• 품질경영학회지
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.531-550
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• 2023

Purpose: The unique nature of life-and-death healthcare services sets them apart from other service industries. While many studies exist on the relationship between healthcare services and customer satisfaction, most of them focus on mildly ill patients, ignoring the differences between critically ill and non-seriously ill patients. This study discusses the actual quality of healthcare services for patients who are facing life-threatening illnesses and are on life support, as well as their right to protection and dignity. Methods: The survey conducted to 149 patients with the four major illnesses: cancer, heart disease, brain disease and rare and incurable disease, those who have experiences with senior general hospitals. Results: The basic statistics of this study are adequate to represent the four major critical illnesses, and the reliability and validity of this study's hypotheses, which were measured by multiple items, were analyzed, and the internal consistency was judged to be high. In addition, it was found that the convergent validity was good and the discriminant validity was also secured. When examining the goodness of fit of the hypotheses, the SRMR, which is the standardized root mean square of residuals that measures the difference between the covariance matrix of the data variables and the theoretical covariance matrix structure of the model, met the optimal criteria. Conclusion: The academic implications of this study are differentiated from other studies by moving away from evaluating the quality of healthcare services for mildly ill patients and focusing on the rights and dignity of patients with life-threatening illnesses in four senior general hospitals. In terms of academic implications, this study enriches the depth of related studies by demonstrating the right to protection and dignity as a factor of patient-centeredness based on physical environment quality, interaction quality, and outcome quality, which are presented as sub-factors of healthcare quality. We found that the three quality factors classified by Brady and Cronin (2001) are optimized for healthcare quality assessment and management, and that the results of patients' interaction quality assessment can be used to provide a comprehensive quality rating for hospitals. Health and human rights are inextricably linked, so assessing the degree to which rights and dignity are protected can be a superior and more comprehensive measurement tool than traditional health level measures for healthcare organizations. Practical implications: Improving the quality of the physical environment and the quality of outcomes is an important challenge for hospital managers who attract patients with life and death conditions, but given the scale and economics of time, money, and human inputs, improving the quality of interactions and defining them as performance indicators in hospital quality management is an efficient way to create maximum value in the short term.

• 한국비블리아학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.132-177
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• 1974

Toe public library may perform a social good only when its objectives are adequate to the community's needs. The present purpose of the public library in the Korean Library Act has no direct concern for our social needs from its very beginning because it was not created in response to our social needs but transplanted from American principles. It is, therefore. difficult to expect socially useful output of our public library programs under the present purpose which may be inadequate to our social tradition and needs. This study purposes to examine validity of the present purpose of the public library in the Korean Library Act, in the light of our community needs and our own library tradition. The methods employed to achieve the purpose of the study are (1) to survey needs of the library frequenters through questionnaire, and interviews with the public librarians in Seoul, (2) to gather the statistical data relevant to, and supporting, the hypothesis, and (3) to compare our social background with that of the United States of which the American purpose, a model for our present purpose, came out. The conclusion is as follows: A. The idea to induce people to pull themselves upward by providing for all the members of the community access to the world's best books shelved in the public library should be abandoned. The reasons are (1) that the idea is alien in our public library tradition, (2) that little demand of the community goes with the idea, and (3) that reading outside the library has come into wide practice, thanks to recent increase in individual income and that in publications. B. That the public library maintains fiction and other recreational reading materials is meaningless in the light of the community needs. These are the two explanations supporting the thesis. (1) The "uplift" theory has proved inoperative and people apparently do not progress from, light fiction to more respectable fare. (2) The conviction that fiction and other recreational reading materials keep the middling classes from the "vicious" entertainments maintaining order in the community by giving them a harmless source of recreation has lost its significance as the modern society provides a number of choices in recreation: television is an obvious example. C. The nature of the informational needs of the community has radically changed, so radically as to require substantial changes in the outlook, collections, and services of the public library, which is :slow in adopting itself to the new social surroundings in Korea. D. 92.2 per Cent of the present frequenters of the public library are high school and college students. Since the library is to meet the existing community needs it should turn its attention to the student group, and develop the means to serve it better, not the "theoretical group of specialists who do not come to "the public library. E. In revision of the purpose of the public library, priority of each objective should be given. The priorities in the last analysis are research and information. culture, recreation in that order.

• 대기
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.347-356
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• 2016

Radiosonde is an observation equipment that measures pressure (geopotential height), temperature, relative humidity and wind by being launched up from the ground. Radiosonde data which serves as an important element of weather forecast and research often causes a bias in a model output due to accuracy and sensitivity between the different manufacturers. Although Korean Meteorological Administration (KMA) and several institutes have conducted routine and intensive radiosonde observations, very few studies have been done before on the characteristics of radiosonde performance. Analyzing radiosonde observation data without proper understanding of the unique nature of those sensors may lead to a significant bias in the analysis of results. To evaluate performance and reliability of radiosonde, we analyzed the differences between two sensors made by the different manufacturers, which have been used in the campaign of Experiment on Snow Storm At Yeongdong (ESSAY). We improved a couple of methods to launch the balloon being attached with the sensors. Further we examined cloud-layer impacts on temperature and humidity differences for the analysis of both sensors' performance among various weather conditions, and also compared daytime and nighttime profiles to understand temporal dependence of meteorological sensors. The overall results showed that there are small but consistent biases in both temperature and humidity between different manufactured sensors, which could eventually secure reliable precisions of both sensors, irrespective of accuracy. This study would contribute to an improved sounding of atmospheric vertical states through development and improvement of the meteorological sensors.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.153-160
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• 1997

사람의 말초혈액림프구와 C57BL/6마우스의 비장림프구를 사용하여 시험관내에서 감마선을 조사하고 배양하여 세포질분열 차단 림프구내에 형성되는 미소핵의 빈도를 측정하였다. 미소핵 발생빈도는 방사선조사 선량에 비례하여 증가하였으며 linen-quadratic 곡선식에 적용하여, 세포 당 0.2개의 미소핵이 유도되는 방사선량을 산출하면 사람의 말초혈액 림프구에 비하여 마우스 비장림프구에서 1.67배 민감하였다. 미소핵시험방법을 이용하여, 사람의 말초혈액 림프구에 대한 인삼의 방사선 방호효과를 시험관내 시험으로, 마우스의 미장림프구에 대한 효과를 생체내 시험으로 검정하였다. 사람림프구에 있어서 방사선(3Gy)에 의해 유도되는 미소핵의 수는 방사선조사 전 및 후 투여군에서 공히 감소하였으며(p<0.01), 마우스를 사용한 생체시험에서도 림프구의 미소핵 발생빈도는 낮게 관찰되었다(p<0.025). 이상의 결과에서 인삼은 인체에서도 방사선에 의한 세포장해를 감소시킬 가능성을 나타냈다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.29-43
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• 2012

This study evaluated 23 botanic gardens and arboretums under two main categories including professional group and operational group. As for professional group, the main difference between the functions of botanic gardens and arboretums was analyzed. In the case of operational group compared professional group respectively, on categories including importance of function and implementation, seeking to provide fundamental data of botanic gardens and arboretums by enhancing the quality of visitors and examining functional differences. The result of a difference in arboretums' function between professional and operational groups, the study analyzed the importance of botanic gardens and arboretums in terms of detailed categories such as research, education, collection, display, retention, and service for visitors. As a result, professional group showed retention 4.32>education 4.11>research 4.09>service for visitors 4.05, and operational group showed retention 3.70>service 3.52>education 3.41>research 3.37, indicating that both groups had retention as the most selected answer. Looking closely at the functions of the currently implemented detailed categories of botanic gardens and arboretums, such as research, education, collection, display, retention, and service for visitors, the study showed that 91.3% selected rare species and individual multiplication for research function, 78.3% chose education of natural ecosystem for children for education, 73.9% answered space for experiencing nature for display, and 73.9% also replied managon, diof rare species, reproduction, and retention of native plants' species for retention category, and service for visitors showed 95.7% for implementation. The study could not clearly point out the influence between predictors due to absence of an established comprehensive evaluation model. Also, it analyzed and reviewed comparison of functions of professional group and operational group, but in the future, it should conduct study on a systemic and objective classification of botanic gardens and arboretums to clearly examine the difference in views between groups, which also requires, at the same time, study on management policy of botanic gardens and arboretums or suggesting guidelines that suit types of forms, and also study on facilities and program development that can be applied to each class.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.430-443
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• 1998

The research on the actual condition of the oriental health related industry has been made with defining it's phase. As a result, I have come to develope korean-type health model, which can solve the problems derived from the past herb medicine industry. The prospects and roles of the oriental health related industries are as follows: The phase adjustment of the oriental health related industry. The problems of modern medical science happens in the beginning of 21st century, the importance of oriental health improvement in the field of health business is now being on the rise. therefore it is necessary to readjust the present status of the oriental medicine and to take it into health area. Should the responsible institutes regarded on oriental medicine make clear prescription in terms of oriental health industry's role and limitation, they could contribute health circumstance in the 21st century. This is because oriental health related industry can be utiliged in not only protective area and curable area. The present situation of the oriental health related industry. These herb medical societies are flooded with various oriental health industry apart from the legal systematic control so far health industry apart from the legal systematic control so far. The expected survey can not be complete but random under these situations. Nevertheless oriental medical health industry area such as a diet cure, exercise treatment and living condition cure are being considerably expanded, especially living facilities improvement and mind control areas are toward worldwide. Consquently herb health industries are now？ consistantly developed by the influence of western nature treatment stemmed from the oriental medicine theory. The role and prospect of the oriental health related industry in 21st century. The oriental health industries can be helpful for the human being's health improvement in general but by the lack of scholastic oriental health theory, it does not contribute to the health welfare. If these problems are made up for in the field of theory area, the oriental health related industry will surely have the potentiallity and know how for health welfare. The successive role of these industry is depended on the fact that the characteristics of the oriental medicine should adjust to the real society with the systematic management. In the 21C, oriental health industry will certainly be vitalized owing to the social and periodical request especially in the area of oriental medical industry, oriental health drink industry, oriental health mind exercise industry, oriental health leasure industry and oriental health complex management industry. Among these areas, it is the oriental health complex amagement industry that will be the limestone of prosperity of the oriental health industry in 21C. Proposal for the social contribution of the oriental health related industry in the 21C. To achive the ultimate role of the oriental health industry in the 21c, first we should know how to use the oriental medicine. Second We should make an effort to revitalize the oriental health industry. So it is indespensible that government, academic institution and enterprise should concentrate their interest on the oriental health industry with common knowledge and systematic management in advance.

• 폴리머
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.277-283
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• 2011

고체분산체는 난용성 약물의 용출률 개선을 위한 방법으로 주로 사용된다. 난용성 약물인 프란루카스트를 플라스돈 S-630과 함께 분무건조하여 고체분산체를 제조하였다. pH에 따른 프란루카스트 용해도 실험을 실시하여 높은 pH에서 약물의 용해도가 높게 나왔다. 입도 분석으로 고체분산체 내의 약물의 크기가 나노 크기로 작아진 것을 확인하였다. 표면전위를 측정하여 고체분산체가 음전하를 가지고 있는 것을 확인하였다. 주사전자현미경으로 고체분산체의 표면이 구형임을 확인하였고, 시차주사열량계와 X-선 회절 분석법을 통해 고체분산체가 무정형임을 확인하였다. 고체분산체의 용출특성을 알아보기 위해 인공장액(pH 6.8)에서 용출거동을 확인하였고, 대조실험을 위해 시판제인 오논$^{(R)}$캡슐을 사용하였다. 이 결과로 분무건조를 통한 고체분산제의 제조를 통해 난용성 약물의 용출특성을 확인하였고, 경구용 약제학적 형태를 가질 수 있는 것을 확인하였다.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2004년도 ICCAS
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• pp.620-626
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• 2004

For general nonlinear processes, it is difficult to control with a linear model-based control method and nonlinear controls are considered. Among the numerous approaches suggested, the most rigorous approach is to use dynamic optimization. Many general engineering problems like control, scheduling, planning etc. are expressed by functional optimization problem and most of them can be changed into dynamic programming (DP) problems. However the DP problems are used in just few cases because as the size of the problem grows, the dynamic programming approach is suffered from the burden of calculation which is called as 'curse of dimensionality'. In order to avoid this problem, the Neuro-Dynamic Programming (NDP) approach is proposed by Bertsekas and Tsitsiklis (1996). To get the solution of seriously nonlinear process control, the interest in NDP approach is enlarged and NDP algorithm is applied to diverse areas such as retailing, finance, inventory management, communication networks, etc. and it has been extended to chemical engineering parts. In the NDP approach, we select the optimal control input policy to minimize the value of cost which is calculated by the sum of current stage cost and future stages cost starting from the next state. The cost value is related with a weight square sum of error and input movement. During the calculation of optimal input policy, if the approximate cost function by using simulation data is utilized with Bellman iteration, the burden of calculation can be relieved and the curse of dimensionality problem of DP can be overcome. It is very important issue how to construct the cost-to-go function which has a good approximate performance. The neural network is one of the eager learning methods and it works as a global approximator to cost-to-go function. In this algorithm, the training of neural network is important and difficult part, and it gives significant effect on the performance of control. To avoid the difficulty in neural network training, the lazy learning method like k-nearest neighbor method can be exploited. The training is unnecessary for this method but requires more computation time and greater data storage. The pH neutralization process has long been taken as a representative benchmark problem of nonlin ar chemical process control due to its nonlinearity and time-varying nature. In this study, the NDP algorithm was applied to pH neutralization process. At first, the pH neutralization process control to use NDP algorithm was performed through simulations with various approximators. The global and local approximators are used for NDP calculation. After that, the verification of NDP in real system was made by pH neutralization experiment. The control results by NDP algorithm was compared with those by the PI controller which is traditionally used, in both simulations and experiments. From the comparison of results, the control by NDP algorithm showed faster and better control performance than PI controller. In addition to that, the control by NDP algorithm showed the good results when it applied to the cases with disturbances and multiple set point changes.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.181-189
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• 2008

인은 자연계에서 부영양화 현상을 일으키는 주요한 인자로서 하수중의 인은 주로 인축적 미생물의 과잉섭취에 의해 제거된다. 이 연구의 목적은 인을 처리하는 하수처리공정을 제어하는 것이다. 이를 위해서 본 연구에서는 두가지의 제어방법을 응용하였으며 이 방법은 최적제어(Optimal control)와 적응제어(Adaptive control)이다. 우선 최적제어는 유입수중의 인농도를 측정한 이후에 간략화된 ASM No. 2 모델을 이용하여 유출수중의 인농도가 1.0 mg/L가 되는 포기시간을 산정하고 이 산정된 포기시간에 따라 반응조를 제어함으로써 이루어진다. 그런데 실제 반응조를 최적제어로 한 경우에도 실제 유출수중의 인농도는 1.0 mg/L가 되지 않는 경우가 발생한다. 이 때에는 적응제어로서 목표로 한 1.0 mg/L를 벗어난 만큼 목표농도를 변화시켜 주며 제어를 실시하였다. 약 한달간의 제어결과 유출수중의 인농도는 0.2$\sim$3.2 mg/L이었으며 평균은 1.0 mg/L로서 만족스러웠다. 연구수행중 하수처리공정에서 두 번에 걸쳐 인섭취가 제한되는 현상이 발생하였다. 이에 대한 원인을 규명한 결과 원인은 암모니아의 부족과 과다한 포기가 원인인 것으로 나타났다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.321-330
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• 1993

Purpose: A retrospective analysis was performed to evaluate the incidence of radiation induced lung damage after the radiation therapy for the patients with carcinoma of the lung. Method and Materials: Sixty-six patients with lung cancer (squamous cell carcinoma 27, adenocarcinoma 14, large cell carcinoma 2, small cell carcinoma 13, unknown 10) were treated with definitive, postoperative or palliative radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy between July 1987 and December 1991. There were 50 males and 16 females with median age of 63 years (range: 33~80 years). Total lung doses ranged from 500 to 6,660 cGy (median 3960 cGy) given in 2 to 38 fractions (median 20) over a range or 2 to 150 days (median in days) using 6 MV or 15 MV linear accelerator. To represent different fractionation schedules of equivalent biological effect, the estimated single dose (ED) model, $ED=D{\dot}N^{-0.377}{\dot}T^{-0.058}$ was used in which D was the lung dose in cGy, N was the number of fractions, and T was the overall treatment time in days. The range of ED was 370 to 1357. The endpoint was a visible increase in lung density within the irradiated volume on chest X-ray as observed independently by three diagnostic radiologists. Patients were grouped according to ED, treatment duration, treatment modality and age, and the percent incidence of pulmonary damage for each group was determined. Result: In 40 of 66 patients, radiation induced change was seen on chest radiographs between 11 days and 314 days after initiation of radiation therapy. The incidence of radiation pneumonitis was increased according to increased ED, which was statistically significant (p=0.001). Roentgenographic changes consistent with radiation pneumonitis were seen in $100\%$ of patients receiving radiotherapy after lobectomy or pneumonectomy, which was not statistically significant. In 32 patients who also received chemotherapy, there was no difference in the incidence of radiation induced change between the group with radiation alone and the group with radiation and chemotherapy, among the sequence of chemotherapy No correlation was seen between incidence of radiation pneumonitis and age or sex. Conclusions: The occurrence of radiation pneumonitis varies. The incidence of radiation pneumonitis depends on radiation total dose, nature of fractionation, duration of therapy, and modifying factors such as lobectomy or pneumonectomy.