• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.222-228
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• 1994

In Lentinus edodes(oak mushroom) cultivation, commonly are logs and sawdusts of oak and some other broadleaved tree species used. Recently oak trees have been substantially diminished due to extensive logging. Thus, to develop comparable synthetic formula using other tree species for the cultivation of Lentinus edodes, we investigated the effect of various nutrients and pretreatment on L. edodes mycelial growth in coniferous sawdusts(i.e., Pine and Larch). We found that 1.5 hr pretreatment of sawdust with hot water and adding 10% rice bran, 3% charcoal, 0.02% $NH_4CI$ and 0.5-1% lignosulfornic acid were effective for the growth of L. edodes in pine sawdust media. In larch sawdust pretreatment with acetone for one hr and adding 20% rice bran, 3% charcoal and 0.02% $NH_4CI$ increased L. edodes mycelial growth. We also analyzed the components of oak and coniferous sawdusts and found oak has higher content of xylose and lower content of lignin, arabinose and mannose than conifers. Rice bran, compared with BITEL(HOKKEN Co.) known for better commercial substitute for rice bran, has lower content of xylose and galactose, but the similar C/N ratio.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.163-173
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• 2007

Jeungaektang (JAT) is the herbal formula, has the effect of moistening the dryness by activating lung Qi and by nourishing Yin, has being used for dryness syndromes. Generally the herbal formulae for moistening dryness are used for exogenous or endogenous dryness syndromes. JAT has been clinically used for the treatment of endogenous dryness syndromes. It is composed of Scrophulariae Radix. Rehmanniae Radix and Liriopis Tuber. Recent studies showed that JAT has a protective effect against $CCl_{4}-induced$ hepatotoxicity and anti-inflammatory effects against ear swelling of mouse induced by Crotonis Fructus. However, the effect of JAT on the immunological activity was rarely studied. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of JAT the regulatory mechanism of nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. After the treatment of JAT water extract, cell viability was measured by MTT assay, NO production was monitored by measuring the nitrite content in culture medium. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX -2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were determined by immunoblot analysis, and levels of cytokine were analyzed by sandwich immunoassays. Results provided evidence that JAT inhibited the production of nitrite and nitrate ($0.1{\sim}1.0$ mg/ml), iNOS ($0.1{\sim}1.0$ mg/ml), $interleukin-1{\beta}$ ( $0.1{\sim}1.0$ mg/ml) and tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($0.1{\sim}1.0$ mg/ml) in RAW 264.7 cells activated with LPS. Furthermore, JAT inhibited the expression of COX-2 expression and production of prostagladin E2 ($0.1{\sim}1.0$ mg/ml). These findings suggest that JAT can produce anti-inflammatory effect, which may play a role in adjunctive therapy in Gram-negative bacterial infections.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.880-886
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• 2004

Phellinus igniarius has been clinically used for the treatment of hemorrhoidal fistula, dysmenorrhea and the prevention of cancer in traditional oriental medicine. Recent studies showed that Phellinus igniarius produced anti-cancer, anti-metastasis and immuno-modulatory effects, There is lack of studies regarding the effects of Phellinus igniarius on the immunological activities. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Phellinus igniarius on the regulatory mechanism of cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) for the immunological activities in Raw 264,7 cells. After the treatment of Phellinus igniarius water extract, cell viability was measured by MTT assay, NO production was monitored by measuring the nitrite content in culture medium. COX-2 and iNOS were determined by Immunoblot analysis, and levels of cytokine were analyzed by sandwich immunoassays. Results provided evidence that Phellinus igniarius inhibited the production of nitrite and nitrate (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and the activation of phospholylation of inhibitor κBα (p-IκBα) in Raw 264.7 cells activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These findings suggest that Phellinus igniarius can produce anti-inflammatory effect, which may play a role in adjunctive therapy in Gram-negative bacterial infections.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.147-153
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• 2017

BACKGROUND: Soil water content strongly depends on weather condition and irrigation, and it could influence on crop nutrient use efficiency. This study was performed to assess nutrient uptake of soybean by soil water condition. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study, nutrient leaching and crop uptake as affacted by water management practice was investigated using weighing lysimeter which is located in National institute of agricultural science, Wanju, Jeonbuk province from June 2015 to October 2016. Water supply for soybean (cv. Daewon) was managed with irrigation and rainfall. Nitrate leaching was greatest in the rainfall treatment at early July 2016. Yield of soybean in the rainfall treatment was only 25% compared to the irrigation due to the drought at flowering and podding period. The uptake of nitrogen was considerably reduced by drought whereas the uptake of phosphorus and potassium was less affected by drought. CONCLUSION: It was proven that nitrogen loss and uptake were dependent on soil water condition. Therefore, irrigation water management to maintain available soil moisture capacity is critical to nitrogen uptake and yield of soybean.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.289-304
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• 2016

The $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ aerosols were collected at the Gosan site of Jeju Island in 2013 and analyzed, in order to examine the variation characteristics of the chemical compositions in relation to the haze, Asian dust, and mixed haze-Asian dust episodes. Volume concentrations obtained from the Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS) were high in the range of $0.6{\sim}1.0{\mu}m$ particles for haze event, and in the range of $2.0{\sim}10.0{\mu}m$ particles for Asian dust event. For the haze event, nitrate concentrations increased highly as 8.8 and 25.1 times for $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$, respectively, possibly caused by the inflow of air mass stagnated in eastern parts of China into Jeju area. For the Asian dust event, the concentrations of nss-$Ca^{2+}$, $NO_3{^-}$ and nss-$SO_4{^{2-}}$ increased 6.0, 1.5, 1.8 times for $PM_{10}$, and 2.3, 1.3, 1.6 times for $PM_{2.5}$, respectively. Meanwhile, for the mixed haze-Asian dust event, the concentrations of nss-$Ca^{2+}$ and $NO_3{^-}$ increased 13.4 and 3.2 times for $PM_{10}$, and 1.8 and 3.4 times for $PM_{2.5}$, respectively. The $NH_4NO_3$ content was higher than that of $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ during the haze event, however it was relatively low during the mixed haze-Asian dust event. The aerosols were acidified mostly by inorganic acids, and especially the nitric acid contributed highly to the acidification during both the haze and the mixed haze-Asian dust events. Meanwhile, the neutralization by ammonia was noticeably high during haze event when the stagnated air mass moved from China.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.563-570
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• 2014

The shortage or surplus of minerals directly affects overall physiological metabolism of plants; especially, it strongly influences carbohydrate metabolism as a primary response. We have studied mineral uptake, synthesis and partitioning of soluble carbohydrates, and the relationship between them in N, P or K-excessive tomato plants, and examined the interaction between soluble carbohydrates and mineral elements. Four-weeks-old tomato plants were grown in a hydroponic growth container adjusted with excessive N ($20.0mmol\;L^{-1}$ $Ca(NO_3)2{\cdot}4H_2O$ and $20.0mmol\;L^{-1}$ $KNO_3$), P ($2.0mmol\;L^{-1}$ $KH_2PO_4$), and K ($20.0mmol\;L^{-1}$ $KNO_3$), respectively, for 30 days. Shoot growth rates were significantly influenced by excessive N or K, but not by excessive P. The concentrations of water soluble N (nitrate and ammonium), P and K were clearly different with each tissue of tomato plants as well as the mineral conditions. The NPK accumulation in all treatments was as follows; fully expanded leaves (48%) > stem (19%) = roots (16%) = petioles (15%) > emerging leaves (1). K-excessive condition extremely contributed to a remarkable increase in the ratio, which ranged from 2.79 to 10.34, and particularly potassium was dominantly accumulated in petioles, stem and roots. Fresh weight-based soluble sugar concentration was the greatest in NPK-sufficient condition ($154.8mg\;g^{-1}$) and followed by K-excessive (141.6), N-excessive (129.2) and P-excessive (127.7); whereas starch was the highest in K-excessive ($167.0mg\;g^{-1}$) and followed by P-excessive (146.1), NPK-sufficient (138.2) and N-excessive (109.7). Soluble sugar showed positive correlation with dry weight-based total N content (p<0.01) whereas was negatively correlated with soluble P (p<0.01) and dry weight-based total P (p<0.01). On the other hand, starch production was negatively influenced by total N (p<0.001), but, it showed positive relation with total K concentration (p<0.05). This study shows that uptake pattern of NPK and production and partitioning of soluble carbohydrate were substantially different from each mineral, and the relationship between water soluble- and dry weight-based-mineral was positive.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1979

For the preliminary experiments of mass Production of tobacco cells in tank culture, the effects of nutritional conditions on the growth of suspended cells were investigated ; 1. The tobacco cell growth was affected by concentrations of sucrose or inorganic phosphate, type of nitrogen source, and plant hormone, especially 2, 4-D. 2. The optimum level of sucrose concentration was 3% and the level of inorganic phosphate was 0.3mg /ml, which was about twice as high as the level of Linsmaier - Skoog medium. 3. The best growth was observed when the ratio of nitrate nitrogen to ammonium nitrogen was 2 : 1, where the total nitrogen content was equal to that of nitrogen source. 4. To find out the mechanism of promotive effects of 214-D and inorganic phosphate on the tobacco cell growth, the respiration and metabolism of $^{14}\textrm{C}$-91ucose were investigated. Addition of 2, 4 -D in culture medium increased if 2, 4-D (0.2ppm )was added to medium or the level of inorganic Phosphate was raised 2.5 times as high as standard. In cultures with high inorganic phosphate and 2, 4-D, the absorbed 14C-glucose was converted to amino acids and organic acids rather than remained as sugars.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1273-1273
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• 2001

The efficiency of the luminal fermentation process influences overall efficiency of luminal production, animal health and reproduction. Ruminant production systems have a significant impact on the global environment, as well. Animal wastes contribute to pollution of the environment as ammonia volatilized to the air and nitrate leached to ground water. Microbial protein synthesis in the rumen satisfies a large proportion of the protein requirements of animals. Quantifying the microbial synthesis is possible by using markers for lumen bacteria and protozoa such as nucleic acids, purine bases, some specific amino acids, or by isotopic $^{15}N,^{32}P,\;and\;^{35}S$ labelled feeds. All those methods require cannulated animals, they are time-consuming and some methods are very expensive as well. Many attempts have been made to find an alternative method for indirect measurement of microbial synthesis in intact animals. The present investigations aimed to assess possibilities of NIRS for prediction of purine nitrogen excretion and ruminal microbial nitrogen synthesis by NIR spectra of urine. Urine samples were collected from 12 growing sheep,6 of them male, and 6- female. The sheep were included in feeding experiment. The ration consisted of sorghum silage and protein supplements -70:30 on dry matter basis. The protein supplements were chosen to differ in protein degradability. The urine samples were collected daily in a vessel containing $60m{\ell}$ 10% sulphuric acid to reduce pH below 3 and diluted with tap water to 4 liters. Samples were stored in plastic bottles and frozen at $-20^{\circ}C$ until chemical and NIRS analysis. The urine samples were analyzed for purine derivates - allantoin, uric acid, xantine and hypoxantine content. Microbial nitrogen synthesis in the lumen was calculated according to Chen and Gomes, 1995. Transmittance urine spectra with sample thickness 1mm were obtained by NIR System 6500 spectrophotometer in the spectral range 1100-2500nm. The calibration was performed using ISI software and PLS regression, respectively. The following statistical results of NIRS calibration for prediction of purine derivatives and microbial protein synthesis were obtained.(Table Omitted). The result of estimation of purine nitrogen excretion and microbial protein synthesis by NIR spectra of urine showed accuracy, adequate for rapid evaluation of microbial protein synthesis for a large number of animals and different diets. The results indicate that the advantages of the NIRS technology can be extended into animal physiological studies. The fast and low cost NIRS analyses could be used with no significant loss of accuracy when microbial protein synthesis in the lumen and the microbial protein flow in the duodenum are to be assessed by NIRS.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.1013-1017
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• 2003

A thermophilic nonspore-forming rod isolated from hay compost in Korea was subjected to a taxonomic study. The microorganism, designated as $SC-1^T$, was identified as a nitrate-reducing and nonmotile bacterium. Although the strain was negatively Gram-stained, a KOH test showed that the strain $SC-1^T$ belonged to a Gram-positive species. Growth was observed between 45 and $70^{\circ}C$. The optimal growth temperature and pH were $60^{\circ}C$ and pH 7.5, respectively. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 65 mol% and the major quinone types were MK-6 and MK-7. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequences revealed that the strain $SC-1^T$ was most closely related to Symbiobacterium thermophilum. However, the level of DNA-DNA relatedness between strain $SC-1^T$ and the type strain for Symbiobacterium thermophilum was approximately 30%. Accordingly, on the basis of the phenotypic traits and molecular systematic data, the strain $SC-1^T$ would appear to represent a new species within the genus Symbiobacterium. The type strain for the new species is named $SC-1^T$ ($=KCTC\;0307BP^T;\;DSM15906^T$).

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.12
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• pp.1102-1110
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• 2010

Tidal mudflat is a reservoir for diverse microbial resources. Microbial diversity in tidal mudflat sediment can be easily influenced by various human activities. It is necessary to take representative samples to monitor microbial diversity in tidal mudflat sediments. In this study, we analyzed the microbial diversity and chemical characteristics of vegetation and non-vegetation tidal mudflat regions in the Kangwha tidal mudflat using geo-statistics and data-mining. According to the geo-statistical analysis, most correlation range values for the vegetation region were smaller than those for the non-vegetation region, which suggested that the shorter number and interval of sampling are required for the vegetation tidal mudflat environment due to its higher degree of chemical and biological complexity and heterogeneity. The data-mining analysis suggested that the organic content and nitrate were the major environmental factors influencing microbial diversity in the vegetation region while pH and sulfate were the major influencing factors in the non-vegetation region. Using the geo-statistical and data-mining integration approach, we proposed a guideline for determining the sampling interval and number to monitor microbial diversity in tidal mudflat.