• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.247-250
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• 2001

Two naturalized taxa in Jeju such as Tradescantia flumiensis Vell., and Lotus tenuis Wald. et Kit. ex WiIId. are newly recorded. Short descriptions and illustrations for these taxa are provided.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.76-86
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to fiure out the floral changes during three years after construction of the Youido Ecology Park. Yearly change of plant species composition, distributed at the research field, had been investigated for three years since 1996. To compare and investigate the changes of the establishment of the Ecology Park, we have analyzed the distribution characteristics of plant species, exotic naturalized species, and so on. The results obtained through this investigation are as follows; 1) Total numbers of plant species were 106, 170, 175, and 148, in the year of 1996, 1998 1999, and 2000, respectively. While the most of cultivated species before th establishment were decreased, the naturalized species such Phargmites communis Trin, and Artemisia selengensis Turcz. etc, were increased. 2) Forty three species of exotic naturalized species were investigated and were increased at the early stage of the establishment, but showed decreasing trend recently. 3) Sixty five species of introduced and planted species were investigated. Most of them were occurred at the first year after the establishment, but since 1999, there has been a significant decrease. 4) Sixty seven species among total 235 were verified as the wetland-adapted plants. The ratio to the total numbers were low, but the occupied area of a few species was expanded. Therefore, it indicates that monitoring on the physical environments of the Youido Ecology Park was urgently required.

• Plant Resources
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.114-119
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• 2003

In this study, an on-site survey was conducted around Gasado island at Jodo-myeon, Jindo-gun, Jeonnam during July 2 to 25, 2002. The naturalized plants investigated in the surveyed sites were revealed 15 families and 39 species, including Althaea rosea and Oxalis articulata, which are ornamental plants. Only 10 species appeared in Imjado island among the surveyed sites the surveyed sites and Imjado Island, including Elymus sibiricus, Lolium perenne, Chenopodium album, Oxalis articulata, Oxalis corymbosa, Oenothera odorata, Xanthium strumarium, Bidens frondosa, Ambrosia artemisiaefolia var. elatior, and Taraxacum officinale. 6 species were distributed only in Gasado island, Jindo-gun, which included include Festuca myuros, Chenopodium ambrosioides, Amorpha fruiticosa, Malva neglecta, Calendula arvensis, and Carthamus tinctorius. 18 species were showed in Soheuksan island.; Yeosu area, 29 species; Imja Island in Sinan-gun, 34 species, and Gasado Island in Jindo-gun revealed 39 species. It is believed that the species of naturalized plants have been expanded compared to the other areas because of close location to the inland and large population fastiy. The Urbanization Index(UI) of this area was found to be 19.5. The naturalized plant communites in these surveyed sites were classified into Rumex crispus, Elymus sibiricus, and Lolium perenne community according to the vegetation table. Furthermore, they formed a community around areas that received great artificial influence from human dwellings or roads due to the characteristics of species distribution

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.489-505
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of Mt. Suan (Gyeonggi-do). The vascular plant were collected 13 times (from March to October 2011), and 402 taxa in total were identified, including 102 families, 274 genera, 354 species, 6 subspecies, 40 varieties and 2 forms. Among them, 8 taxa of Korean endemic plants and the Korea Forest Service-designated rare plants were identified as 5 taxa. Based on the list of plants which have been approved for overseas delivery, 10 taxa were recorded in the investigated area. The Ministry of Environment-designated specially plants were identified as 17 taxa. The naturalized plants were identified as 41 taxa and the percent of naturalized index (NI) was 10.2% of total 402 taxa vascular plants.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.96-101
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• 2009

Dokdo was formed since when four million six hundred thousand to two million five hundred thousand. Dokdo, Ulreung Island and the mainland in Korea are not touch each other since the formation, therefore, Dokdo are very important island for discussion of plant evolution from plant geography point of view. Plants of Dokdo was enlisted as 60 taxa, 27 families, 52 genera, 50 species and 10 varieties. The naturalized plants of a wide sense is composed of 25 taxa, two tree species as Lonicera morrowii and Elaeagnus macrophylla, and 23 herbs. The naturalized plants were identified of 5 species as Sonchus oleraceus, Brassica juncea var. integrifolia, Rumex crispus, Chenopodium album, and Bromus unioloides. Total naturalized plants are 32 taxa, ratio of total naturalized plants per a existing species was 60 percentage. Accordingly Vegetational environment of Dokdo was interpreted very incomplete state as well as severe ecological disturb by invade species. Preparation of a regulating plan on naturalized plants and concern of a policy decision are requested in the conservational dimension for native species in Dongdo. For the conservation of native species in Dokdo, there are prepared that a regulating plan as block of the influx and eradication etc. and a policy decision of naturalized plants are prepared for view of the conservation for native species in Dokdo.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.66-77
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is on identifying real condition of naturalized plants in urban green space. For this, Chollabak-do region was selected for case study. The occurring frequency and distribution status was investigated by field survey. The area of green open space, level of management and passed years after construction etc, were analized to identify the influence on occurrence of naturalized plants. The result is as follows: 1. In 18 sites, 145 taxa as weed species including naturalized plants were occurred. Average No. of occurring taxa is 22.7. Two families of plants, Graminae and compositae charged the most part. Also the rate of naturalized plant among them is 29.7%. 2. Naturalized species showing high occurring rate are 14 taxa of compositae, 5 taxa of Gramineae, Leguminosae and 4 taxa of cruciferae. These plants of previous four somatic polymorphism among all the naturalized plants. 3. The taxa number of naturalized plants were reducedby intensive management. But the rate of naturalized plants in extensively managed area was relatively lower than intensively managed one. Naturalizd plants were widely distributed in most of urban green space with being cognitioned as whole weed. 4. In origin of naturalized plants, the taxa from north America were 16 and the taxa from Europe were 16. Therefore the rate originated from north America and Europe charged high part as 68.2%. The rate of Annual, Biennial and Perennial were each 78.7%, 21.3%. The alternative of management for control aganist disturbance by Annual & Biennial required. 5. Multi-relations analysis shows 0.81 which is the relatively high interralation between the number of emerged axa and that of naturalized ones. 6. The number of naturalized species has no relation to the lapse of years after construction of open-space. Especially it was identified that weed control in the beginning of construction is very important. On the other hand the relation between Ys and Xp was Ys=1.784Xp+4.646.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.31-48
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• 2014

This study is carried out to offer the raw data for conservation and management of tidal flat ecosystem by surveying and analysing the flora distributed in Daesong tidal flat wetland, Ahnsan-si, Gyeonggi-do coast, Korea. The results of surveying the flora were recorded as 186 taxa including 45 families, 121 genera, 170 species, 14 varieties and 2 forms. The halophytes checked around this site were 20 taxa including Atriplex gmelinii, Salicornia europaea, Suaeda glauca, Suaeda japonica, Phragmites communis, Carex scabrifolia and so forth. Polygonum bellardii that species had ecological value was the specific plant by floristic region. The growth locations of halophytes were 11 taxa of upper, 4 taxa of high tide line and 5 taxa of lower. The naturalized plants were 42 taxa including Phytolacca americana, Chenopodium glaucum, Melilotus alba, Veronica persica, Bidens pilosa, Leptochloa fusca and so forth. Because Aster subulatusand Leptochloa fusca grew a upper tidal flat wetland, they had the characteristics of halophytes. The focuses on the management of Daesong wetland were halophytes and naturalized plants. Firstly, to maintain a halophytes communities, we will sow the halophytes seeds and plant the individuals. And In-Situ conservation was applied to Polygonum bellardii habitat. Secondly, to prevent the genesis of naturalized plant, we will don't disturb around the wetland environment. The invasive alien plant, Lactuca scariola, was removed by periodic monitoring and purification activity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.13-33
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to offer the raw data for establishing the management and restoration plan by objective surveying and analysing the flora distributed in Seoak District, Gyeongju National Park, Korea. The flora summarized as 411 taxa including 92 families, 285 genera, 363 species, 2 subspecies, 41 varieties and 5 forms. The rare plants designated by Korea Forest Service were 2 taxa including Exochorda serratifolia and Potentilla discolor. The Korean endemic plants were 3 taxa including Philadelphus schrenkii, Lespedeza maritima and Weigela subsessilis. The specific plants by floristic region were 16 taxa including Asplenium sarelii, Pyrrosia petiolosa, Vitex negundo var. incisa and so forth. The target plants adaptable to climate change were 2 taxa including Lespedeza maritima and Carpesium macrocephalum, and the plants with approval for delivering oversea were 4 taxa including Exochorda serratifolia, Glycine soja, Lespedeza maritima and Weigela subsessilis. The naturalized plants were 51 taxa including Phytolacca americana, Viola papilionacea, Lamium purpureum and so forth. The invasive alien plants were 3 taxa including Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Aster pilosus and Lactuca scariola. NI(Naturalized Index) was 12.4% of all 411 taxa of surveyed flora in this study and UI(Urbanized Index) was 15.9% of all 321 taxa of naturalized plants in Korea. Potentilla discolor in rare plant, Philadelphus schrenkii in endemic plant and Dictamnus dasycarpus in specific plant were established the conservation plan. Whereas, invasive alien plants such as Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Aster pilosus and Lactuca scariola should be removed as soon as possible. The damaged sites in Seoak District were divided between wildfire area and farmland. To restore a forest fire site, we will have to apply a natural renewal and community planting. In case of farmland, we will have to do ecological planting using native species and constrcut a forest wetland.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.187-196
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• 2010

A total of 10 islands (Kumodo and Komundo in Yeosu City; Oinarodo in Goheung County; Chongsando, Soando, and Pogildo in Wando County; Chodo in Jindo County; Uido, Huksando, and Hongdo in Shinan County) were surveyed to confirm distribution of naturalized plants from June 2006 to December 2008. A total of 100 naturalized plants taxa from 25 families were recorded. The highest number of naturalized plant species (82 taxa) was recorded on Oinarodo, while the lowest number was recorded on Hongdo (42 taxa) and on Uido (34 taxa). A total of 26 naturalized species taxa (such as Dactylis glomerata, Lolium perenne, Bromus unioloides, Rumex obtusifolius, Chenopodium album, Phytolacca americana, Barbarea vulgaris, Lepidium apetalum, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Trifolium repens, Erigeron annuus, Erigeron canadensis, Senecio vulgaris, Xanthium strumarium) was recorded in all study areas. Distribution of naturalized plants were categorized into 7 habitat types based on ecological traits: afforested land, beach, port, and vacant land, road boundary, road cut and slope area, waste arable land, landfill area, and wetland. Systematic management is required to conserve unique landscape, species diversity, vegetation and ecosystem of Dadohae National Park. In order to manage the naturalized plants in Dadohae National Park, basic surveys are most needed to understand distribution and dispersal of naturalized plants communities based on ecological features of each habitat type.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.162-181
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to analyze the current status of both exotic and naturalized plants in the designated Cultural Preservation Area located in Seongju-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do in order to identify traditional cultural places and to provide basic information to prepare a conservation strategy. The vascular plant species was identified as having 114 taxa: 50 families, 93 genera, 94 species, 16 varieties and 4 forms in King Sejong's Prince Taesil. Among them are 15 taxa of the exotic plant species and 16 taxa of naturalized plant species, which resulted in 14.04% of the Naturalization Rate and 5.90% of the Urbanization Index. The vascular plant species was identified as 68 taxa: 40 families, 64 genus, 57 species, 8 varieties and 4 forms in the Seongju Hyanggyo. Among them, the exotic plants recorded 17 taxa with 30 taxa of naturalized plants. The Naturalization Rate was 44.12% and Urbanization Index was 11.07%. The Seongbaksup, which was a grove outside of the Seongju Fortress recorded 61 taxa: 34 families, 58 genera, 55 species, 5 varieties and 1 form. Among them, the exotic plant species consisted of 10 taxa with 17 taxa of naturalized plants, with a 27.87% Naturalization Rate and a 6.27% Urbanization Index. The vascular plant species was recorded as 230 taxa: 92 families, 183 genus, 182 species, 1 subspecies, 32 varieties and 14 forms in Hangae Village. Among them, exotic plants consist of 28 taxa with 85 naturalized plant species, with a Naturalization Rate of 37.12% and Urbanization Index of 31.37%. The vascular plant species in the Seongsan Ancient Tomb is recorded as having 131 taxa: 55 families, 107 genus, 106 species 19 varieties and 6 forms. Among them, exotic plants consist of 18 classifications, and naturalized plants consist of 22 classifications with a Naturalization Rate of 16.79% and an Urbanization Index of 8.12%. The Seongju Hangyo recorded the highest Naturalization Rate among all surveyed sites in Hangae Village. All five of these surveyed sites will require a management plan to eradicate both exotic and naturalized plant species. Hangae Village especially needs to prepare a management plan. The invasion of ragweed in Seongju Hanggyo and Hangae Village, which is one of the most invasive plant species to disturb the ecosystem, is in need of management to eradicate it.