• 임산에너지
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.7-15
• /
• 2002

침엽수 잎으로부터 정유를 생산하고 남는 폐잔사의 이용도를 구명하고자 소나무, 잣나무, 편백 및 화백을 이용하여 음식물찌거기와 혼합하여 퇴비화 및 조사료화를 시도하였다. 폐유기물인 음식물찌거기를 효율적으로 발효시키기 위하여 미생물균주원을 탐색하여 돈분퇴비 등으로부터 고온호기성 박테리아 및 방선균을 선발하여 혼합균주를 대량배양 하였다. 이를 음식물찌거기, 정유 잔사와 혼합하여 부숙과정을 거쳐 퇴비화를 시도하였으며 작물이용시험에 의한 양질 퇴비 여부를 판단하였다. 또한 발효 후 남는 잔사에 대한 조사료로서 이용 가능성 여부를 타진하기 위하여 영양성 평가 및 소화율을 분석하였다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• 제36권1호
• /
• pp.38-44
• /
• 2019

Background: The phrase "Nine Needles" refers to the 9 types of acupuncture needles describing their shapes, sizes, and uses in Huangdi's Internal Classic Ling-shu. The aim of this study was to present 3D illustrations of the "Nine Types of Needles" based on Huangdi's Internal classic Ling-shu, taking into consideration the conformation and application of the Nine Needles. Methods: Sketches of the "Nine Needles" were based on references to those needles cited in Huangdi's Internal Classic Ling-shu, the Great Compendium of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, and the Golden Mirror of Medicine. The computer programs Creo 3.0, Keyshot 5, Adobe Photoshop CS5, and Adobe Illustrator CS5 were used for 3D modelling and visualization. Results: Based on a review of Huangdi's Internal Classic Ling-shu, illustrations of the Spade needle, Round-Pointed needle, Pressure needle, Sharp-Edged needle, Sword-Shaped needle, Round-Sharp needle, Fine needle, Long needle, and Large needle, 3D models were created. The Spade needle had a sharp, large head, the Round-Pointed needle had an egg-shaped tip, and the Pressure needle had a blunt head like a grain of millet. The Sharp-Edged needle had a sharp blade with a triangular edge for bloodletting. The Sword-Shaped needle resembled a sword. The Round-Sharp needle resembled a horse's tail. The Fine needle and the Long needle had sharp points and thin bodies. The Large needle had a cylindrical shaft and rounded tip. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that 3D illustrations could be generated for the Nine Needles according to the descriptions and figures provided in the ancient literature.

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제41권2호
• /
• pp.116-125
• /
• 2015

Objective: This study was carried out to use pine needles as a passive air sampler (PAS) for atmospheric polychlorinared dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs). Methods: PCDD/Fs concentrations in ambient air ($C_a$, $pg/m^3$) and deposited pine needles ($C_p$, pg/g dry) were analyzed simultaneously from June 1 to December 31. Air samples were taken using two low volume PUF active air samplers with an overall average air volume of approximately $1,200Sm^3$. Pine needles were collected the end of December near the air sampler. PCDD/Fs was analyzed by HRGC/HRMs. Results: A good correlation was shown ($R^2=0.6357$, p=0.0001) between $C_a$ and $C_p$, but a better correlation ($R^2=0.7372$, p<0.0001) existed between the logarithm of octanol-air partitioning coefficient ($LogK_{oa}$) and Log($C_p/C_a$). The average PCDD/Fs sampling rates from air to pine needles were 0.045($0.018-0.185m^3/day-g\;dry$). Conclusion: It was found that pine needles can be used as PAS for atmospheric PCDD/Fs, and they are especially suitable for long time PAS compared to PUF disk PAS.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
• /
• 제24권3호
• /
• pp.251-259
• /
• 2009

This study was conducted to measure the concentration of PCBs in pine needles and soil in urban (Seoul, many artificial sources of PCBs), semi-rural (Anseong, small town located below Seoul in wind direction) and rural areas (Jincheon, rarely artificial sources of PCBs) in which the artificial production amount of PCBs are different. The total PCBs concentrations in pine needles, which did not show big difference in three sampling sites, were 107.5 pg/g (urban), 94.8 pg/g (semi-rural) and 78.8 pg/g (rural) respectively. The low chlorinated PCBs were major component in pine needles and the PCBs congener concentration profile of each sampling area were similar each other, and the octanol-air partitioning coefficient, Koa, highly correlated with the PCBs concentrations in pine needles. The total PCBs concentrations in soil which did show big difference in three sampling sites, were 830.0 pg/g (urban), 314.1 pg/g (semi-rural) and 136.5 pg/g (rural) respectively. The high chlorinated PCBs were major component in soil and the PCBs congener concentration profile of each sampling area were similar each other. There was no similarity between the PCBs concentration of pine needles and those of soil at each site, because of the different mechanism of deposition and volatilization processes of PCBs. The total PCBs concentrations of 2009 became 12.9 times lower than those of 2001. The reduce rate of PCB 28 was the greatest.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
• /
• 제26권
• /
• pp.4.1-4.6
• /
• 2011

Objectives: This study was carried out to determine whether or not pine needles can be used as passive samplers of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using the correlation between accumulated PAH concentrations in air (Ca, ng/$m^3$) and those deposited on pine needles (Cp, ng/g dry). Methods: PAHs in ambient air was collected using low volume PUF sampler and pine needles was gathered at same place for 7 months. Results: A good correlation ($R^2$=0.8582, p<0.05) was found between Ca and Cp for PAHs with a higher gaseous state in air (AcPy, Acp, Flu, Phen, Ant, Flt, Pyr, BaA and Chry), but there was a poorer correlation ($R^2$=0.1491, p=0.5123) for the PAHs with a lower gaseous state (BbF, BkF, BaP, DahA, BghiP and Ind123). A positive correlation ($R^2$=0.8542) was revealed between the logarithm of the octanol-air partitioning coefficient ($logK_{oa}$) and Cp/Ca for the PAHs with a higher gaseous state in air, but there was a negative correlation ($R^2$=0.8131) for the PAHs with a lower gaseous state. The Ca-Cp model could not be used to estimate PAHs concentrations in air using deposited PAHs concentrations on pine needles, but the logKoa-Cp/Ca model could be used. Conclusions: It was found that pine needles can be used as passive samplers of atmospheric PAHs.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
• /
• 제9권4호
• /
• pp.62-73
• /
• 2020

In this paper, we present electronic acupuncture needles we have developed using intelligence technology based on Bluetooth in order to allow anyone to simply receive customized remote diagnosis and treatment by clicking on the menu of the smartphone regardless of time and place. In order to determine the health condition and disease of patients, we have developed a software and a hardware of electronic acupuncture needles, operating on Bluetooth which transmits biometric data to oriental medical doctors using the functions of automatically determining pulse diagnosis, tongue diagnosis, and oxygen saturation; the functions are most commonly used in herbal treatment. In addition, using fuzzy logic and reasoning based on smartphones, we present in this paper an algorithm and the results of completion of hardware implementation for electronic acupuncture needles, appropriate for the body conditions of patients; the algorithm and the hardware implementation are for a treatment time duration by electronic acupuncture needles, an automatic determinations of pulse diagnosis, tongue diagnosis, and oxygen saturation, a function implementation for automatic display of acupuncture point, and a strength adjustment of electronic acupuncture needles. As a result of our simulation, we have shown that the treatment of patients, performed using an Electronic Acupuncture Needles based on intelligence, is more efficient compared to the treatment that was performed before.

• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제50권1호
• /
• pp.49-55
• /
• 1980

소나무, 해송, 리기다소나무에 대(對)한 솔잎혹파리 피해엽(被害葉)과 건전엽(健全葉)에서 monoterpene조성, phenoanl물질(物質), 생장(生長) 물질(物質), 전질소함량등을 비교(比較)하여 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. Monoterpene성분중(成分中) 소나무에 많이 나타난 성분(成分)은 ${\beta}$-phellandrene, ${\alpha}$-pinene이며, 리기다소나무에 많이 나타난 성분(成分)은 ${\beta}$-pinene, ${\alpha}$-pinene 이었다. 그리고 저항성수종인 리기다소나무의 솔잎혹파리 피해엽(被害葉)은 건전엽(健全葉)에 비(比)하여 ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-pinene과 myrcene의 성분함량(成分含量)이 많았고, camphene, limonene과 ${\beta}$-phellandrene은 적었다. 2. 저항성 수종인 리기다소나무에서는 감수성수종인 소나무에서 나타나지 않은 Phenol물질(物質)인 salicylic acid와 하나의 미지물(未知物)이 더 검출되었다. 3. IAA의 선구물질인 tryptophan이 충영부위와 유충(幼虫)에서 모두 검출되므로 솔잎혹파리 충영형성에 생장물질(生長物質)이 관여한다는 것을 보였다. 4. 침엽(針葉)의 단위무게당 질소함량은 소나무와 리기다소나무 간에 또한 피해엽(被害葉)과 건전엽간(健全葉間)에 모두 유의차가 없었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
• /
• 제37권5호
• /
• pp.322-328
• /
• 2004

Available nutrients in soil solution play key roles on the growth of plants, but the equilibria in soil solution can be disturbed by acid precipitation. In this study, we investigated the relationships between element concentrations in the needles of Pinus thunbergii and chemical properties of forest soil solutions in the industrial complexes as an effort to find the possible limiting factor(s) causing the forest decline. The Ca/Al molar ratios in needles of Pinus thunbergii collected from the control sites were 18. However, at Onsan and Ulsan industrial complexes, those were decreased to the ranges from 10 to 11 for the one-year old needles and from 9 to 10 for the two-year old needles. The Mg/Al molar ratios showed similar tendencies with the Ca/Al molar ratios of the needles of Pinus thunbergii. In the A horizon, there existed a significant correlation between Mg concentrations in the needles of Pinus thunbergii and Ca/Al molar ratio of forest soil solution. Calcium concentrations in the needles of Pinus thunbergii in the B horizon were also significantly correlated with Ca/Al molar ratios of forest soil solutions. The uptakes of Ca and Mg by Pinus thunbergii were mainly limited by Al in the soil solutions of the A horizon and by Mn and Al in the soil solutions of the B horizon.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
• /
• 제21권4호
• /
• pp.43-51
• /
• 2004

Objectives : In order to ensure safe acupuncture treatment, the quality of the needle tip is essential. But, there have not been so many studies about the quality of the acupuncture needle tip. For this reason we have been already reported about the quality of acupuncture needle tip in Korea using scanning electron microscope(SEM) in 2002, 2003. In order to compare than other society, we investigated the current condition of the tips of the acupuncture needles sold in Europe. Methods : We obtained the needles made by 7 companies, which are sold currently in Europe, and selected 50 pieces out of 100 pieces from each company by randomized methods. And then we observed the tip of each needle using a scanning electron microscope at ${\times}800$ magnification. Results and Discussion : We found that needles had several defects such as scratch marks on the surface, metallic scuff, lumps and irregularities of the needle tips, stubbed or malformed tips, tips of point off-center, peeled off coated tips, same as Korean needles. There was much difference on the quality of needles among the manufacturers, and some needles seem to need thorough quality control. Allowing for the high price, the quality of some needle in Europe generally are better than that of Korean needles. But some Korean needles hold a top position than European ones in quality. We want a good industrial standard to be made in acupuncture manufacturing fields in the near future, because the safety is not less valuable than the efficacy in medicine.

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제38권4호
• /
• pp.360-368
• /
• 2012

Objective: This study was carried out to use pine needles as a passive air sampler (PAS) of atmospheric Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs). Methods: PCB concentrations in ambient air ($C_a$, ng/$m^3$) and deposited on pine needles ($C_p$, ng/g dry) were analyzed simultaneously from June 1 to December 31. Air samples were taken using a low volume PUF active air sampler and the overall average air volume was about 900-1,000 $m^3$. Pine needles were collected at the end of August and December near the air sampler. Results: $C_a$ were higher at higher air temperature and lower chlorinated PCB congeners, but $C_p$ showed irregular distribution. The average PCB sampling rates from air to pine needles were 0.116 (0.002-0.389) $m^3$/day - g dry. Conclusions: A poor correlation was shown between $C_a$ and $C_p$. However, a good correlation was shown between the logarithm of octanol-air partitioning coefficient ($logK_{oa}$) and log ($C_p/C_a$), and the interrelation was better with longer sampling time (June to December) than shorter sampling time (June to August). The average PCB sampling rates from air to pine needles were the lowest with respect to PUF disk, XAD-2 resin and semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) PAS. The average ratio ($C_{a-calc}/C_{a-meas}$) of calculated ($C_{a-calc}$) and measured ($C_{a-meas}$) PCB concentration was 0.69 with a shorter sampling time and 1.24 with a longer, so $C_{a-calc}$ was close to $C_{a-meas}$. It was found that pine needles can be used as PAS of atmospheric PCBs, and are especially suitable for long-time PAS.