• 생물정신의학
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.149-152
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• 1999

Transgenic mice models of Alzheimer's disease were produced by overexpressing APP(amyloid precursor protein) mutant and presenilin mutant genes using the promotors that induced neuronal expression. The neuropathologies, electrophysiological changes and behavioral changes that were demonstrated in these transgenic mice models were amyloid changes, gliotic changes, A-beta increases, deficit in LTP(long-term potentiation) and behavioral changes. Some or all of the above changes were found in each transgenic mice model. These models generally showed amyloid neuropathology but they usually lacked the neurofibrillary tangles. So, they can be regarded as partial models of Alzheimer's disease. The development of them is undoubtedly the great progress toward future research.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.684-687
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• 2000

Primary anaplastic oligodendroglioma in brain stem is extremely rare. The authors present a case of a anaplastic oligodendroglioma arising from pons. A 29 year-old male patient was admitted because of cranial nerve palsy and visual disturbance. Neurological examination revealed bilateral sixth and left seventh cranial nerve plasies. Near-total resection of tumor mass was performed through midline suboccipital appraoch. Tumor was not related with choroid plexus and major vessels but it was firmly attached to the fourth ventricle floor. Tumor was considered to be arised from the tegmental portion of pons, growing dorsally into the 4th ventricle. Hitopathological exmination revealed primary anaplastic oligodendroglioma. Postoperative course was uneventful. The authors believe that this type of tumor with dorsally growing pattern can be successfully resected without major neurological deficit.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제54권6호
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• pp.793-795
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• 2016

Cysticercosis and sparganosis are not uncommon parasitic infections in the developing world. Central nervous system infection by both cestodes can present with neurological signs and symptoms, such as seizure and mass effect, including brain hernia. Early detection and accurate diagnosis can prevent a fatal outcome. Histological examinations of brain tissues can confirm the diagnosis of cerebral cysticercosis, which differs from sparganosis by the presence of a cavitated body. We report here a case of cerebral cysticercosis which has the similar clinical and imaging findings as sparganosis.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제59권4호
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• pp.414-419
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• 2016

A 35 years old woman presented with an acute meningeal syndrome following an intra ventricular haemorrhage without subarachnoid haemorrhage. The angiography demonstrated a 6 mm partially thrombosed saccular aneurysm at the plexal point of the right anterior choroidal artery (AChoA). It was surgically approached inside the ventricle through a trans-temporal corticotomy. The aneurysm was excised after distal exclusion of the feeding artery under motor-evoked potentials monitoring. Of the 19 cases of distal AChoA aneurysm neurosurgical treatment, this is the only one performed under electrophysiology monitoring, a simple and safe method to detect and prevent motor tract ischemia. We discuss this rare case, along with a comprehensible review of the literature of the previous surgical cases of distal AChoA aneurysms.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.18-20
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• 2016

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive motor neuron degenerative disease that clinically manifests both upper and lower motor neuron signs. However, it is unknown where and how the motor neuron degeneration begins, and conflicting hypotheses have been suggested. Recent advanced radiological techniques enable us to look into ALS neuropathology in vivo. Herein, we report a case with upper motor neuron-predominant ALS in whom the results of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and myelin water fraction MRI suggest axonal degeneration.

• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.30-33
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• 2001

Salsolinol (1-methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, SAL), a dopaminergic isoquinoline neurotoxin, has been implicated to contribute the etiology of Parkinson's disease and neuropathology of chronic alcoholism. In our previous results, SAL was reported to have the mutagenicity and clastogenicity not in bacteria but in mammalian cells, and its genotoxic potential was known to be potentiated in the presence of rat liver S-9 fraction. This may indicate that some metabolite(s) of SAL was involved in the mutagenic potentials. To investigate the SAL metabolites, the metabolism studies of SAL were conducted in vitro rat liver S-9 fraction and in vivo using rats by high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The methylated metabolite of SAL was found in urine of rats, while the same methylating form of metabolite was not produced from the in vitro metabolism system using rat liver S-9 fraction.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제58권1호
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• pp.30-35
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• 2015

Objective : The clinical and pathological characteristics of 10 cases of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA)-related cerebral lobar hemorrhage (CLH) that was diagnosed at autopsy were investigated to facilitate the diagnosis of this condition. Methods : The clinical characteristics of 10 cases of CAA-related CLH were retrospectively reviewed, and a neuropathological examination was performed on autopsy samples. Results : The 10 cases included two with a single lobar hemorrhage and eight with multifocal lobar hemorrhages. In all of the cases, the hemorrhage bled into the subarachnoid space. Pathological examinations of the 10 cases revealed microaneurysms in two, double barrel-like changes in four, multifocal arteriolar clusters in five, obliterative onion skin-like intimal changes in four, fibrinoid necrosis of the vessels in seven, neurofibrillary tangles in eight, and senile plaques in five cases. Conclusion : CAA-related CLHs were located primarily in the parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. These hemorrhages normally consisted of multiple repeated CLHs that frequently bled into the subarachnoid space. CAA-associated microvascular lesions may be the pathological factor underlying CLH.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.15-21
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• 2013

Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is one of the most widely used therapeutic agents based on its pharmacological actions, including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-pyretic, and anti-thrombotic effects. In this study, we investigated the effects of aspirin on seizure susceptibility and hippocampal neuropathology following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE). SE was induced by pilocarpine hydrochloride (280 mg/kg, i.p.) administration in C57BL/6 mice (aged 8 weeks). Aspirin was administered daily (15 mg/kg or 150 mg/kg, i.p.) for 10 days starting 3 days before SE, continuing until 6 days after SE. After pilocarpine injection, SE onset time and mortality were recorded. Neuronal cell death was examined using cresyl violet and Fluoro-Jade staining, and glial responses were observed 7 days post SE using immunohistochemistry. In the aspirin-treated group, the onset time of SE was significantly shortened and mortality was markedly increased compared to the control group. However, in this study, aspirin treatment did not affect SE-induced neuronal cell death or astroglial and microglial responses in the hippocampus. In conclusion, these results suggest that the safety of aspirin should be reevaluated in some patients, especially with neurological disorders such as temporal lobe epilepsy.

• BMB Reports
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.6-15
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• 2009

The most common genetic disorder Down syndrome (DS) displays various developmental defects including mental retardation, learning and memory deficit, the early onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD), congenital heart disease, and craniofacial abnormalities. Those characteristics result from the extra-genes located in the specific region called 'Down syndrome critical region (DSCR)' in human chromosome 21. In this review, we summarized the recent findings of the DYRK1A and RCAN1 genes, which are located on DSCR and thought to be closely associated with the typical features of DS patients, and their implication to the pathogenesis of neural defects in DS. DYRK1A phosphorylates several transcriptional factors, such as CREB and NFAT, endocytic complex proteins, and AD-linked gene products. Meanwhile, RCAN1 is an endogenous inhibitor of calcineurin A, and its unbalanced activity is thought to cause major neuronal and/or non-neuronal malfunction in DS and AD. Interestingly, they both contribute to the learning and memory deficit, altered synaptic plasticity, impaired cell cycle regulation, and AD-like neuropathology in DS. By understanding their biochemical, functional and physiological roles, we hope to get important molecular basis of DS pathology, which would consequently lead to the basis to develop the possible therapeutic tools for the neural defects in DS.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제58권6호
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• pp.553-559
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• 2014

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease that represents the most common form of dementia among the elderly population. The deposition of aggregated ${\beta}$-amyloid ($A{\beta}$) senile plaques in the human brain is a classic observation in the neuropathology of AD, yet an understanding of the mechanism of their formation remains elusive. $A{\beta}$ is formed through endoproteolysis of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by ${\beta}$-secretase (BACE1, ${\beta}$-site APP-cleaving enzyme) and ${\gamma}$-secretase. In this study, BACE1 protein was successfully over-expressed, purified, and refolded and utilized in a binding study with hispidin. We developed a simpler refolding method using a urea gradient and size-exclusion gel filtration to purify an active BACE1 protein variant, in larger quantities than that reported previously, and measured the binding affinity of hispidin to the BACE1 protein variant through isothermal titration calorimetry.