• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2011

Red ginseng is one of the most popular traditional medicines in Korea. In this study, we developed a new technique in which ethanol extract of $\underline{r}$ed $\underline{g}$inseng (HRG) was exposed to the $Co^{60}$ gamma radiation ranging from 1~5 kGy. The irradiated HRG (IHRG) were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine any compositional changes of ginsenosides due to irradiation. No appreciable difference was observed in the HPLC pattern of ginsenosides of HRG. Using MTT assay, the cytotoxicity effect was significantly increased by IHRG compared to HRG. The $LD_{50}$ concentration was $30{\mu}g/mL$ for IHRG-1 (1 kGy), and $15{\mu}g/mL$ for IHRG-5 (5 kGy). The evidences of apoptosis, such as nuclei cleavage and Annexin V staining, were observed in the human prostate cancer PC-3 cells treated with the IHRG. Additionally, the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was apparently elevated by IHRG. We also studied the inhibitory effect of IHRG on the growth rate of tumor xenografts in BALB/c male mice. The tumor growth rates were inhibited by 56.9 and 76.1% in mice treated with 10 mg/kg of IHRG-1 and IHRG-5, respectively, compared with control group (21.1%). These results suggest that some biologically active and soluble components in HRG can be more effectively enhancement of anti-tumor effects using irradiation.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.131-136
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• 1985

This experiment was conducted to identify the competitive ability of rice against Monochoria vaginalis Presl. and to determine effect of various herbicides on it. Photosynthetic efficiency of rice markedly increased as the density of M. vaginalis increased from 1 to 3 plants per hill. Competition index increased in propotional to an increase of M. vaginalis density while total dry matter of rice decreased in reverse. Significant yield reduction of rice, was observed at the density of M. vaginalis, 2 plants per hill and 37% at 3 plants per hill. Such a yield reduction can be mainly attributed to the decrease of panicle and spikelet number of rice which were greatly affected by competition with M. vaginalis. Regardless of herbicides tested, % inhibition increased remarkably as the concentration of herbicides increased from 1 to 20 ppm. No plant growth was observed in all the herbicides treated with 20 ppm except for butachlor, thiobencarb and bifenox, showing existence of the new promising herbicides to control M. vaginalis among the herbicides tested.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.219-229
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• 2018

We isolated Streptomyces scopuliridis KR-001 that produced herbicidal active metabolite(s) against several grass and broad leaf weeds. In this study, potential as natural herbicide of mutant N-29 broth filtrate of S. scopuliridis KR-001 was investigated to Ambrosia artemisiifilia in a greenhouse and field condition. The broth filtrate of mutant N-29 by foliar application showed a strong herbicidal activity to A. artemisiifilia with leaf stage in a greenhouse condition. Also, field trial of foliar application within treatment range had effectively controlled with early and middle stage of A. artemisiifilia at the natural habitats. Phytotoxic symptoms of mutant N-29 broth filtrate by foliar application were wilting and discoloration, and burn-down of leaves and finally plant death. These results suggest that mutant N-29 broth filtrate is considered possible as a natural herbicide for controlling environmentally friend to invasive alien plant such as A. artemisiifilia and may provide a new lead molecule for a more efficient herbicide.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.183-199
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• 1976

1. The cultivated land in Korea has originally low fertility resulting in high dependence to fertilizers. 2. The total fertilizer requirement calculated by the Office of Rural Development (ORD) in 1976 was about 1,153 thousand mts, and the total amount of supply planned by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fishery was 1,010 thoushand mts which is close to the amount calculated by ORD. However, there is some gap between the amount of recommended (N, 11.6; $P_2O_5$: $K_2O$, 7.3kg/10a> and supply planned (N, 12.0; $P_2O_5$, 6.3; $K_2O$. 4.8kg/10a) fertilizers for each elements per unit area 3. For 15 years from 1960 to 1975 the fertilizer consumption of nitrogen was roughly increased from 200,000 mts to 500,000 mts; phosphorus, from 50,000 to 250,000 mts; potassium, from 10, 000 to 170,000 mts; accounting 2.5, 5, and 17 times of increase respectively. 4. The total fertilizer consumption for 5 years from 1967 to 1971 was about 100,000 mts and another 5years from 1971 to 1975 was 300,000 mts indicating three times increase. 5. The direct factors influenced to the increase of fertilizer consumption in recent years are 1) the dissemination of high yielding Tongil type rice varieties which are resistant to heavy fertilization 2) high price policy for agricaltural products 3) increased cultivation of vegetables:, fruits, and forages which require high level of fertilizers. The indirect factors are 1) dissemination of new improved agricultural techniques, 2, improvement of cultivated land conditions through irrigation system and land reform, 3) increased supply of silicate fertilizers, and 4) increase of farm income. 6. The percentage of total fertilizer consumption by rice (32%) and barley (25%) is about 57%. The ratio of total fertilizer consumption by vegetables and forages is expected to increase greatly. 7. Based on the increasing tendency of cultivated land and yield per unit area for last 10 years in each crop, total fertilizer consumptions in 1980, 1990, and 2000 year are estimated to 1,290,000, 1,580,000 and 1,870,000 mts respectively.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.187-193
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• 2011

RDA has been conducting soil survey for farmland all over the korean countries (1964-1999), including small islands and areas of the civilian passage restriction line (2000-present). We conducted a soil survey in Dokdo and Ulreungdo islands and found a new soil series "Dokdo" in Dokdo island. Soil properties of Dokdo were similar to those of Ulreungdo. Representative profiles of Dokdo soil was located at the south 20m of Daehan peak on Seodo (longitude $131^{\circ}$51'53", latitude $37^{\circ}$14'35"), Dokdo. The soil series "Dokdo" was interpreted as the soils were derived from trachyandesite, trachyte, rhyolite, and tuff. The soil properties of Dokdo series were classified as different ones from Korean soil series previously. The soil depth of Dokdo series was very shallow (0-20cm) and soil layer was consisted of very dark brown (10YR 2/2) rocky sandy loam and dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) gravelly silt loam in AC layer. The soils of Dokdo displayed characteristics of a mesic temperature regime, similar as Ulreungdo soils, which were classified as coarse loamy, mesic family of Lithic Udorthents. The total area of Dokdo soil was 18.7 ha, containing Dongdo (7.3 ha), Seodo (8.9 ha), and the others (2.6 ha). The area of Dokdo series in Dokdo was 10.47 ha (Dongdo 4.13 ha, Seodo 6.34 ha) and 808.56 ha in Ulreungdo, where the total soil area was 7,256 ha.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.76-80
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• 2007

After bottle culture of Pleurotus eryngii, media were taken out the bottle and normally utilized compost. However, nutritional elements were remained in the waste media. This study was carried out to investigate the reusable possibility and the optimal additive rate of waste media in an artificial cultivation of Pleurotus eryngii. The pH had tendency to decrease as the waste media was added from 6.0 to 4.8. Based on the additive rate of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%, each treatment waste media was added to new media for culturing Pleurotus eryngii. Among various treatments, the mycelial growth and primordia formation of Pleurotus eryngii were more favorable in the addition of 10-30% waste median than in the addition of 40 and 50%. The yield of its fruiting body was increased slightly in the treatment of 10-30% waste media.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.415-420
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• 2014

Toxoplasmosis is an important cause of foodborne, inflammatory illnesses, as well as congenital abnormalities. Currently available therapies are ineffective for persistent chronic disease and congenital toxoplasmosis or have severe side effects which may result in life-threatening complications. There is an urgent need for safe and effective therapies to eliminate or treat this cosmopolitan infectious disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro anti-Toxoplasma activities of Suaeda maritime, one of the halophytes, using tachyzoit of T. gondii RH strain infected HeLa cells. As the results, the selectivity of Suaeda maritime extract was 6.63, which was higher than Sulfadiazine selectivity (2.06). Also, we perfomed the cell proliferation inhibition test and the morphological study to evaluate the anti-T. gondii activity of Suaeda maritime extract with HeLa cells. As the results, the inhibition rate of the Suaeda maritime extract was high inhibition rate. This indicates that the Suaeda maritime extract may be used for new anti-T. gondii agent.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.453-465
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• 2018

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is a species of the Brassicaceae family and an important root vegetable crop, produced worldwide. A total of 82 radish accessions with various morphological and physiological characteristics analyzed for total sugars content. These accessions includes five subspecies and classified as wild, wild-relative, traditional and improved cultivar. The four sugars, glucose, fructose, sucrose and maltose, showed various contents in 82 accessions. Total sugar content ranged from 5.64 to 46.68 mg/g and showed average 25.33 mg/g. Total sugar content was not statistically significant among the five subspecies, but individual sugar ratio varied. The wild, wild-relatives and traditional cultivars were not significantly among average total sugars content compared with improved cultivars. On the other hand, the wild and traditional cultivars were showed high ratio of individual sugars. These results could be valuable information for the development of new radish cultivars and regulation of sugars biosynthesis in radish.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.252-263
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• 2018

In this research, we performed a SWOT analysis to analyze the feasibility of cultivating tropical fruits in Korea, using the mango as a case study. The opportunities for domestic tropical fruit (mango) cultivation are that the domestic cultivation environment is improving due to global warming, the consumer market is expanding due to the increase in domestic demand, and some local governments are supporting the cultivation of tropical fruits as a new high-income crop. The strengths are that it is possible to produce high quality fresh fruits in Korea and that they are still distributed in small quantities, so they can be differentiated from imported ones. There are regular customers and the mango is recognized as a medicinally functional fruit. The threats are that the price competitiveness of imported goods is likely to be further strengthened due to the implementation of the FTA and that it is difficult to cope with the unpredictable climate changes, such as heavy snowfall and extremely cold weather. The weak points are that the initial investment cost is high, the operating costs such as heating bills are also very high, and there is no supply system for the chemicals, fertilizers and cultivation technology required for tropical fruits. In order for tropical fruits such as mangoes to become major fruits, we must make full use of these strengths and opportunities while, at the same time, complementing the weaknesses and eliminating the threats in the value chain.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.42-48
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• 2011

Chloroplast genetic engineering of higher plants offers several unique advantages compared with nuclear genome transformation, such as high levels of transgene expression, a lack of position effect due to site-specific transgene integration by homologous recombination, multigene engineering in a single transformation event and reducing risks of gene flow via pollen due to maternal inheritance. We established a reproducible chloroplast transformation system of potato using a tobacco specific plastid transformation vector, pCtVG (trnI-Prrn-aadA-mgfp-TpsbA-trnA). Stable transgene integration into chloroplast genomes and the homoplasmic state of the transgenome were confirmed by PCR and Southern blot analyses. Northern, immunoblot analysis, and GFP fluorescence imaging revealed high expression and accumulation of GFP in the plastids of potato leaves. This system would provide new opportunities for genetic improvement and mass production of value added foreign proteins in this crop.