stauntonia hexaphylla), native plants which were grown in the southern districts in Korea. We have also determined their partial physical and chemical compositions and their physiological activities. Vitamin C contents in fruit skin was 85.23 mg/100 g, and that in flesh was 61.67 mg/100 g. Total amino acids contents in fruit skin increased much more by 762.72 mg/100 g DW compared to that in flesh by 434.05 mg/100 g DW. Inorganic matter contents were more increased in the fruit skin (108.48 mg/$\ell$) and its main components were K (76.53 mg/$\ell$), Ca (20.20 mg/$\ell$) and Mg (6.22 mg/$\ell$). Total phenol compound and flavonoid contents in 1,000 mg/$\ell$ methanol extracts were 7.3-9.6 mg/$\ell$ and 5.1-6.7 mg/$\ell$. Nitrite radical scavenging activity in 4,000 mg/$\ell$ methanol extracts of fruit skin and flesh for Stauntonia hexaphylla were 79.5% and 77.8%, however, that in seeds was 17.1%. Overall mushroom tyrosinase inhibition activity (% of control) was less than 10.8%. Anti-microbial activities of methanol extracts from the fruit skin against the gram negative and positive microbial strains were not significant in the lower concentration of extracting solution, however, that from flesh and seeds in terms of the inhibition diameter were $8.91{\sim}12.25\;mm$.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.101-108
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to measure flavonoid and polyphenol contents, and physiological activities of various extracts from Vitex rotundifolia seeds (known as Man Hyung Ja). We obtained three extracts using water (WE), ethanol (EE) and hot water (HWE). The EE sample had the highest flavonoid content of 31.05 mg/g. Polyphenol contents of WE and HWE were 186.69 mg/g and 182.55 mg/g, respectively. HWE had the highest superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, at 83.40%. The electron donating abilities (EDA) were $91.14{\sim}95.97%$ at the concentration of 1.0 mg/mL, and all of extracts showed more than 88% EDA even at a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL. The inhibitory rates of xanthine oxidase were $94.02{\sim}97.51%$ when 1.0 mg/mL extracts were used, and all extracts showed more than 90% inhibition at 0.5 mg/mL. The nitrite scavenging abilities were $59.27{\sim}86.61%$ at pH 1.2 and 1.0 mg/mL extract concentration; these abilities decreased as pH increased. Tyrosinase inhibition activities of HWE and WE were 48.58% and 46.67%, respectively. These results indicate that Vitex rotundifolia seeds extract might be an effective antioxidative activity.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.507-513
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• 2001

An effective extraction methods of a garlic were investigated in order to improve the functional properties of the extracts. The solid yield, electron donating ability (EDA), nitrite-scavenging effects (NSE), peroxide value (POV) and total thiosulfinates contents of garlic extracts were determined. In order to improve the functional properties of extracts prepared with several organic solvents and acids, concentration and pH adjustment of the selected solvent and addition of acids and salts to solvents were also examined. Among the solvents tested, the methanol and ethanol extracts were found to be the most effective on the base of functionality and solid yields. The highest EDA, NSE and thiosulfinate value were obtained with 50% ethanol. The pH control of solvent and addition of citric acid, NaCl and phosphates to 50% ethanol did not affect on the functionality of the extracts. Therefore the optimal solvent for the best functional properties of garlic extract was 50% ethanol.