• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.29-37
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• 2013

The study was carried out in two different forest types viz., Banj oak and Chir pine forests to assess the variation in forest species composition and soil properties along altitudinal gradients in the Garhwal Himalayas. The results of the study showed that between the forests soil moisture was higher in Banj oak forest because of closed canopy and dense forest compared to Chir pine forest. The sand particles were reported higher in Banj oak forest which might be due to the addition of organic matter favouring coarse structure of soil, helping in holding maximum water in soils. However in the Chir pine forest low amount of soil organic matter and presence of clayey soil, develops soil compactness which reduces the penetration of water resulting in high soil bulk density. The higher accumulation of litter and presence of moisture in Banj oak forest favours higher nutrient level of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compared to Chir pine forest. The soil organic carbon also reduced with increasing altitude at both gradients. While bulk density has reverse trend with soil organic carbon in both the forests at different peaks of same region. In Banj oak forest, the highest density and total basal cover was reported 1,100 tree $ha^{-1}$ and 58.86 $m^2\;ha^{-1}$ respectively. However, the highest values of density and total basal cover of Chir pine forest was 560 tree$ha^{-1}$ and 56.94 $m^2\;ha^{-1}$ respectively. The total density and basal cover of both the forests reduced with increasing altitude. The study concludes that Banj oak forest has better nutrient cycling ability, well developed foest floor and has a greater protective and productive features compared to the Chir pine forest which is without lower vegetation cover and having only pine litter accumulation which does not allow any other species to grow.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.85-98
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• 2022

Background: Korean white pine (Pinus koraiensis) is a major commercial species, and the importance of the oak trees (Quercus spp.) is increasing due to various factors such as environmental and ecological values. However, more information is required to clearly understand the growth characteristics of these species especially regarding thinning intensity. This study was performed to provide the basic information to develop the silvicultural guideline and field manual by analyzing tree and stand characteristics in line with thinning intensity in the Korean white pine plantation and oak-dominated natural deciduous forest. Results: Diameter at breast height (DBH) and volume changes by the thinning intensity in the Korean white pine plantation were significantly different from those in the oak-dominated deciduous natural forest. In particular, DBH distribution in the pine stand appeared that there were more large diameter trees as the thinning intensity was higher. DBH periodic annual increment (PAI) of the pine stand was higher as the thinning intensity was stronger and the growth period was shorter. This trend was similarly shown in the natural deciduous forest, but the amount of PAI was smaller than in pine stand. The volume PAI after thinning was not decreased over time. In each stand type, the PAI tended to be lower as stand density was higher. The volume PAI in the pine stand was significantly higher than that in the oak-dominated natural deciduous forest. Dead trees occurred the most in the unthinned plots of each stand type, and those were higher in the natural deciduous forest. Ingrowth trees were observed only in the natural deciduous forest, and its distribution was the lowest in unthinned plots; Korean white pine as ingrowth occurred the most frequently among many tree species. Conclusions: Different effects of thinning treatment on DBH and volume PAI, mortality, and ingrowth were observed for each stand. With respect to forest growth, Korean white pine plantation was superior to the oak-dominated natural deciduous forest. The results of this study offer fundamental information for the development of silvicultural guidelines for Korean white pine plantations and oak-dominated natural deciduous forests in Korea.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제71권1호
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• pp.50-54
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• 1985

경사면(傾斜面)에 생육(生育)하는 굴참나무, 물참나무, 갈참나무, 떡갈나무 천연림(天然林)의 입목경사도(立木傾斜度)에 미치는 여러 인자(因子)의 영향을 측정(測定) 분석(分析)하였다. 입목경사도(立木傾斜度)에 영향을 미치고 있는 인자(因子)는 수종간(樹種間)의 차(差), 입목경사도(立木傾斜度), 방위(方位)였으며, 입목밀도(立木密度)와 수고(樹高)는 입목경사도(立木傾斜度)와는 상관(相關)이 없었다. 인자(因子) 중 수종간(樹種間)의 차(差)가 입목경사도(立木傾斜度)에 가장 크게 영향을 미쳤으며 다음이 사면경사도(斜面傾斜度)였다. 특히 수종(樹種) 중에서는 물참나무가 모든 사면경사도(斜面傾斜度)에서 가장 기울어지는 양상을 나타내었다.

• 식물병연구
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.209-220
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• 2022

Charcoal canker of oak, which has recently increased in southern Iran, could pose a serious threat to the entire forest ecosystem in the near future. In addition, it seems that climate change and its consequences, such as drought in the southern regions of Iran, have exacerbated this phenomenon. Consequently, the objective of this study was to identify the fungal pathogens that could cause charcoal canker disease in the oak forests of South Zagros. It was also sought to find associations between changes in the occurrence/exacerbation of charcoal canker disease under non and intense drought stress in non-inoculated or inoculated Quercus brantii seedlings. In total, 120 isolates were obtained from eight oak forests located in the Zagros Mountains of Southern Iran, Kohgiluyeh & Boyer-Ahmad and Fars provinces, which were classified as Biscogniauxia mediterranea based on morphological assessment. Subsequently, molecular assay confirmed the result by phylogenetic inference of internal transcribed spacer-rDNA regions, α-actin, and β-tubulin genes. The results of the pathogenicity test showed that the response of isolates of B. mediterranea (Iran-G1 and Iran-M70) was varied in different environments for the measured necrotic lesion length. In comparison with the control moisture treatments (non-stress), the necrotic lesion length in inoculated treatments increased under intense drought stress. In general, inoculated oak seedlings' exposure to water-deficient stress by the pathogen of B. mediterranea could affect the spread/severity of the charcoal canker disease.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.227-234
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• 2005

From published data of mature forests worldwide, Raich and Nadelhoffer suggested that total belowground carbon allocation (TBCA) could be estimated from the difference between annual rates of soil respiration and aboveground litterfall. Here we analyze new measurements of IRGA-based soil respiration and litterfall of natural mature oak forests dominated by Quercus mongolica in Korea. Rates of in situ soil respiration and aboveground litter production are highly and positively correlated. Our results disagree with the Raich and Nadelhoffer model far world forests. A regression analysis of the data from Q. mongolica forests produced the following relationship: annual soil respiration : 141 + 2.08 ${\times}$ annual litterfall. The least squares regression line has a more gentle slope (2.08) than the slope (2.92) described by Raich and Nedelhoffer for mature forests worldwide. The regression slope of our study indicates that, on average, soil respiration is about two times the aboveground litterfall-C, which further implies that TBCA is similar with annual aboveground litterfall-C at natural Q. mongolica forests in Korea. The non-zero Y-intercept (141) of the regression indicates that TBCA may be greater than litterfall-C where litterfall rate are relativery low. Over a gradient of litterfall-C ranging from 200-370 g C $m^{-2}yr^{-l}$, TBCA increased from 350-530 g C $m^{-2}yr^{-l}$.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제94권5호통권162호
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• pp.321-329
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• 2005

Based on the data representing four typical Korean pine forest types, the age structure, DBH distribution, species composition, and forking rule were systemically analyzed for old-growth Korean pine forest in Liangshui Nature Reserve, northeast China. The age structure of Korean pine trees was strongly uneven-aged with one dominated peak following normal distribution, and age of trees varied from 100 to 180 years within a stand. The DBH and height differences in same age class (20 years) varied from 28 cm~64 cm and 5 to 20 m, respectively. Many conifer and hard wood species, such as spruce, fir, costata birch, basswood, oak, and elm, were mixed with dominated trees of Korean pine. The canopy of the old-growth Korean pine forest can be divided into two layers, and differences of mean age and height between Layer I and Layer II were ranged 80~150 years and 7~13 m, respectively. The Weibull function was used to model the diameter distribution and performed well to describe size-class distribution either with a single peak in over-story canopy and inverse J-shape in under-story canopy for old-growth Korean pine stands. The forking height of Korean pine trees ranged from 16m to 24 m (mean 19.4 m) and tree age about 120 to 160 years old. The results will provide a scientific basis to protect and recover the ecosystem of natural old-growth Korean pine and also provide the model in management of Korean pine plantation.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제96권5호
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• pp.572-579
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• 2007

Tree species diversity is an important aspect of forest ecosystem stability. Tree species inventories at defined sites and in minimum diameter classes give a reliable indicator of the diversity level as well as the structural stability level of a study site. This study was conducted to investigate the species composition and the stand structure of the natural forest, timber-harvested forest (logged-over forest) and degraded forest of the Oak-twin Township in the Bago Yoma Region of Myanmar. Natural forest showed the highest family and species richness in all the investigated forests. At the family level, Verbenaceae occupied the highest importance value index (IVI) in all the forest stands while teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f.) occupied the highest IVI at the species level. However, the small diameter classes of T. grandis and other commercial species were less than those of big diameter classes in all the investigated forests. This abnormal pattern of diameter distribution could be a problem for the sustainable production of commercial timber species in the near future.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제102권3호
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• pp.446-454
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 환경부 멸종위기종 2급인 나도승마 서식지의 생물학적 인자와 입지환경 조건을 조사하여, 중요치 및 다양도 지수에 의해 서식지 임분의 구조적 특성을 밝히고 요인별 비교분석 하여 환경요인과의 관계를 고찰하였다. 나도승마 자생지의 향 분석 결과 방위는 북 또는 북동으로 분포하고 있었으며, 경사는 15~40o로 경사에 대해서는 크게 영향을 받지 않는 것으로 조사 되었다. 또한 해발 600 m 이상 지역에서부터 나도승마 개체군의 분포가 급격히 증가하고 있음을 보여 주고 있었고, 상대광도는 평균 3.79%로 나타났다. 대부분의 개체군이 계곡부와 바위틈에 많이 자생하고 있어서 강우 시 토양유실이 우려되는 곳에 많이 서식하는 경향을 보이고 있었고 상당수 개체군은 등산로와도 인접해 있어 인위적인 훼손이 우려되고 있다. 나도승마의 주된 생육공간내 A층의 토양을 분석한 결과 pH 4.45에서 4.89(평균 4.68)로 강산성으로 분석되었다. 모든 조사구들은 전형적인 천연활엽수 지역이었으며, 신갈나무군집에서 나도승마의 출현확률이 가장 높은 것으로 보아 신갈나무가 나도승마 서식에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 수종으로 해석되어진다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.356-361
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• 2009

본 연구는 우리나라에 분포하고 있는 상수리나무림을 대상으로 식물사회학적 조사를 통하여 상수리나무림의 군집을 분류하고 각 군집간의 상관관계, 잠재자연식생, 입지에 따른 상수리나무의 분포 양상 등을 분석하여 한국 상수리나무림의 특성을 밝히고자 한다. 1. 한국 상수리나무림의 군집구분은 1군단, 3군집, 3아군집, 3전형아군집으로 유형화되었다. I. 상수리나무군단(Quercion acutissimae) A. 상수리나무-졸참나무군집(Quercetum serrato-acutissimae ass. nov.) A-1. 갈참나무아군집(Quercetum serrato-acutissimae quercetosum subass. nov.) A-2. 전형아군집(Quercetum serrato-acutissimae typicum subass. nov.) B. 상수리나무-신갈나무군집(Quercetum mongolico-acutissimae asso. nov.) B-1. 갈참나무아군집(Quercetum mongolico-acutissimae quercetosum subass. nov.) B-2. 전형아군집(Quercetum mongolico-acutissimae typicum subass. nov.) C. 상수리나무-서어나무군집(Carpino-Quercetum acutissimae asso. nov.) C-1. 갈참나무아군집(Carpino-Quercetum quercetosum subass. nov.) C-2. 전형아군집(Carpino-Quercetum typicum subass. nov.) 2. DECORANA에 의한 요인분석 결과 상수리나무-졸참나무군집은 저지대 산지, 상수리나무-신갈나무군집은 상대적으로 해발이 높은 지역의 산지대, 상수리나무-서어나무군집은 주로 계곡부에 형성되어 있음을 입증하고 있다. 그러나 각 군집들이 서로 혼재되어 있는 경우가 많아 그다지 명료하게 나타나지는 않았다. 이러한 결과는 상수리나무림의 대부분이 저지대 및 농경지 주변의 교란요인이 심한 지역에 분포하고 있기 때문으로 사료된다. 3. 상수리나무림의 잠재자연식생을 추정한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) Quercetum serrato-acutissimae asso. nov.$\rightarrow$Quercus serrata-Quercus aliena Community$\rightarrow$Quercus serrata Community 2) Quercetum mongolico-acutissimae ass. nov.$\rightarrow$Quercus mongolica-Quercus aliena Community$\rightarrow$Quercus mongolica Community 3) Carpino-Quercetum acutissimae asso. nov.$\rightarrow$Carpinus laxiflora-Quercus aliena Community$\rightarrow$Carpinus laxiflora Community

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제98권6호
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• pp.772-779
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• 2009

산림 생태계 내 탄소 수지에 관한 기초자료를 확보하기 위해 소나무와 참나무류의 순림 및 이들의 혼효임분에 대한 탄소 저장량을 추정하였다. 연구대상지는 강원도 횡성군 둔내면 일대로 임분별로 흉고직경 5 cm 이상 임목에 대한 흉고단면적($m^2/ha$)을 기준으로 소나무:참나무류의 비율이 95:5인 소나무 순림과 0:100인 참나무류 순림, 그리고 20:80-70:30인 혼효림을 선정하였다. 각각의 임분 내 식생, 낙엽층, 고사목의 생체량과 탄소 농도를 분석하고, 0-30 cm 깊이까지의 토양 탄소 농도를 분석하였다. 식생(상층 임목과 하층 식생)의 탄소 저장량은 참나무류 순림에서 147.6 Mg C/ha, 소나무 순림에서 141.4 Mg C/ha, 혼효림에서 115.8 Mg C/ha 등으로 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 낙엽층 내 탄소 저장량은 소나무 순림에서 12.7 Mg C/ha, 참나무류 순림에서 9.9 Mg C/ha와 혼효림에서 8.4 Mg C/ha 등이었으며, 고사목 내 탄소 저장량은 혼효림에서 2.2 Mg/ha, 참나무류 순림에서 1.7 Mg/ha 와 소나무 순림에서 1.1 Mg/ha 등으로 낙엽층의 탄소량은 임분간 유의한 차이가 있었으나(p<0.05), 고사목의 탄소 저장량은 임분간 유의한 차이가 없었다(p>0.05). 지표로부터 30 cm 깊이까지의 토양 탄소 저장량은 소나무 순림에서 44.4 Mg C/ha이고, 혼효림에서 41.6 Mg C/ha과 참나무류 순림에서 33.3 Mg C/ha 등의 분포를 보였으나 임분간 유의한 차이는 없었다. 생태계 내 총 탄소 저장량은 소나무 순림에서 199.6 Mg C/ha, 참나무류 순림에서 192.5 Mg C/ha, 혼효림에서 169.1 Mg C/ha 등으로 임분별로 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 탄소 저장량이 혼효림에서 순림보다 낮은 것은 탄소 저장량의 대부분을 차지하는 식생의 탄소 저장량이 혼효림에서 더 낮기 때문이었다. 혼효림의 식생은 소나무와 참나무류의 종간경쟁으로 참나무류의 직경생장이 둔화되고 임분 밀도가 높아 참나무류 임목간의 경쟁이 심하게 되어 순림보다 낮은 생체량을 보이는 것으로 추정된다. 혼효임분에서 탄소 저장량을 증가시키기 위해서는 간벌과 같은 적절한 임분관리를 통한 임분의 종내 및 종간경쟁을 완화시킬 필요가 있는 것으로 사료된다.