• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.65-73
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• 2021

Since the amount of red mud, generated from aluminum smelting process as a by-product, has increased worldwide, the recycle and metal resource recovery from the red mud is becoming more important. In this study, in order to recycle the red mud as a soil stabilizer to remediate arsenic contaminated soils, neutralization of red mud was investigated. Red mud was neutralized by washing with distilled water and NaCl, CaCl₂, FeCl₃, and HCl solutions and heating at 200-800℃, and arsenic stabilization characteristics in soils were evaluated with the neutralized red mud. Although washing with distilled water was not effective in neutralizing red mud, the application of the washed red mud to soils lowered the soil pH compared to the application of untreated red mud. Among NaCl, CaCl₂, FeCl₃, and HCl solutions, washing with FeCl₃ showed the most effective in lowering pH of the red mud from pH 10.73 to pH 4.26. Application of the neutralized red mud in soils resulted in quite different arsenic stabilization efficiency depending on soil samples. In M1 soil, which showed relatively high arsenic stabilization efficiency by untreated red mud, the neutralization of red mud resulted in little effect on arsenic stabilization in soil. On the other hand, in M2 soil, which showed low arsenic stabilization efficiency by untreated red mud, the neutralization of red mud increased arsenic stabilization significantly. Soil characteristics such as clay minerals and pH buffering capacity seemed to affect reactions between red mud and soils, which resulted in different effects of the red mud application on soil pH and arsenic stabilization efficiencies.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2020년도 가을 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.104-105
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• 2020

Red mud is a highly alkaline waste by-product of the aluminum industry. Although recycling of red mud is being actively researched, a feasible technological solution has not been found yet. In this study, we propose that neutralization of red mud alkalinity could assist in its use as a construction material. Neutralized red mud ( pH 6-8) was prepared by adding sulfuric acid to liquefied red mud (pH 10-12). After adding liquid and neutralized red mud to the cement paste, the heat of hydration was measured. As a result of the experiment, the calorific value of the cement paste with liquid red mud was lowered and delayed compared to the cement paste with neutralized red mud.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2019년도 추계 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.23-24
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• 2019

In this paper, the compressive strength characteristics of cement paste were compared with the addition of liquefied red mud with the addition of nitric acid in order to improve the strength of the deteriorated cement. The results showed that the compressive strength with between 7 days and 28 days was greater than that of liquefied red mud. The ratio of daily compressive strength of the liquefied red mud is higher than that of the Plain with a 1 percent addition rate, and the ratio of compressive strength is lower than that of the Plain on the 28 days. Therefore, the compressive strength of neutralization liquefied red mud compared to liquidated red mud was relatively high, and the compressive strength of the red mud was shown to be improved to a level almost similar to that of Plain.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2023년도 봄 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.139-140
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• 2023

In this study, red mud with low recyclability was manufactured as liquid red mud, neutralized with sulfuric acid and nitric acid, and then added to cement paste to conduct research on physical and chemical properties. As a result, liquid red mud-added cement paste neutralized with sulfuric acid and nitric acid showed higher compressive strength after one day than cement paste with plain and non-neutralized liquid red mud. This indicates that nitric acid and sulfuric acid neutralization can increase initial strength.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2021년도 봄 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.70-71
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• 2021

An increasing amount of red mud (RM) is being generated globally with the growth in alumi-num production. To avoid the RM becoming a pollutant, methods for effectively recycling RM at a low cost are being investigated. This study proposes a method for recycling RM as a construc-tion material. The cement paste with neutralized liquefied red mud had higher compressive strength than that of plain cement paste and cement paste with liquefied red mud without neutralization at 1 d of aging; this indicates that nitric acid neu-tralization increases the early-age strength.

• 한국건설순환자원학회논문집
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.333-340
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• 2019

레드머드(Red mud)는 보크사이트(Bauxite)를 원료로 알루미나를 제조하는 공정에서 발생하는 산업부산물이다. 한국의 경우 베이어프로세스 공정을 통하여 Al2O3 1톤을 생산할 경우 함수율 50%의 레드머드가 약 2톤이 발생된다. 강알칼리성의 레드머드를 중화시킴으로서 재활용을 증대시킬 수 있고 보관 및 관리 측면에서 환경부하를 저감시킬 수 있다. 더욱이 재활용하기 위해 가열 및 분쇄 공정이 필요없는 액상화 레드머드에 대한 관심이 증대되고 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 질산 및 황산의 첨가량에 따른 액상화 레드머드의 pH 변화를 검토한 후 중화시킨 액상화 레드머드의 첨가량에 따른 시멘트 페이스트의 압축강도 특성을 비교 검토하였다. 그 결과 질산 및 황산으로 중화시킨 액상화 레드머드의 압축강도는 중화하지 않은 액상화 레드머드와 비교하여 상대적으로 높게 나타났다.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2008년도 추계 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.27-30
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• 2008

This study investigated the application of red muds, which were industrial wastes fired at 800℃, with a coloring agents. The results were summarized as following. The slumpflow, air content and unit weight volume were satisfied with each target values. The setting time was shortened on the case that 3 % of the red coloring agent and fired red mud were simultaneously replaced about 1 hour compared with the previous study which was 6 % of the red coloring agent was individually used. For the length change ratio caused by drying shrinkage and depth of neutralization on hardened concrete, they were declined when 3 % of the red coloring agent and fired red mud were simultaneously replaced compared with the previous study. On the measurement of forming colors, the case that 3 % of the red coloring agent and fired red mud were simultaneously replaced was similar to the previous study.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제12권7호
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• pp.39-47
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 red mud를 흡착제로 이용하여 산성광산배수내 대표적인 유해 중금속인 Cd과 Pb의 흡착특성을 파악하고, 산처리와 소성처리 방식으로 활성화된 red mud에 의한 Cd와 Pb의 중금속 흡착능의 변화를 알아보고자 하였다. Red mud에 대한 Cd과 Pb의 흡착은 반응시간 30분 이내에 대부분 발생하였으며, 5시간 경과 후에는 평형상태에 도달하는 것으로 나타났다. pH가 증가할수록 red mud에 대한 Cd 및 Pb의 흡착은 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. Red mud를 증류수 혹은 산으로 중화 처리하거나 산처리 혹은 소성처리 등과 같은 활성화 처리할 경우 Cd와 Pb에 대한 red mud의 흡착능은 오히려 감소하는 것으로 나타났으므로 red mud를 이용한 Cd와 Pb의 흡착제거는 가공하지 않은 원 상태의 red mud를 이용하는 것이 효과적인 것으로 파악되었다. Red mud에 대한 Cd와 Pb의 흡착거동은 Langmuir 및 Freundlich 등온흡착모델에 모두 잘 적용되었으며, Red mud 흡착제에 대한 Langmuir 등온 흡착식의 $q_m$ 과 Freundlich 등온흡착식의 $K_F$ 상수값은 Cd에 대하여 각각 5.230mg/g와 1.118mg/g이었으며 Pb에 대해서는 각각 22.222mg/g와 7.241mg/g의 값을 나타내고 있었다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.466-472
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• 2004

Red mud is formed as a waste during bauxite refining known as Bayer's process. Its main constituents are iron, aluminium, sodium and silica. The disposal of large quantities of wasted red mud causes a serious ecological problem. In this study, the red mud wasted from the bauxite refinery was studied for phosphate removal from aqueous solution according to activation methods. The influence of heat treatment, and neutralization with sea water and acid treatment level for the optimum conditions for phosphate removal have been determined. Heat treatment combined with acid treatment is most suitable for the removal of phosphate from aqueous solution. The optimal condition was activated with 1 N HCl solution after heating in $600^{\circ}C$ during 4 hours. Acid and heat treatment causes sodalite compounds which hinder the phosphate adsorption to leach out. The adsorption data obtained followed a first-order rate expression and fitted well with the Freundlich Isotherm well.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.3-12
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• 2023

보크사이트 잔재물은 알루미나 산업의 시작과 함께 120년간 지속적으로 발생하고 있는 제련 부산물로 높은 알칼리성과 염도 특성으로 유해물질로 분류되고 있다. 전 세계적으로 연간 1억 5천만톤 이상 꾸준히 증가 중인 잔재물을 다양한 산업 소재로 재활용하기 위해서는 중화 처리가 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 보크사이트 제련과정에서 알칼리성 물질의 형성과정과 최근 수십 년 동안 잔재물의 알칼리도 관리를 위한 몇 가지 기술을 분석하였다. 보크사이트 잔재물은 원광 및 제련 방법에 따라 다양한 특성을 갖기 때문에 알칼리성 물질의 종류, 지역 환경 및 인프라를 고려하여 중화공정을 선택하는 것이 바람직하다.