• Title/Summary/Keyword: neutralization system

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Performance of Beam Extractions for the KSTAR Neutral Beam Injector

  • Chang, D.H.;Jeong, S.H.;Kim, T.S.;Lee, K.W.;In, S.R.;Jin, J.T.;Chang, D.S.;Oh, B.H.;Bae, Y.S.;Kim, J.S.;Cho, W.;Park, H.T.;Park, Y.M.;Yang, H.L.
    • Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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    • 2011.02a
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    • pp.240-240
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    • 2011
  • The first neutral beam injector (NBI-1) has been developed for the Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) tokamak. A first long pulse ion source (LPIS-1) has been installed on the NBI-1 for an auxiliary heating and current drive of KSTAR core plasmas. Performance of ion and neutral beam extractions in the LPIS-1 was investigated initially on the KSTAR NBI-1 system, prior to the neutral beam injection into the main plasmas. The ion source consists of a JAEA magnetic bucket plasma generator with multi-pole cusp fields and a set of KAERI prototype-III tetrode accelerators with circular apertures. The inner volume of plasma generator and accelerator column in the LPIS-1 is approximately 123 liters. Final design requirements for the ion source were a 120 kV/ 65 A deuterium beam and a 300 s pulse length. The extraction of ion beams was initiated by the formation of arc plasmas in the LPIS-1, called as an arc-beam extraction method. A stable ion beam extraction of LPIS-1 has been achieved up to an 100 kV/42 A for a 4 s pulse length and an 80 kV/25 A for a 14 s pulse length. Optimum beam perveance of 1.21 microperv has been found at an accelerating voltage of 80 kV. Neutralization efficiency has been measured by using a water flow calorimetry (WFC) method of calorimeter and an operation of bending magnet. The full-energy species of ion beams have been detected by using the diagnostic method of optical multichannel analyzer (OMA). An arc efficiency of the LPIS was 0.6~1.1 A/kW depending on the operating conditions of arc discharge.

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Studies on the Biological Treatment of Waste Water from Acetaldehyde Plant (아세트 알데히드(특수산업) 폐수의 생물학적 처리)

  • 정기택;서승교;송형익;박임동;방광웅
    • Korean Journal of Microbiology
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    • v.25 no.4
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    • pp.333-338
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    • 1987
  • In order to establish the biological treatment system which can be used for treatment of waste aster from acetaldehyde plant, it was investigated optimum nutrient requirements and growth conditions by mixed culture of Micrococcus roseus AW-6, Micrococcus luteus AW-22, Microbacterium lacticum AW-38 and Microbacterium laevaniformans AW-41 as well as the effect of coagulants and neutralization reagents. Also, it was carried out the continuous culture as well as batch culture to treat the waste water by mixed culture of these strains. The COD removal rate was reached to maximum state for 96hrs culture at pH7.0 and $30^{\circ}C$ NaOH as the neutralization reagents was the most effective, but the coagulants had no effect on the COD remonal rate and the optimum dilution times for treatment were 10 fold. The COD removal rate was also increased by supplimenting 200 ppm $NH_{2}NO_{3}$, 50 ppm $KH_{2}PO_{4}$, 15 ppm $CaCl_{2}$ and 1 ppm $MgSO_{4} \cdot 7H_{2}O $ as additional nutrients. The removal rate coefficient $K_{1}$ on the batch culture was $4.5\times 10^{-6}$, and the detention time for BOD removal rate of 85% was approximately 45hrs. The COD of waste water was reduced to 15% of its initial value by the continuous culture. The COD and BOD of the effluents were to be about 60 ppm and 40 ppm, respectively, and final pH was 7.0.

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Phase Behavior Study of Fatty Acid Potassium Cream Soaps (지방산 칼륨 Cream Soaps 의 상거동 연구)

  • Noh, Min Joo;Yeo, Hye Lim;Lee, Ji Hyun;Park, Myeong Sam;Lee, Jun Bae;Yoon, Moung Seok
    • Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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    • v.48 no.1
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    • pp.55-64
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    • 2022
  • The potassium cream soap with fatty acid called cleaning foam has a crystal gel structure, and unlike an emulsion system, it is weak to shear stress and shows characteristics that are easily separated under high temperature storage conditions. The crystal gel structure of cleansing foams is significantly influenced by the nature and proportion of fatty acids, degree of neutralization, and the nature and proportion of polyols. In order to investigate the effect of these parameters on the crystal gel structure, a ternary system consisting of water/KOH/fatty acid was investigated in this study. The investigation of differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) revealed that the eutectic point was found at the ratio of myristic acid (MA) : stearic acid (SA) = 3 : 1 and ternary systems were the most stable at the eutectic point. However, the increase in fatty acid content had little effect on stability. On the basis of viscosity and polarized optical microscopy (POM) measurements, the optimum degree of neutralization was found to be about 75%. The system was stable when the melting point (Tm) of the ternary system was higher than the storage temperature and the crystal phase was transferred to lamellar gel phase, but the increase in fatty acid content had little effect on stability. The addition of polyols to the ternary system played an important role in changing the Tm and causing phase transition. The structure of the cleansing foams were confirmed through cryogenic scanning electron microscope (Cryo-SEM), small and wide angle X-ray scattering (SAXS and WAXS) analysis. Since butylene glycol (BG), propylene glycol (PG), and dipropylene glycol (DPG) lowered the Tm and hindered the lamellar gel formation, they were unsuitable for the formation of stable cleansing foam. In contrast, glycerin, PEG-400, and sorbitol increased the Tm, and facilitated the formation of lamellar gel phase, which led to a stable ternary system. Glycerin was found to be the most optimal agent to prepare a cleansing foam with enhanced stability.

Blast Furnace Slag as Media for an Anaerobic Fixed-Film Process (고로(高爐) 슬래그를 이용한 혐기성(嫌氣性) 생물막(生物膜) 공법(工法)에 관한 연구(硏究))

  • Choi, Eui So
    • KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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    • v.9 no.2
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    • pp.135-141
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    • 1989
  • Blast furnace slag presents coarse surface for microbes to grow on and high calcium and magnesium contents to neutralize acid to be produced during anaerobic digestion. Also, slag contains aluminum and iron oxides which would promote biological flocculation, and minerals which would stimulate microbial growth. Acid wastes like dairy waste, carbohydrate waste, sanitary landfill leachate and molases wastes were applied without neutralization to laboratory reactors to examine the applicability of blast furnace slag as media. The study results indicated slag media was effective to neutralize pH and maintain microbial population in the system. Particularly, COD removal efficiency was greater than those from plastic media operations treating dairy waste at higher loading rates.

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The study on the formation of titanic acid by dehydration of TiCl4 (TiCl4 가수분해에 의한 titanic acid의 생성에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Hern;Kim, Dae-Woong;Lee, Kyung-Hee;Baik, Woon-Phil
    • Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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    • v.8 no.2
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    • pp.343-349
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    • 1998
  • The effect of pH on the dehydration reaction of $TiCL_4$ solution. KOH and HC1 were used as a accelerater and retarder in dehydration. Results are follow. Neutralization point is pH 7.4 in the system of $TiCL_4$- KOH and the production which is produced at acidic side is Ti -gel of poly metatitanic acid. The production which is produced at alkalic side is aligomer and crystalline potasium titanate is not detected.

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Multimeric Expression of the Antimicrobial Peptide Buforin II in Escherichia coli by Fusion to a Cysteine-Rich Acidic Peptide

  • Lee, Jae-Hyun;Kim, Jeong-Hyun;Hong, Seung-Suh;Lee, Hyun-Soo;Kim, Sun-Chang
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • v.9 no.3
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    • pp.303-310
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    • 1999
  • A cost-effective mass production method for a strong antimicrobial peptide, buforin II, which was isolated from the stomach of Bufo bufo gargarizans, has been developed. This method is based on the neutralization of the positive charge of buforin II by fusion with a cysteine-rich acidic peptide (CAP) to avoid any lethal effect on the host. The neutralized fusion peptide was multimerized and expressed in Escherichia coli as tandem repeats to increase the production yield. Multimers of the CAP-buforin II fusion peptide were successfully expressed at high levels in E. coli as inclusion bodies. More than 100mg of pure buforin II was obtained per 11 of E. coli culture after cleaving the multimeric polypeptide with CNBr. The buforin II obtained from the recombinant E. coli had antimicrobial activity identical to that of natural buforin II. The proposed expression system can provide a cost-effective mass production method for both antimicrobial peptides and other host-lethal basic proteins.

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Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan/Cellulose Acetate Blend Film (키토산/셀룰로오스 아세테이트 복합필름의 제조와 특성)

  • Jung, Young-Jin;An, Byung-Jae;Choi, Hae-Wook;Kim, Hong-Sung;Lee, Young-Hee
    • Textile Coloration and Finishing
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    • v.19 no.4
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    • pp.10-17
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    • 2007
  • Chitosan(CS) and cellulose acetate(CA) composite films were prepared using formic acid as a cosolvent by casting, solvent evaporating and neutralization method. This study examines if the blending method, which uses formic acid as a cosolvent is efficient in improving the mechanical properties of CS film, especially wet strength and elongation. Formic acid is an effective cosolvent for the blend of CS and CA. Under wet condition, tensile strength and elongation of the composite films were obviously higher than those of the films made from pure CS. FTIR, DSC, and X-ray diffraction showed that the composite films exhibit a high level of compatibility and that strong interaction between the CS and CA was caused by intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The affinity series of composite film to transition metal ions are Cu(II) > Cd(II) > Cr(III). The adsorption of Cu((II) ion was shown to be highly pH sensitive.

A Study on the Dehydrogenation of Methanol by Alkali-doped Silica-alumina Catalyst (알칼리 금속이 첨가된 silica-alumina 촉매에 의한 메탄올의 탈수소반응의 연구)

  • Kwak, Jong Woon;Park, Jin-Nam;Lee, Ho-In
    • Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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    • v.7 no.4
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    • pp.698-706
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    • 1996
  • Dehydrogenation of methanol to produce formaldehyde was carried out over various silica-alumina catalysts doped with alkali metals in a continuous flow system. The reaction was rather dependent on Lewis acid than Br${\ddot{o}}$nsted acid suggesting that dehydrogenation of methanol was an electronic reaction. The Br${\ddot{o}}$nsted acid sites on silica-alumina were neutralized by doping with alkali metals, and the neutralization effect of Br${\ddot{o}}$nsted acid was dependent on the electron-donating capacity of the dopant metals. Activation energy for dehydrogenation of methanol decreased when Br${\ddot{o}}$nsted acid was neutralized by doping with K.

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Control of Odor Emissions Using Biofiltration: A Case Study of Dimethyl Disulfide

  • Kim, Jo-Chun;Bora C. Arpacioglu;Eric R. Allen
    • Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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    • v.18 no.E3
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    • pp.153-163
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    • 2002
  • A laboratory- scale dual-column biofilter system was used to study the biofiltration of dimethyl disulfide (DMDS). The gas flow rate and DMDS concentration to the biofilter were varied to study their effect on the remov-al of dimethyl disulfide. Operating parameters such as pH, temperature, and water content were monitored during the biofilter operation and necessary precautions were taken to keep these parameters within the acceptable limits. It was observed that the removal efficiency of DMDS was optimal at neutral pH values. After five month op-eration, the neutralization of the filter beds with sodium carbonate became necessary for the optimum operation of the biofilters. The microbial population already present in the compost mixtures was found to be adequate in treat-ing DMDS. The compost mixtures were found to be similar in terms of biofiltration efficiency of DMDS. However, pressure drops observed in the first column compost mixture (compost/ peat mulch) was extremely high, making this compost economically not feasible. The second mixture (compost/bark) provided pressure drops within accept-able limits. A minimum residence time of 30 seconds at the optimal operating conditions appeared to be adequate for achieving high removal efficiencies (>90%).

Acute Phase Protein Lipocalin-2 Is Associated with Formalin-induced Nociception and Pathological Pain

  • Jha, Mithilesh Kumar;Jeon, Sangmin;Jin, Myungwon;Lee, Won-Ha;Suk, Kyoungho
    • IMMUNE NETWORK
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    • v.13 no.6
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    • pp.289-294
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    • 2013
  • Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is an acute-phase protein induced by injury, infection, or other inflammatory stimuli. LCN2 binds small hydrophobic ligands and interacts with cell surface receptor to regulate diverse cellular processes. The role of LCN2 as a chemokine inducer in the central nervous system (CNS) has been previously reported. Based on the previous participation of LCN2 in neuroinflammation, we investigated the role of LCN2 in formalin-induced nociception and pathological pain. Formalin-induced nociceptive behaviors (licking/biting) and spinal microglial activation were significantly reduced in the second or late phase of the formalin test in Lcn2 knockout mice. Likewise, antibody-mediated neutralization of spinal LCN2 attenuated the mechanical hypersensitivity induced by peripheral nerve injury in mice. Taken together, our results suggest that LCN2 can be therapeutically targeted, presumably for both prevention and reversal of acute inflammatory pain as well as pathological pain.