• Archives of design research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.53-62
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• 1999

The modern is image age, and The visually expressed symbols have much influence on individuals or enterprises and have an effect on the variety of individual and the innovation of management. Espacially, the symbols carry on the axis composing total image. According to the reason of positive & negative five elements, this paper analysised and studied the meaning of symbol design which analysis the thoughtful, abstract and formal meaning. This is the most fundmental elements and principals and means the good symbol composed harmoniously the positive & negative five elements give good image. Namely, the symbols of the Eum & Yan which applied the philosophical reason of the Orient thought became good image. The lively elements of design composed the reason of Eum & Yang have effect on auspicious and upgrade one step to the dimension of symbol design. The purpose of this paper analysises and understands the meaning of symbol was composed the positive & negative five elements. In the point of view of modern design. the overlOOking elements of the symbol(line, form, space etc) reminded and established the new model which the new idea approached by the thought of the positive & negative five elements.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.69-84
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to develope and test the structural model for depression in middle-aged women. A hypothetical model was constructed on the basis of previous studies and a review of literatures. The conceptual framework was built around eight constructs. Exogenous variables included in this model were volunteer activity, health status & economic status. Endogenous variables were meaning of life, self-esteem, perceived life stress & depression. Empirical data for testing the hypothetical model was collected using a self-report questionnaire from 216 middle-aged women in Pusan City. The Data was collected from May to June, 1999. Reliability of the seven instruments tested with Cronbach's alpha was ranged from .86-.94. For the data analysis, SPSS 7.5 WIN Program and LISREL 8.12 WIN Program were used for descriptive statistics and covariance structural analysis. The results of covariance structure analysis were as follows: 1. The hypothetical model showed a good fit with the empirical data. [$x^2$/df=2.87(p=.72), GFI=1.00, AGFI=.98, RMSR=.025, NFI=.99, standardized residuals ($-1.44{\sim}1.44$)]. 2. To heighten for the parsimony and fitness of the model, a modified model was constructed by deleting according to the criteria of statistical significance and meaning. 3. The modified model also showed a good fit with the data. [$x^2$=5.26(01=7,p=.63), GFI=.99, AGFl=.97, RMSR=.025, NFI=.99, standardized reslduals ($-1.50{\sim}1.45$)] Results of the testing of the hypothesis were as follows : 1. Self-esteem(${\beta}_{42}$=-.48, t=-5.64) had a negative and perceived life stress(${\beta}_{43}$=.20, t=3.21)had a positive direct effect on depression. Meaning of life had a negative direct(${\beta}_{41}$=-.17, t=-2.19) and a negative indirect effect through self-esteem on depression. Volunteer activity had a negative indirect effect through meaning of life, meaning of life and self-esteem on depression. Health status had a negative direct and a negative indirect effect through meaning of life, meaning of life and self-esteem on depression. Economic status had a negative indirect effect through perceived life stress on depression. Self-esteem was the most significant variable. 2. Volunteer activity(${\gamma}_{11}$=.43, t=6.78) and health status(${\gamma}_{12}$=.35, t=4.88) had positive direct effect on meaning of life. 3. Meaning of life(${\beta}_{21}$=.50, t=6.53) had a positive direct effect on self-esteem. Volunteer activity had a positive indirect effect through meaning of life on self-esteem. Health status had a positive direct(${\gamma}_{22}$=.18, t=2.23) and a indirect effect through meaning of life on self-esteem. Meaning of life was the most significant variable. 4. Economic status (${\gamma}_{33}$=-.44, t값=-6.01) had a positive direct effect on perceived life stress. The results of this study showed that self-esteem had the most significant direct effect on depression. Meaning of life and health status had significant direct effect on this self-esteem. Volunteer activity and health status had direct effect on meaning of life. The results of this study suggested that there is a need to develope intervention to promote degree of self-esteem and alleviate degree of depression in middle-aged women.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.703-714
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• 1999

The purpose of the present study was to identify the effect of ritual dress on korean catholic priest's impression. The subject consisted of 415 undergraduated students. The experimental materials developed for this study were 3 type color photographs stimuli of catholic priest model and 7-point sementic differential scale composed of 49 bipolar adjectives representing personal traits. The data were analyzed by factor analysis. the major findings drawn from this study were as follows : Four factors emerged to account for the dimentional structure of the impression of each dress style. Four factors were titled as open-hearted mind symbolic meaning nature of priest potency. The open-hearted mind factor was the largest throughout the 3types ritual dress. Casula had a positive effect on open-hearted mind nature of prist and negative on symbolic meaning potency. Sutan had a positive effect on open-hearted mind potency nature of priest and negative on symbolic meaning. Black suit with roman collar had a positive effect on open-hearted mind symbolic meaning nature of prist and negative on potency, Therefore the ritual dress had significant effect on korean catholic priest' impressin of open-hearted mind symbolic meaning nature of prist activity and potency

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 1991

From of old, labor has been accompanied by pain and much effort has been mode to eliminate or diminish the amounts of pain during labor. Little concern has yet been given to the subjective meaning of pain in labor. Recently, rates of cesarean section in Korea and in some other nations have increased rapidly and some investigators are reporting negative reactions such as anger, disappointment and feeling of loss due to lack of control over labor and its pain. These findings are thought to suggest that control of labor and its pain gives some meaning to the laboring woman. Thus the investigators sought to discover the meaning of pain during labor for Korean women. Specific objectives of this study were to explore the meaning of pain in labor to the mothers, their reactions to the experience of labor add their preference for delivery method. The subjects of this study were 95 mothers who delivered their babies in hospital from September 989 to May 1990 : 45 gave birth by vaginal delivery, and 50 by cesarean section. Data were gathered through direct interviews by the investigators, and questions were focused on five areas i.e. mothers' feelings about delivery and their babies, their feelings about of having more children, the most difficult aspect about this labor and delivery, and what they thought the differences were between vaginal delivery and cesarean section. After interview, mothers' answers were summarized, and classified according to the degree of positive or negative attitude. To ascertain the difference in meaning of labor pains and reaction to delivery experience between mothers delivered vaginally and by cesarean section a Median test was done using an SAS. Results were as follows. 1. More mothers who had delivered vaginally realized that they “have became a mother” than those who had a cesarean section(X$^2$＝8.409, df＝3, p＝0.038). 2. Immediate reaction to their delivery experience was more positive for mothers who had a cesarean section. 3. These Korean mothers expressed preference for vaginal delivery. Suggestions for further research on the meaning for mothers of their experience of labor, and on the meaning of pain for mothers who have a cesarean section were made.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.145-150
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• 2000

In this paper, we study the subject-matter knowledge related to the problem about rational exponent with negative bases. From the school mathematics point of view, we first investigate the meaning of the extensions of the number systems. We analyze the intrinsic meaning involved in the (-8)$^{1}$ 3) through the natural interpretation of rational exponent with negative bases by the complex number. we explain why it is important for a teacher to have the subject-matter knowledge in order to detect and correct student\`s mistake and misunderstanding.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.11-13
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• 2006

The present paper focuses on the interaction between lexical-semantic information and affective prosody. More specifically, we explore whether affective prosody influence on evaluation of affective meaning of a word. To this end, we asked participants to listen a word and to evaluate the emotional content of the word which were recoded with affective prosody. Results showed that first, emotional evaluation was slower when the word meaning is negative than when they is positive. Second, when the prosody of words is negative, evaluation time is faster than when it is neutral or positive. And finally, when the affective meaning of word and prosody is congruent, response time is faster than it is incongruent.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.13 no.3 s.56
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• pp.391-405
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• 2005

This study puts emphasis on showing the change of Stripe Pattern, which has been popular for a long period of time in many societies, with change in time, assessing its value as an art. During medieval period, Strife Pattern had a strong negative meaning as a sign of disgrace or inferiority, or had been used as discrimination against a mental or a sinner, who had been rejected or banished from the society. Through French Revolution, Stripe Pattern has become a symbol of liberty and equality, furthermore, the notion of society as well as countries. This event had positively affected on reevaluating its image, from inferior, negative to significant, artistic. Eventually the variety of aesthetic values of Stripe Pattern led its way to the variation of its functional value expanding its use other than fashion industry. It is anticipated that our fashion industry will flourish in creating new, creative design by understanding design and appreciating their aesthetic values with their applications to human sensibility.

• Korean Linguistics
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• v.76
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• pp.213-241
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• 2017

Korean verb 'Casi-', which is treated as negative element in dictionaries, is actually a placeholder shows indefinite use, and '-ko casiko' construction is understood as a member of a class of 'Ending repetition construction'. However, unlike among others, '-ko casiko' construction is now undergoing developement of its negative polarity. Because of its indefiniteness, '-ko casiko' construction change its meaning into a universal negative when it is used in negative sentences.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.31
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• pp.287-308
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• 2013

Russian language tends to be quite open to borrowing. In Russian it has been for a long time the conventional way of expanding the lexicon, accepting many words from adjacent languages, including Church Slavic. In the contemporary Russian English has been the main source for loanwords. There are several linguistic factors for lexical borrowing: 1. the necessity of denominating new facts, phenomena or concepts, 2. the necessity of differentiating concepts, 3. the necessity of specializing new concepts, 4. the introduction of new international terms, 5. the increase of periphrastic expressions, 6. the needs for the more elegant and modern words. These factors have caused borrowing to enlarge the component of the lexicon and phrasal expressions, but excessive use of foreign words has brought about negative effects such as linguistic pollution. Some borrowed words are assimilated without serious conflicts, but other words undergo semantic changes in confrontation to existing words of similar meanings. These types of semantic changes comprise total change of meaning, reduction of semantic scale and extension of meaning. Semantic changes are caused by linguistic factors such as lexical conflict with existing words or by socio-culural factors such as misunderstanding of foreign words. And extension of meaning shows two types: qualitative extension and quantitative extension. The first means extending the semantic scope of a borrowed word and the latter - increasing the number of its sememe. In contemporary Russian language we can witness two productive phenomena: qualitative extension by socio-cultural factors, in which words with negative nuances are changed into those with positive ones and professional terms become common words, losing their professional meanings. On the other hand, by quantative extension some loanwords change their concrete meanings into abstract ones. In such cases loanwords acquire the additional meanings of abstractness, putting aside their original concrete meanings as the basic. On the contrary, the qualitative extension of adding the special meaning to general words or giving the concrete meaning to abstract words is not productive. And it is rarely witnessed that words of positive nuances are negatively used. It is considered that such cases are partly restricted in the spoken language or the jargon. Such phenomena may happen by the incomplete understanding of English words.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.27 no.2_1
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• pp.287-295
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• 2024

Many first aiders suffer from the stress of working in uncertain disaster sites. The stress of responding to disasters leads to an increase in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and a decrease in psychological well-being. It also has many negative effects on the meaning in life for first aiders. Reduced meaning in life will result in many societal opportunity costs due to decreased health and work engagement. To address this issue, this study conducted a survey to analyze the level of meaning in life of first aiders. The results indicated that the overall level of meaning in life of first aiders is very low. This issue needs to be addressed sooner rather than later, given the increasing trend of emergency response. Based on the results of the study, measures were proposed to reduce PTSD and psychological stability by restoring the meaningfulness of first aiders' lives.