• Title/Summary/Keyword: naturalization

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Comprehensive review about alien plants in Korea (국내 외래식물의 현황)

  • KANG, Eun Su;LEE, Soo-Rang;OH, Seung Hwan;KIM, Dong-Kap;JUNG, Su-Young;SON, Dong Chan
    • Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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    • v.50 no.2
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    • pp.89-119
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    • 2020
  • Species invasions have rapidly increased due to the substantial growth of global trade in the recent past. As the awareness of the negative effects on natural ecosystems derived from alien species has grown, many countries and lawmakers have enacted rules and policies on the conservation of indigenous plants. Unfortunately, in Korea, research on species invasion is seriously lacking despite the growing number of alien species. In the current study, we report alien plants that have intentionally and/or unintentionally been introduced in Korea and also presented a checklist of invasive plants found both in the literature and in field surveys. We reviewed all documented records of alien plants, i.e., scientific papers, illustrated books, and annual reports. We also categorized alien plants by origin, time of introduction, naturalization, and the rate of their spread. The results revealed that there are 619 alien plant taxa (96 families, 353 genera, 595 species, 6 subspecies, 11 varieties, 1 forma, and 6 hybrids) occurring in Korea. Among these, 30 taxa are archaeophytes (Arc.), 214 are potentially invasive plants (PIPs), and 375 are invasive alien plants (IAPs). In addition, IAP taxa consist of grades 5 (widespread, WS) to 1 (potential spread, PS) of alien plants according to the rate of spread in Korea. Our results suggested that the number of alien plants is likely to keep growing; thus, the distribution should be regularly monitored and the list of alien plants must be updated.

Vascular Flora of Namhan River (남한강 일대의 관속식물상)

  • Yu, Sung-Tae;Yi, Myung-Hoon;Lee, You-Mi;Chang, Kae-Sun;Kim, Byung-Do;Shin, Hyun-Tak;Yoon, Jung-Won
    • Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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    • v.26 no.4
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    • pp.463-490
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    • 2013
  • This study was carried out to investigate the vascular plants of Namhan River. The period of survey was from March to November on 2012. Vascular plants based on voucher specimen were summarized as 430 taxa including 86 families, 250 genera, 383 species, 2 subspecies, 39 varieties and 6 forms. The rare plant species designated by Korea Forest Service were 13 taxa including Penthorum chinense Pursh, Polygonatum stenophyllum Maxim, and Sparganium erectum L., etc. And the endemic plant species were 8 taxa including Salix koriyanagi Kimura, Clematis trichotoma Nakai, and Carex gifuensis Franch., etc. Furthermore, 56 taxa were listed as specific plant species based on phytogeographical and based on the list of plants which have been approved for overseas delivery, 27 taxa were recorded in the investigated area. The naturalized plants were recorded as 58 taxa, and their Naturalization Ratio and Urbanization Index were recorded as 13.5%, and 18.1%, respectively. 430 taxa listed consists of 174 taxa(40.5%) of pasturing plant, 141 taxa(32.8%) of edible plants, 112 taxa(26.0%) of medicinal plants, 48 taxa(11.2%) of ornamental plants, 11 taxa(2.6%) of stain plants, 7 taxa(1.6%) of fiber plants, 4 taxa(0.9%) of timber plants, 2 taxa(0.5%) of industrial plants and 109 taxa(25.4%) of unknown plants.

Effect of island geography on plant species on uninhabited islands in southeastern South Korea

  • Choi, Sei-Woong;An, Jeong-Seop;Yang, Hyo-Sik
    • Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • v.38 no.4
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    • pp.451-459
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    • 2015
  • We investigated the pattern of floral diversity including naturalized plant species and three ecological factors (area, elevation and distance from mainland) of plant species on 53 uninhabited islands in Gyungsangnam-do, southeastern South Korea. A total of 206 taxa in 67 families were observed, and the species of Compositae was most common. Thirteen taxa in eight families of the naturalized plants were observed on 33 islands. The numbers of total plant species, area and elevation were significantly correlated, but no relationship with distance from the mainland was observed. In addition, no relationship was found among the numbers of naturalized plants, area and elevation. However, the average rate of naturalization on islands with different elevations differed significantly, indicating the smallest proportion of naturalized plant species was on high islands. Multiple regression of total species richness identified elevation as a significant factor, while no significant variables were correlated with naturalized plant species. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordination identified three major variables, distance from mainland, number of naturalized plant species and elevation. These findings indicate that the geography of islands such as area and elevation affected the species richness of plants on uninhabited islands, while human disturbance had a greater effect than geography on the species richness of naturalized plants on islands in southeastern South Korea.

Naturalization of Implant Prostheses (자연감 있는 임플란트 보철물)

  • Kim, Dae-Hyun
    • Journal of the Korean Academy of Esthetic Dentistry
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    • v.8 no.1
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    • pp.96-103
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    • 1999
  • Restoration of missing oral tissues by using implant therapy is one of viable options in prosthodontic treatment. The purpose of oral rehabilitation are function, esthetics and phonetics. Recently, with the increasing esthetic demand of the patient, dentists and laboratory technicians are more concern ed about natural appearance of implant prostheses. There are so many factors which affect final esthetic results of treatment such a shape, color, proportion, gingival contour etc. To provide natural and vivid looking artificial prostheses to a patient, the careful diagnosis, treatment plan and laboratory Support is crucial. Several cases will be reviewed and discussed in terms of material, gingival shape, contour, speech and connection mode etc. to fabricate natural looking implant prostheses.

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Conservation Methods and Vascular Plants of Thuja orientalis Community in Seokmun-bong, Danyang (단양 석문봉 측백나무군락지의 식물상 및 보전방안)

  • Oh, Hyun-Kyung
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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    • v.16 no.2
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    • pp.75-92
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    • 2013
  • The vascular plants of Thuja orientalis community in Seokmun-bong, Danyang were listed 222 taxa (4.5% of all 4,881 taxa of vascular plants); 67 families, 150 genera, 163 species, 2 subspecies, 43 varieties and 14 forms. Limestone plants, 29 taxa; Asplenium rutamuraria, Celtis koraiensis, Goodyera coreana, etc. So, Based on the legal protection species, endangered wild plants II, were recorded; Thalictrum coreanum (EN) and rare plants, 8 taxa; Thuja orientalis (LC), Exochorda serratifolia var. serratifolia (LC), Diarthron linifolium (EN), Bupleurum falcatum (VU), Lithospermum erythrorhizon (LC), Dracocephalum argunense (EN), Polygonatum robustum (EN), etc. and endemic plants, 3 taxa; Populus tomentiglandulosa (Planted plant), Thalictrum actaefolium var. brevistylum, Asperula lasiantha, etc. Based on the list of specific plants, 29 taxa; Thalictrum coreanum in class V, 7 taxa (Neillia uyekii for. uyekii, Prunus sibirica, Abelia coreana, etc.) in class IV, 8 taxa (Spiraea trichocarpa, Polygala tatarinowi, Asparagus oligoclonos, etc.) in class III, 2 taxa (Potentilla dickinsii var. dickinsii, Weigela florida) in class II, 11 taxa (Morus cathayana, Buxus microphylla var. koreana, Zizyphus jujuba var. jujuba, etc.) in class I. Based on the list of naturalized plants, 10 taxa (Robinia pseudoacacia, Oenothera biennis, Festuca arundinacea, etc.), naturalization rate (NR) was 4.5% of all 222 taxa of vascular plants and urbanization index (UI) was 3.1% of all 321 taxa of naturalized plants.

Vascular Plants of Status and Distribution of the Site around and Kwangyang Manufacture (광양제철소와 인근주변의 관속식물 현황과 분포)

  • Oh, Hyun-Kyung;Kim, Do-Gyun
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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    • v.9 no.3
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    • pp.59-75
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    • 2006
  • The vascular plants of this site was listed 360 taxa; 86 families, 229 genera, 311 species, 42 varieties and 7 forms. Specific plant species by floral region were total 40 taxa; 2 taxa(Crypsinus hastatus, Prunus yedoensis) in class V, Patrinia rupestris in class IV, 6 taxa(Elymus mollis, Carex laticeps, Poncirus trifoliata, Melia azedarach var. japonica, Koelreuteria paniculata, Crepiastrum lanceolatum) in class III, Cirsium schantarense in class II, 30 taxa(Lygodium japonicum, Pteris multifida, Phacelurus latifolius, Asparagus cochinchinensis, Ficus erecta, Machilus thunbergii, Zanthoxylum planispinum, Euphorbia esula, Mallotus japonicus, Cayratia japonica, Camellia japonica, Glehnia littoralis, Lysimachia fortunei, Messerschmidia sibirica, Ixeris repens etc.) in class I. The naturalized plants in this site were 14 families, 34 genera, 41 species, 1 varieties, 42 taxa and naturalization rate was 20.3% of all 207 taxa vascular plants. Based on the list of the rare plants by the Forest Research Institute, 2 taxa were recorded in the studied areas; Phacelurus latifolius, Crypsinus hastatus and based on the list of Korean endemic plants, 7 taxa were recorded; Populus tomentiglandulosa, Filipendula glaberrima, Prunus yedoensis, Forsythia koreana, Paulownia coreana, Weigela subsessilis, Carpinus coreana. So, wild plants disturbing ecosystem like Solanum carolinense and Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior have been increasing, it needs continuing control and conservation measures on the plant ecosystem.

Community Classification and Distribution of the Vascular Plants in the Daemisaem Region (데미샘 주변의 식물 분포와 군락 분류)

  • Beon, Mu-Sup;Oh, Hyun-Kyung
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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    • v.10 no.3
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    • pp.25-37
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    • 2007
  • The vascular plants of the study area in the Daemisaem region were listed as 302 taxa; 81 families, 196 genera, 251 species, 1 subspecies, 42 varieties, 7 forms and 1 hybrid. Based on the list of Korean endemic plants, 7 taxa were recorded; Carex okamotoi, Salix purpurea var. japonica, Thalictrum uchiyamai, Lespedeza ${\times}$ tomentella, Weigela subsessilis, Aster koraiensis, Cirsium chanroenicum. Specific plants by floral region were total 21 taxa; Silene jenisseensis, Cimicifuga heracleifolia in class IV, 3 taxa (Lilium leichtlinii var. tigrinum, Betula davurica, Lonicera subhispida) in class III, 3 taxa (Viola tokubuchiana var. takedana, Ligularia fischeri, Cirsium chanroenicum) in class II, 13 taxa (Glyceria leptolepis, Meliosma oldhamii, Fraxinus mandshurica, etc.) in class I. The naturalized plants in this site were 8 families, 20 genera, 23 species, 1 varieties, 24 taxa and naturalization rate was 7.9% of all 302 taxa vascular plants. The vegetation community of the selected Daemisaem region were growth of configuration to slope, ridge and valley; Quercus variabilis community, Quercus serrata community, Quercus mongolica community, Salix koreensis community in the slope, Quercus mongolica community, Carpinus tschonoskii community in the ridge, Fraxinus mandshurica community, Carpinus laxiflora community, Acer mono community, Cornus controversa community, Morus bombycis community in the valley.

The Vascular Plants in Is. Gageo (Jeollanam-do) (가거도(전라남도)의 관속식물상)

  • Kim, Jung-Hyun;Nam, Gi-Heum;Kim, Jin-Seok
    • Journal of Environmental Science International
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    • v.21 no.4
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    • pp.437-450
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    • 2012
  • This study was carried out to investigate the flora of Is. Gageo (Jeollanam-do). The vascular plants were collected 13 times (from June 2008 to September 2011), and 465 taxa in total were identified, including 112 families, 301 genera, 402 species, 3 subspecies, 49 varieties, 9 forms and 2 hybrids. 171 taxa were first records for the region. Among them were seven taxa of Korean endemic plants and the Ministry of Environment-designated plants, which should be protected by the wildlife protection law, were identified as three taxa. There were 54 taxa of the flora with the levels III, IV, V in the floristic indicator plants which was designated by Ministry of Environment. The naturalized plants were identified as 29 taxa, and their naturalization ratio and urban index were found to be 6.2% and 9.0% respectively. There existed many kinds of plants resources having conservational value like $Loxogramme$ $salicifolia$, $Sarcandra$ $glabra$, $Osmanthus$ $insularis$, $Saussurea$ $polylepis$, $Carex$ $ligulata$ var. $austrokoreensis$, $Hosta$ $jonesii$, $Cyrtosia$ $septentrionalis$, etc., in this area. As therefore clear that appropriate plans to conserve the natural habitat of Is. Gageo must be made immediately.

Analysis on Starcraft Focused: Narratives and Mythologies (서사와 신화론을 중심으로 한 스타크래프트 분석)

  • Kim, Seo-Young;Park, Tae-Soon
    • The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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    • v.8 no.4
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    • pp.117-129
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    • 2008
  • This analysis is intended to approach a computer game in the context of cultural-study theories. The semiotics can be applied to various area, and it is assumed to also applied to computer games. In semiotical background we tried to analyze the mythology of Starcraft mainly by using Propp's narratives theory and Brathes' mythologies theory. In the narratives of Starcraft, we fouind some simplified functions which penetrate the internal structure. And while most of the games having paradigmatic flow in narratives, Starcraft has syntagmatic flow mainly because of the function of network. With these conditions, we could find some mythologies in Starcraft : (1) naturalization of discipline and control, (2) time and space as resources, (3) deprivation of values of object.

The Introduction of Polychaetes Hydroides elegans (Haswell), Polydora limicola Annenkova, and Pseudopotamilla occelata Moore to the Northwestern Part of the East Sea

  • Bagaveeva, E.V.;Zvyagintsev, A.Yu.
    • Ocean and Polar Research
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    • v.22 no.1
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    • pp.25-36
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    • 2000
  • The polychaeta fauna of the benthos and fouling of the northwestern part of the East Sea was studied during the period of 1971-1998. Three introduced species of polychaetes: Hydorides elegans (Haswell), Polydora limicola Annenkova, and Pseudopotamilla occelata Moore were found. H. elegans was discovered only on the artificial surfaces in Golden Horn Inlet (port Vladivostok), where this species may occur because of hermal pollution due to the discharge of warm waters of the water cooling system of Thermal-Electric Power Station-2 (TEPS-2) in Vladivostok which has been in function since 1971. The abundant population of H. elegans exists in the bay throughout the year and is capable of reproduction. The biomass of H. elegans may reach several $kg/m^2$ in August-September. P. limicola was found at the same time in the fouling of hydrotechnical structures of Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Holmsk and Uglegorsk ports with a biomass of $1-3kg/m^2$. Slow introduction of P. limicola occurs by coastal sail ships at present. The invasion of P. occelata into Peter the Great Bay may be an example of introduction and subsequent naturalization, which produced considerable changes in the structure of benthic communities. The three species of polychaetous sessile organisms and their invasion occurred by ocean and coasters sea-going ships (unintentional transport vectors). H. elegans and P. occelata were most probably transported to the northwestern part of the East Sea from Japan, and P.

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