• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.257-263
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• 2015

This study was conducted to assess the potential of using NIRS to accurately determine the chemical composition and fermentation parameters in fresh coarse sorghum and sudangrass silage. Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) has been increasingly used as a rapid and accurate method to analyze the quality of cereals and dried animal forage. However, silage analysis by NIRS has a limitation in analyzing dried and ground samples in farm-scale applications because the fermentative products are lost during the drying process. Fresh coarse silage samples were scanned at 1 nm intervals over the wavelength range of 680~2500 nm, and the optical data were obtained as log 1/Reflectance (log 1/R). The spectral data were regressed, using partial least squares (PLS) multivariate analysis in conjunction with first and second order derivatization, with a scatter correction procedure (standard normal variate and detrend (SNV&D)) to reduce the effect of extraneous noise. The optimum calibrations were selected on the basis of minimizing the standard error of cross validation (SECV). The results of this study showed that NIRS predicted the chemical constituents with a high degree of accuracy (i.e. the correlation coefficient of cross validation ($R^2{_{cv}}$) ranged from 0.86~0.96), except for crude ash which had an $R^2{_{cv}}$ of 0.68. Comparison of the mathematical treatments for raw spectra showed that the second-order derivatization procedure produced the best result for all the treatments, except for neutral detergent fiber (NDF). The best mathematical treatment for moisture, acid detergent fiber (ADF), crude protein (CP) and pH was 2,16,16 respectively while the best mathematical treatment for crude ash, lactic acid and total acid was 2,8,8 respectively. The calibrations of fermentation products produced poorer calibrations (RPD < 2.5) with acetic and butyric acid. The pH, lactic acid and total acids were predicted with considerable accuracy at $R^2{_{cv}}$ 0.72~0.77. This study indicated that NIRS calibrations based on fresh coarse sorghum and sudangrass silage spectra have the capability of assessing the forage quality control

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.523-537
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• 2001

The physical properties of pH, turbidity, TDS and salt contents in the stream water near the entrance of Woonjcongdong sanitary landfill area with a drainage pipe are higher than those in neighbored drainage system, but DO it lower than that in neighbored drainage system blue to the eutrophication. In the ground water, pH, turbidity, TDS and salt contents at A ,F and C where may be under effect of the Woonjeongdong sanitary landfill area, are also shown higher values in contrast to other groundwater site, like B , D , and E , Particularly, the groundwater in A , F and C are plotted in Na-Cl type (If the piper diagram, which is an another important prolf of the contaminapion by the leachate and washing water from the Woonjeongdong sanitary landfill area. Some elements and physical properties of the waters in rainy season are desplayed a clear characteristics of contaminaton, compared to the theose of winter in thes study. Elements such as Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl­,$SO_4^{2-} , \;and \;F­^-$) are accompanied well with each other by the result of water in the vicinity of landfillarea.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.275-284
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• 1991

It is important to predict the main feature of fully developed turbulent secondary flow through infinite triangular arrays of parallel rod bundles. One-equation turbulence model which include anisotropic eddy viscosity model was applied to predict the exact velocity field. For a constant properties, Reynolds equations were solved by the finite element method. Mean axial velocity near the wall is simulated by the law of the wall. The numerical results showed good agreement with avaiable experimental data. The strength of the secondary flow increased with Reynolds number but decreased with rod spacing, P/D (pitch-to-diameter). The secondary flow affects remarkably the distribution of the axial velocity, wall shear stress and turbulent kinetic energy in the closely packed rod array bundles.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2004

Background and Objectives : It has been shown that the epilaryngeal tube in the human airway is responsible for vocal ring, or the singer's formant. In previous study, authors showed that in trained tenors, besides the conventional singer's formant in the region of ,5500Hz, another energy peak was observed in the region of 8,000Hz. This peak was interpreted as the second resonance of the epilarynx tube. Singers in other voice categories who produce vocal ring are assumed to have the same peak, but no measurements have as yet been made. Materials and Methods : Fifteen tenors, fourteen baritones, seven sopranos and five mezzo sopranos attending the music college, department of vocal music who could reliably produce the head and chest registers were chosen for this study. Each subject was asked to produce an/ah/sound for at least three seconds for the head register sound(tenors ; G4, barions ; E4 sopranos ; F5 and mezzosopranos ; C5) and for the chest register sound (tenors ; C3, baritones ; D3, sopranos ; D4 and Mezzosoprano ; A3). The sound data was analyzed using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)-based power spectrum, Long term average(LTA) power spectrum using the FFT algorithm of the Computerized Speech Lab (CSL, Kay elemetrics, Model 4300B, USA). Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney test of the Statistical Package for Social sciences(SPSS). Results : For head register sounds, a significant increase was seen in the 2,200-3,400Hz region(p<0.05) and the Similar to the head register sounds, there was a significant increase in energy in the four trained singer group compared with the untrained group in the 2,200-3,100Hz region(p<0.05), the 7,800-8,400Hz region(p<0.05) for the chest register sounds. Conclusions : When good vocal production was made for the head and chest registers, an energy peak was observed near 2,500Hz, a frequency already known as the "singer's formant', in all subjects in the study group. Another region of increased energy was observed around 8,000Hz that had not been noticed previously. The authors believe this region to be the second singer's formant.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.119-123
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• 2007

The objectives of this study were to characterize the changes occurring in the levels of insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II) in bovine milk during a one-year lactation period, and to determine the parameters affecting IGF content in bovine milk. Milk was collected individually from lactating Holstein cows (n=70), and IGF-I and -II levels were determined via radioimmunoassay, using 125I after acid-ethanol treatment. The proximate compositions of the milk samples were determined using a near-infrared milk analyzer. The data were analyzed by the GLM and CORR procedures using SAS software to determine significant differences (p<0.05) occurring within groups (dairy farms, lactation periods, season, and parity). We noted an approximately six-fold reduction in the IGF-I concentration (from 2,462.7 to 353.0 ng/ml) and a three-fold drop in the IGF-II concentration (from 929.1 to 365.7 ng/ml) in the bovine colostrum, between 6 h after parturition and 18 h after parturition. IGF-I and -II content, measured at the early, middle, and late stages of lactation did not change significantly throughout the entirety of the lactation period. Interestingly, parity did not significantly affect IGF-I content, but did significantly affect IGF-II content between the primiparous and multiparous cows. We also found there were no significant relationships between IGF-I and total protein content or somatic cell counts (p<0.05).

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.135-145
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to present meaningful information and policy implications concerning the determinants of royalties to the government-funded research centers and agencies. These groups are responsible for policies encouraging technology transfer from the public sector to the private sector. To identify key determinants of royalties in technology transfer, this study conducted AHP survey analysis (Survey period: 01/10~31/10, 2016) of 85 companies which were participants of the R&D project "Next Generation BioGreen21" of R.D.A in the "N"center from 2011 to 2015. Research results show that the critical factors include: 1)Technical considerations for determining the profitability of the technologies, 2)The interest and willingness of the management group, 3)Necessity and urgency of technology transfer. These findings suggest three main policy implications. First, the government-funded research centers and agencies should develop technologies that help companies improve their commercialization as well as the profitability in the near future. Second, government-funded research centers and agencies should consider reducing the administrative burden of the royalty payment for private companies. Third, public R&D projects should reflect the proper research schedule for technology development on the basis of the R&D time span of companies which transfer technology.

• Composites Research
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.9-18
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• 2005

With the wide applications of fiber-reinforced composite material in aero-structures and mechanical parts, the design of composite joints have become a very important research area because the joints are often the weakest areas in composite structures. This paper presents an analytical study of the stress distributions in mechanically single-fastened and multi-fastened composite laminates. The finite element models which treat the pin and hole contact problem using a contact stress analysis are described. A dimensionless stress concentration factor is used to compare the stress distributions in composite laminates quantitatively In the case of single-pin loaded composite laminate, the effects of stacking sequence, the ratio of a hole diameter and the width of a laminate (W/D ratio), the ratio of hole diameter and distance from edge to hole (E/D ratio), friction coefficient and clamping force are considered. In the case of multi-pin loaded composite laminate, the influence of the number of pins, pitch distance, number of rows, row spacing and hole pattern are considered. The results show that P/D ratio and E/D ratio affect more on stress distributions near the hole boundary than the other factors. In the case of multi-pin loaded composite laminate, the stress concentration in the double column case is better than the other cases of multi-pin loaded composite laminate.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.02a
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• pp.135-135
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• 2010

In Mn-Ge equilibrium phase diagram, many Mn-Ge intermetallic phases can be formed with difference structures and magnetic properties. The MnGe has the cubic structure and antiferromagnetic(AFM) with Neel temperature of 197 K. The calculation predicted that the $MnGe_2$ with $Al_2Cu$-type is hard to separate between the paramagnetic(PM) states and the AFM states because this compound displays PM and AFM configuration swith similar energy. Mn-doped Ge showed the FM with Currie temperature of 285 K for bulk samples and 116 K for thin films. In addition, the $Mn_5Ge_3$ compound has hexagonal structure and FM with Curie temperature around 296K. The $Mn_{11}Ge_8$ compound has the orthorhombic structure and Tc is low at 274 K and spin flopping transition is near to 140 K. While the bulk $Mn_3Ge_2$ exhibited tetragonal structure ($a=5.745{\AA}$;$c=13.89{\AA}$) with the FM near to 300K and AFM below 150K. However, amorphous $Mn_3Ge_2$ ($a-Mn_3Ge_2$) was reported to show spin glass behavior with spin-glass transition temperature (Tg) of 53 K. In addition, the transition of crystalline $Mn_3Ge_2$ shifts under high pressure. At the atmospheric pressure, $Mn_3Ge_2$ undergoes the magnetic phase transition from AFM to FM at 158 K. The pressure dependence of the phase transition in $Mn_3Ge_2$ has been determined up to 1 GPa. The transition was found to occur at 1 GPa and 155 K with dT/dP=-0.3K/0.1 GPa. Here report that Ferromagnetic $Mn_3Ge_2$ thin films were successfully grown on GaAs(001) and GaSb(001) substrates using molecular beam epitaxy. Our result revealed that the substrate facilitates to modify magnetic and electrical properties due to tensile/compressive strain effect. The spin-flopping transition around 145 K remained for samples grown on GaSb(001) while it completely disappeared for samples grown on GaAs(001). The antiferromagnetism below 145K changed to ferromagnetism and remained upto 327K. The saturation magnetization was found to be 1.32 and $0.23\;{\mu}B/Mn$ at 5 K for samples grown on GaAs(001) and GaSb(001), respectively.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.246-256
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• 2017

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the association of total dietary antioxidant capacity (TAC) with oxidative stress and metabolic markers among patients with metabolic syndrome according to gender. Methods: A total of 346 subjects aged 30~59 years with two or more risk factors of metabolic syndrome were recruited from a general hospital near Seoul in South Korea between 2010 and 2012 based on data from the medical checkup. Biochemical indices for oxidative stress and metabolic markers were measured. Food consumption data from 3-day food records were linked with the antioxidant capacity database for commonly consumed Korean foods to estimate individual's TAC. Results: Average dietary TAC of the study subjects was 132.0 mg VCE/d/1,000 kcal in men and 196.4 mg VCE/d/1,000 kcal in women. Levels of ${\gamma}$-glutamyltransferase (GGT), systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and blood triglycerides were reduced significantly according to increasing TAC in men, but there was no significant trend in women. Intakes of total flavonoids and carotenoids were significantly negatively correlated with GGT (p < 0.05) and d-ROMs (p < 0.01) in men, whereas those of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol (p < 0.05) and ${\gamma}$-tocopherol (p < 0.05) were positively correlated with biological antioxidant potential (BAP) in women. The odds ratio of high oxidative stress indices and abnormal metabolic markers according to TAC level were not significant in either men or women. Conclusion: The results show that dietary TAC was partially associated with oxidative stress and metabolic markers among patients with metabolic syndrome. Further research is required for elucidating the association between dietary TAC and incidence of metabolic syndrome and chronic diseases within a large population in prospective studies.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.149-158
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• 2002

For the purpose of preciously describing real time traffic pattern in urban road network, dynamic network loading(DNL) models able to simulate traffic behavior are required. A number of different methods are available, including macroscopic, microscopic dynamic network models, as well as analytical model. Equivalency minimization problem and Variation inequality problem are the analytical models, which include explicit mathematical travel cost function for describing traffic behaviors on the network. While microscopic simulation models move vehicles according to behavioral car-following and cell-transmission. However, DNL models embedding such travel time function have some limitations ; analytical model has lacking of describing traffic characteristics such as relations between flow and speed, between speed and density Microscopic simulation models are the most detailed and realistic, but they are difficult to calibrate and may not be the most practical tools for large-scale networks. To cope with such problems, this paper develops a new DNL model appropriate for dynamic traffic assignment(DTA), The model is combined with vertical queue model representing vehicles as vertical queues at the end of links. In order to compare and to assess the model, we use a contrived example network. From the numerical results, we found that the DNL model presented in the paper were able to describe traffic characteristics with reasonable amount of computing time. The model also showed good relationship between travel time and traffic flow and expressed the feature of backward turn at near capacity.