• 한국건설순환자원학회논문집
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.117-123
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• 2022

현대인은 대부분의 시간을 실내에서 보내고 있기 때문에 실내 공기질에 대한 관심이 높아지는 추세이다. 실내 공기의 주요 오염원으로는 인간의 활동, 건축자재, 생활용품, 외부로부터 오염된 대기의 유입 등을 들 수 있다. 실내 공기질 관리법에서는 실내공기 오염물질로 미세먼지, 총 부유세균, 곰팡이, 이산화탄소 등 17종을 규정하고 있다. 현대인의 실내 환경은 세균과 곰팡이균의 생육환경이 흡사하기 때문에 일상생활에서 세균과 곰팡이에 항상 노출된다. 특히 많은 사람이 모이는 다중이용시설의 경우에는 세균감염의 위험이 더 크다고 할 수 있다. 한편 솔잎은 예전부터 항균효과가 뛰어난 것으로 알려져 있으며, 한약재, 식용 등 쓰임새가 다양하다. 그 외에 의약, 식품 및 염색제 관련 산업에서는 적극적으로 활용하고 있으며, 최근에는 건축자재로 이용하기 위한 시도도 이루어지고 있는 실정이다. 솔잎의 항균효과에 관한 연구는 상당히 많이 이루어지고 있으며, 다양한 항균 성분을 가지고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 솔잎 추출물의 항세균, 항곰팡이 효과를 확인하였으며, 이를 토대로 솔잎 추출물을 혼입한 시멘트 경화체를 제작해 솔잎 추출물의 혼입 비율별 세균과 곰팡이에 대한 항균 활성 효과를 연구하였다. 솔잎 추출물은 황색포도상구균과 대장균에 대해 항세균 효과를 나타났으며, 검정 곰팡이에 대해 생육환경을 저해하는 것이 나타났다. 솔잎 추출물을 혼입한 시멘트 경화체는 황색포도상구균과 대장균에 대해서 항균 활성 효과를 나타냈다. 그러나 검정 곰팡이에 대해서 항균 활성 효과를 나타내지 않았다. 결과적으로, 솔잎추출물을 혼입한 시멘트 경화체는 병원균 억제에는 효과적이지만 곰팡이에 대해서는 효과가 없는 것으로 판단되며, 솔잎추출물을 항균재료 사용하기 위해서는 곰팡이의 생육을 저해하는 요인에 대한 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.62-78
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• 2023

Objectives : This study aims to assess the impact of acupotomy on migraine through an examination of clinical studies conducted since 2015. Methods : We conducted a comprehensive search for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomized controlled trials (nRCTs) related to acupotomy treatment for migraine, utilizing five Korean online databases (OASIS, Science ON, DBPIA, KISS, RISS), as well as four foreign online databases (CNKI, PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library). We identified a total of 10 relevant studies for analysis. Participants characteristics, treatment points, combination treatments, treatment cycles or frequencies, evaluation indices, efficacy, and adverse events were analyzed. The risk of bias in the 10 RCTs was assessed using the Revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2.0). Results : A total of 931 participants were included in 10 studies. In the intervention group, the average duration of migraine morbidity ranged from 15.5±4.5 months to 15.9±4.2 years. Six studies based their diagnoses on the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD), while five studies relied on Chinese diagnostic criteria. All studies specified the treatment area as the region exhibiting tenderness or induration on the head and neck. Treatment cycles ranged from a minimum of 2 days to a maximum of 1 week, with the number of days per treatment course varied from 5 days to 4 weeks. The diameter of acupuncture needles used varied between 0.3 mm and 1 mm. Of the eight studies specifying needle length, the shortest was 20 mm, and the longest was 40 mm. A total of eight evaluation indices were employed, with total efficacy rate (TER) and visual analogue scale (VAS) being the most frequently used. Statistically, all intervention groups showed more significant results compared to the control groups. Adverse events were reported in only two studies within the intervention group. Overall, the risk of bias assessment for the selected RCTs ranged from 'some concerns' to 'high risk of bias.' Conclusions : This study showed that acupotomy treatments for migraine were effective.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.184-193
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• 2023

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to understand the temperature characteristics depending on the thickness and material of the needle used with the Electronic Warm Acupuncture Device (EWAD). Methods : We controlled experimental environment and measured temperature changes of a silicon phantom in which K-type thermocouples were inserted at depths of 2, 7 mm. EWAD perfomed with acupuncture needles of various thicknesses (0.25×60 mm, 0.40×60 mm, and 0.50×60 mm) and materials (Gold 0.40×50 mm). We set non-needle (only heated with EWAD skin heater) group as a control group. Results : The maximum temperature and temperature changes of 0.40 mm, 0.50 mm needle group were significantly higher than the non-needle group. The highest temperature range in all needle groups was 0.50 mm needle group (41.44±0.31℃). However, the 0.25 mm needle group was not significantly different from the non-needle group. Maximum temperature of gold needle group was significantly higher than stainless steel needle group. Temperature changes of gold needle group were higher than stainless steel group at the depth of 7 mm. Conclusions : It was found that needle thickness and material of acupuncture had an effect on the temperature of the EWAD. When performing EWAD treatment, consideration of thickness and material of acupuncture is needed. Future research is needed using phantoms that can reflect actual clinical situations and better mimic the human body.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.404-413
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• 2023

In this research, we studied the development of a SUS304 microneedle array based on microfabrication technology and the applicability of Parylene-C thin film, a medical polymer material. First of all, four materials commonly used in the field of medical engineering (SUS304, Ti, PMMA, and PEEK) were selected and a 5 ㎛ Parylene-C thin film was deposited. The applicability of Parylene-C coating to each material was confirmed through SEM analysis, contact angle measurement, surface roughness(Ra) measurement, and adhesion test according to ASTM standards for each specimen. Parylene-C thin film was deposited based on chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and a 5 ㎛ Parylene-C deposition process was established through trial and error. Through characteristic experiments to confirm the applicability of Parylene-C, SUS304 material, which is the easiest to apply Parylene-C coating without pretreatment was selected to develop a microneedle array based on CNC micromachining technology. The CNC micromachining process was divided into a total of 5 steps, and a microneedle array consisting of 19 needles with an inner diameter of 200 ㎛, an outer diameter of 400 ㎛, and a height of 1.4 mm was designed and manufactured. Finally, a 5 ㎛ Parylene-C coated microneedle array was developed, which presented future research directions in the field of microneedle-based drug delivery systems.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.422-430
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• 2020

The Korean Society of Urogenital Radiology (KSUR) aimed to present a consensus statement for patient preparation, standard technique, and pain management in relation to transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy (TRUS-Bx) to reduce the variability in TRUS-Bx methodologies and suggest a nationwide guideline. The KSUR guideline development subcommittee constructed questionnaires assessing prebiopsy anticoagulation, the cleansing enema, antimicrobial prophylaxis, local anesthesia methods such as periprostatic neurovascular bundle block (PNB) or intrarectal lidocaine gel application (IRLA), opioid usage, and the number of biopsy cores and length and diameter of the biopsy needle. The survey was conducted using an Internet-based platform, and responses were solicited from the 90 members registered on the KSUR mailing list as of 2018. A comprehensive search of relevant literature from Medline database was conducted. The strength of each recommendation was graded on the basis of the level of evidence. Among the 90 registered members, 29 doctors (32.2%) responded to this online survey. Most KSUR members stopped anticoagulants (100%) and antiplatelets (76%) one week before the procedure. All respondents performed a cleansing enema before TRUS-Bx. Approximately 86% of respondents administered prophylactic antibiotics before TRUS-Bx. The most frequently used antibiotics were third-generation cephalosporins. PNB was the most widely used pain control method, followed by a combination of PNB plus IRLA. Opioids were rarely used (6.8%), and they were used only as an adjunctive pain management approach during TRUS-Bx. The KSUR members mainly chose the 12-core biopsy method (89.7%) and 18G 16-mm or 22-mm (96.5%) needles. The KSUR recommends the 12-core biopsy scheme with PNB with or without IRLA as the standard protocol for TRUS-Bx. Anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents should be discontinued at least 5 days prior to the procedure, and antibiotic prophylaxis is highly recommended to prevent infectious complications. Glycerin cleansing enemas and administration of opioid analogues before the procedure could be helpful in some situations. The choice of biopsy needle is dependent on the practitioners' situation and preferences.

• Clinical Endoscopy
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.107-113
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• 2023

Background/Aims: Immune checkpoint blockade has recently been reported to be effective in treating microsatellite instability (MSI)-high tumors. Therefore, sufficient sampling of histological specimens is necessary in cases of unresectable pancreatic cancer (UR-PC). This multicenter study investigated the efficacy of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle biopsy (EUS-FNB) using a Franseen needle for MSI evaluation in patients with UR-PC. Methods: A total of 89 patients with UR-PC who underwent endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) or EUS-FNB using 22-G needles at three hospitals in Japan (2018-2021) were enrolled. Fifty-six of these patients (FNB 23 and FNA 33) were followed up or evaluated for MSI. Patient characteristics, UR-PC data, and procedural outcomes were compared between patients who underwent EUS-FNB and those who underwent EUS-FNA. Results: No significant difference in terms of sufficient tissue acquisition for histology was observed between patients who underwent EUS-FNB and those who underwent EUS-FNA. MSI evaluation was possible significantly more with tissue samples obtained using EUS-FNB than with tissue samples obtained using EUS-FNA (82.6% [19/23] vs. 45.5% [15/33], respectively; p<0.01). In the multivariate analysis, EUS-FNB was the only significant factor influencing the possibility of MSI evaluation. Conclusions: EUS-FNB using a Franseen needle is desirable for ensuring sufficient tissue acquisition for MSI evaluation.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.607-613
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• 2010

솔잎은 항산화력이 우수한 것으로 알려져 있으며, mouse calvaria 유래의 MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cell은 골세포의 세포 활성과 관련된 연구에서 유용하게 이용되어왔다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 MC3T3-E1 세포를 이용하여 적송잎 용매별 추출물이 세포 증식에 미치는 영향과 ALP 활성 및 조골세포의 골 형성을 위한 필수 인자인 콜라겐 합성의 영향에 대해 검토하였다. 적송잎 추출물의 농도(1, 10 50, $100\;{\mu}g/ml$)에 따른 조골세포 성장에 미치는 영향을 MTT assay로 분석한 결과, proanthocyanidin의 경우 $50\;{\mu}g/ml$ 이상 첨가한 군에서 대조군보다 급격한 증식률을 나타내었다. 에탄올 추출물을 첨가하였을 때 유의적인 증식률이 나타나지 않은 반면, 적송잎 헥산 추출물 처리군에 있어서는 $10\;{\mu}g/ml$ 농도 이상에서 유의적으로 세포증식이 촉진되었다. 적송잎 추출물이 ALP 활성에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과, 적송잎 추출물이 조골세포의 ALP의 활성을 증가시켜 조골세포의 분화에 영향을 줄 가능성이 제시 되었다. 또한 적송잎의 열수 및 에탄올 추출물보다 헥산 추출물에서 조골세포의 ALP 활성이 증가하여 적송잎의 ALP 활성에 영향을 주는 성분은 수용성 성분보다 지용성 성분인 것으로 추측되었다. 적송잎 추출물이 조골세포의 콜라겐 합성에 미치는 실험결과에서 헥산 추출물뿐만 아니라 열수 추출물에서도 높은 콜라겐 합성능력을 나타내었다. 따라서 단일성분에 의한 것보다 복합적 성분들의 상승작용에 의해 조골세포의 콜라겐 합성이 촉진된 것으로 추측할 수 있다. 적송잎 추출물이 조골세포의 증식, ALP 활성 및 콜라겐 합성을 촉진하여 골 생성에 영향을 줄 수 있는 것이 확인되었으며, 그에 대한 구체적인 기작 연구를 위하여 향후 분자생물학적인 차원에서의 in vitro 및 in vivo 실험을 통한 구체적인 연구가 수행되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.8-20
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• 1976

소나무 천연임분(天然林分)의 변이(變異)를 연구하기 위해 1974년도(年度)의 3개집단선발(個集團選拔)에 이어서 소나무 3개집단(個集團)이 강원도(江原道) 명주군(溟州群) 연곡면(連谷面) 삼산리(三山里)(4), 경북(慶北) 울진군(蔚珍郡) 서면(西面) 하원리(下院里)(5), 경기도(京畿道) 수원시(水原市) 이목동(梨木洞)(6)에서 선발(選拔)되었다. 각(各) 집단별(集團別)로 20개체(個體)의 임목(林木)이 선정되어 외부형태학적(外部形態學的) 특성(特性) 그리고 침엽(針葉) 및 재질(材質)의 특성(特性)이 조사되었다. 이 결과는 다음과 같이 요약(要約)된다. 1. 침엽(針葉)의 특성중(特性中)에서 거치밀도(鋸齒密度), 수지도수(樹脂道數)는 통계학적(統計學的)으로 집단간(集團間)에 차이(差異)를 갖지 않았지만 엽(葉) 양면(兩面)의 기공열(氣孔列)은 통계학적(統計學的)으로 집단간(集團間)에 차이(差異)가 인정(認定)되었다. 그러나 개체간(個體間)에는 모든 침엽(針葉)의 특성(特性)에서 유의(有意)한 차이(差異)가 지적(指摘)될 수 있었다. 2. 어느 집단(集團)을 막론하고 기공열(氣孔列)에 있어서는 잎의 복면(腹面)과 배면간(背面間)에 높은 상관(相關)을 지니고 있었다. 3. 연주군(溟州郡) 집단(集團)이 수지도(樹脂道) 지수(指數)에서 높은 값을 보였는데 이것은 그 집단(集團)이 잡종성(雜種性)을 지녔다는 것을 뜻한다. 4. 재질(材質)의 특성(特性)에서 연륜폭(年輪幅)과 추재율(秋材率)은 집단간(集團間)에 통계학상(統計學上) 차이(差異)를 보였지만 비중(比重)과 가도관장(假導管長)은 집단간차이(集團間差異)가 없었다. 그러나 한 집단내(集團內)에 있어서는 모든 값이 연륜구분간(年輪區分間)에 통계학적(統計學的) 차이(差異)가 인정(認定)되었다. 5. 연륜폭(年輪幅)은 수령증가(樹令增加)에 따라 급(急)히 감소(減少)했지만 추재율(秋材率), 비중(比重), 가도관장(假導管長)은 장령기(壯令期)까지는 서서(徐徐)히 증가(增加)하고 그 후(後)에 점차로 감소(減少)하였다. 그렇지만 감소(減少)하는 증가(增加)하는 양상(樣相)은 집단(集團)에 따라 다소(多少) 차이(差異)가 있었다. 6. 모든 침엽특성(針葉特性)에 의(義)한 변이계수(變異係數)에서 울진집단(蔚珍集團)의 값이 대체로 높았다. 그리고 모든 재질(材質)의 특성(特性)에 의(義)한 변이계수(變異係數)에서 수원집단(水原集團)의 값이 언제나 가장 높았고 명주군집단(溟洲郡集團)의 값은 가장 낮았다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.51-58
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• 1980

자화(雌花)의 원기형성기간(原基形成期間)동안에 광합성물질(光合成物質) (Photosynthate) 이 잎으로부터 정아(頂芽)로 이동(移動)하는 양상(樣相)을 구명(究明)하기 위하여, 방사능(放射能) 동의원소(同位元素) $^{14}CO_2$를 잎에 처리(處理)하여 방사능(放射能)의 이동(移動)을 추적(追跡)하였다. 7월말(月末)과 8월말(月末) 두 차례에 걸쳐서 당년지(当年枝)의 잎에 $50_{\mu}Ci$의 $^{14}CO_2$를 90분간(分間) 처리(處理)한 후, 1일(日)과 7일후(日后)에 그 당년지(当年枝)를 채취(採取)하여 방사능(放射能)을 특정(測定) 했다. 처리(處理) 1일(日) 후에 는 정아내(頂芽內) 총방사능(總放射能)의 85% 이상(以上) 이, 7일(日) 후에는 그의 55% 정도가 에칠알콜 가용(可溶) Fraction에서 검출(檢出)되었다. 8월말(月末)에 $^{14}CO_2$를 처리(處理)했을때, 자화(雌花)를 생산(生産)하는 정아(頂芽)로 이동(移動)된 방사능물질(放射能物質)의 양(量)은 웅화(雄花)를 생산(生産)하는 정아(頂芽)와 영양(營養)상태에 머물러 있는 정아(頂芽)로 이동(移動)된 양(量)보다 훨씬 적었다. 에칠알콜 가용(可溶) Fraction을 hexane가용(可溶), 아미노산, 당류(糖類), 유기산(有機酸) Fraction으로 세분(細分)하였을 때, 웅화(雄花) 생산(生産)하는 정아(頂芽)는 자화(雌花)를 생산(生産)하는 정아(頂芽)보다 그 방사능(放射能) 물질(物質)의 양(量)이 각 Fraction에서 3배(培)가량 많았다. 이것은 자화(雄花)를 생산(生産)하는 정아(頂芽)는 7월(月)에 이미 형성(形成)된 원기(原基)의 분화(分化)로 인(因)하여, 8월말(月末)에 다량(多量)의 광합성물질(光合成物質) 요구(要求)하게 된다는 것을 의미(意味)한다. 반면(反面)에 자화(雌花)를 생산(生産)하는 정아(頂芽)는 원기형성(原基形成) 시기(時期)인 8월말(月末)경에 광합성(光合成) 물질(物質)을 별로 요구(要求)하지 않으며, 대신(代身) 일시적(一時的)인 신진대사(新陳代謝) 활동(活動)의 감소(減少)를 동양(同佯)하는 것 같이 생각된다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.118-132
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• 2003

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Joksamni(ST36) combination on NAD PH-diaphorase, neuronal nitric oxide synthase(nNOS), neuropeptide Y(NPY) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in the cerebral cortex of spontaneously hypertensive rat. Methods: The experimental groups were divided into four groups: Normal, Joksamni(ST36), Joksamni(ST36)+Eumneungcheon(SP9), and Joksamni(ST36)+Gokji(LI11). Needles were inserted into acupoints at the depth of 0.5cm with basic insertion method. Electroacupuncture was done under the condition of 2Hz electrical biphasic pulses with continuous rectangular wave lasting for 0.2ms until the muscles produced visible contractions. Such stimulation was applied continuously for 10 minutes, 1 time every 2 days for 10 sessions of treatments. Thereafter we evaluated changes in NADPH-d positive neurons histochemically and changes in nNOS, NPY and VIP positive neurons immunohistochemically. Results: The optical densities of NADPH-d positive neurons of the Joksamni(ST36)+Eumneungcheon(SP9) group in all areas of cerebral cortex and Joksamni(ST36)+Gokji(LI11) group in primary somatosensory cortex, visual cortex, auditory cortex, perirhinal cortex were significantly increased as compared to the Joksamni(ST36) group. The optical densities of NADPH-d positive neurons of the Joksamni(ST36)+Gokji(LI11) group were significantly decreased as compared to the Joksamni(ST36)+Eumneungcheon(SP9) group with the exception of primary somatosensory cortex. The optical densities of nNOS positive neurons of the Joksamni(ST36)+Eumneungcheon(SP9) group in all areas of cerebral cortex and Joksamni(ST36)+Gokji(LI11) group in auditory cortex, perirhinal cortex, insular cortex were significantly increased as compared to the Joksamni(ST36) group. The optical densities of nNOS positive neurons of the Joksamni(ST36)+Gokji(LI11) group were significantly decreased in all areas of cerebral cortex as compared to the Joksamni(ST36)+Eumneungcheon(SP9) group. The optical densities of NPY positive neurons of the Joksamni(ST36)+Gokji(LI11) group were significantly decreased in primary motor cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, cingulate cortex as compared to the Joksamni (ST36) and Joksamni(ST36)+Eumneungcheon(SP9) groups. The optical densities of VIP positive neurons of the Joksamni(ST36)+Eumneungcheon(SP9) group were significantly increased in all areas of cerebral cortex except for cingulate cortex as compared to the Joksamni(ST36) group. The optical densities of VIP positive neurons of the Joksamni(ST36)+Gokji(LI11) group were significantly decreased in auditory cortex, cingulate cortex, perirhinal cortex as compared to the Joksamni(ST36) group. The optical densities of VIP positive neurons of the Joksamni(ST36)+Gokji(LI11) group were significantly decreased in all areas of cerebral cortex as compared to the Joksamni(ST36)+Eumneungcheon(SP9) group. Conclusions: The result demonstrated that electroacupuncture on Joksamni(ST36) and its combination change the activities of the NO system and peptidergic system in the cerebral cortex of SHR and that acupoint combination is one of the important parameters for the effects.