• 제목/요약/키워드: natural medium

검색결과 1,272건 처리시간 0.03초

Exposure Assessment of Airborne Bacteria and Fungi in the Aircraft

  • Doo-Young Kim;Ki-Youn Kim
    • Safety and Health at Work
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    • 제13권4호
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    • pp.487-492
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    • 2022
  • Objective: The exposure levels of disease-causing bacteria and germs were assessed on aircraft cleaning workers on multiple different aircrafts. Method: Five measuring points were selected depending on the aircraft types. Four aircraft cleaning agencies were selected for the test. Aircraft cleaning work was classified as intensive cleaning and general cleaning work. Ventilation in aircraft when sampling during the cleaning operation was categorized into forced ventilation and natural ventilation. The collection of airborne microorganisms was made through inertial impactors which were installed 1.5 meters above the bottom of the aircraft. The airborne bacteria and fungus growth badges were selected by Trytpic Soy Agar and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. Results: The average concentrations of bacteria in the air were higher in the order of small, medium, and large airplanes. Rainy days had higher concentrations inside and outside the aircraft as compared to those in sunny days. Regarding ventilation, concentrations in natural ventilation were higher than concentrations in forced ventilation. According to the type of work, the concentrations in the intensive cleaning groups (cleaning one plane a day) were lower than those of the ordinary cleaning groups (cleaning several planes per day). Conclusion: The concentration levels of airborne bacteria and fungi in the aircraft surveyed were lower than the indoor environmental standards of Korea (800 cfu/m3 and 500 cfu/m3). The average concentrations of bacteria in the air and fungi in the air were highest in small aircraft owned by Company D.

A Model for Diffusive Shock Acceleration of Protons in Intracluster Shocks and Gamma-ray and Neutrino Emissions from Clusters of Galaxies

  • Ha, Ji-Hoon;Ryu, Dongsu;Kang, Hyesung
    • 천문학회보
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    • 제44권2호
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    • pp.54.3-54.3
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    • 2019
  • During the formation of large-scale structures in the universe, shocks with the sonic Mach number Ms <~ 5 are naturally induced by supersonic flow motions of baryonic matter in the intracluster medium (ICM). Cosmic rays (CRs) are expected to be accelerated via diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) at these ICM shocks, although the existence of CR protons in the ICM remains to be confirmed through gamma-ray observations. Based on the results obtained from kinetic plasma simulations, we build an analytic DSA model for weak, quasi-parallel shocks in the test-particle regime. With our DSA model, the CR acceleration efficiency ranges ~ 0.001 - 0.02 in supercritical quasi-parallel shocks with sonic Mach number Ms ~ 2.25 - 5, and the acceleration would be negligible in subcritical shocks wth Ms <~ 2.25. Adopting our DSA model, we estimate gamma-ray and neutrino emissions from clusters of galaxies by performing cosmological hydrodynamic simulations. The estimated gamma-ray flux is below the Fermi-LAT upper limit. In addition, the possible neutrino emission due to the decay of charged pions in galaxy clusters would be about <~ 1% of the atmospheric neutrino intensity in the energy range of <~ 100 GeV. In this talk, we will discuss the implication of our results.

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Bearing capacity of a Flysch rock mass from the characterization of the laboratory physical properties and the Osterberg test

  • Hernan Patino;Ruben A. Galindo
    • Computers and Concrete
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    • 제33권5호
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    • pp.573-594
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    • 2024
  • This article presents a research study, with both laboratory and field tests, of a deep foundation in a markedly anisotropic medium. Particularly it has focused on the evaluation of the behavior of a pile, one meter in diameter, embedded in a rocky environment with difficult conditions, in the Flysch of the Spanish city of San Sebastián. To carry out the research, the site of a bridge over the Urumea River was chosen, which was supported by pre-excavated reinforced concrete piles. 4 borings were carried out, by the rotation and washing method, with continuous sampling and combined with flexible dilatometer tests. In the field, an Osterberg load test (O-cell) was performed, while in the laboratory, determinations of natural moisture, natural unit weight, uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), point load strength (PLS), compressive wave propagation velocity (Vc) and also triaxial and direct shear tests were carried out. The research results indicate the following: a) the empirical functions that correlate the UCS with the PLS are not always linear; b) for the studied Flysch it is possible to obtain empirical functions that correlate the UCS with the PLS and with the Vc; c) the bearing capacity of the studied Flysch is much greater than if it is evaluated by different load capacity theories; d) it is possible to propose an empirical function that allows evaluating the mobilized shear strength (τm), as a function of the UCS and the displacement relative of the pile (δr).

Bacillus sp. DYL130 균주의 Biosurfactant의 정제 및 특성 (Purification and Characterization of Biosurfactant from Bacillus sp. DYL130)

  • 박인혜;김선희;이상철;하순옥;이용석;유아름;김근기;최용락
    • 한국해양바이오학회지
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    • 제1권4호
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    • pp.268-274
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    • 2006
  • 해양 원유 오염원의 제거 및 항진균 활성을 가진 균주를 분리하기 위해 1% crude oil을 탄소원으로 이용하여 생육하는 수십 종의 균주를 분리하였다. 분리된 균주 중 biosurfactant를 생성하는 균주를 1% tributyrin에서 투명환 생성 유무를 통해 선별되었으며, 이를 Bacillus sp. DYL130으로 명명하였다. Bacillus sp. DYL130의 표면장력은 최저 28 mN/m까지 감소되었다. 이 균주로부터 biosurfactant를 정제하기 위해 배양 상등액을 친화성 크로마토그래피와 TLC를 이용하여 정제된 biosurfactant를 얻었다. TLC 결과 0.78정도의 Rf값을 확인하였다. 정제된 biosurfactant의 CMC 값은 35 mg/l인 것으로 나타났으며, 유화활성과 안정성은 soybean oil을 기질로 사용하였을 경우 최대인 것으로 나타났다. Botrytis cineria에 대한 길항작용도 우수한 것으로 보인다.

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Monascus sp. MK2-2가 생산하는 홍국천연색소의 특성 (Characteristics of Monascus Natural Pigments Produced by Monascus sp. MK2-2)

  • 전춘표;김창숙;이중복;신지원;최성연;최충식;이오석;권기석
    • 생명과학회지
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    • 제17권1호
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    • pp.137-142
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    • 2007
  • Monascus purpureus KFRI 1134 균주에 대해 UV ($235_{nm}$, 30 second) 조사를 통한 변이주 형성을 유도하여 Monascus sp. MK2-2를 분리하였다. 홍국 천연색소 생산의 최적조건은 rice powder 0.3%와 0.2% yeast extract, 0.3% $NH_4H_2PO_4$의 배지 조성에서 초기 pH 5.0, 배양온도 $30^{\circ}C$ 및 배양기간은 5일이었으며, 홍국 천연색소 생산에 미치는 탄소원의 영향은 wheat flour > rice powder > fructose 순으로 높았다. 질소원은 sodium nitrate > $KNO_3$의 순서로 생성능이 높았으며, C/N ratio가 $17\sim22$일 때 색소의 생성능이 우수하였다. Anti-thrombosis activity 측정결과 Monascus sp. MK2-2 추출물은 aspirin과 유사한 항혈전 기능을 지니고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

페놀분해세균 Rhodococcus pyridinovorans P21의 분리 및 페놀분해 특성 (Isolation and Characteristics of a Phenol-degrading Bacterium, Rhodococcus pyridinovorans P21)

  • 조광식;이상미;신명재;박수연;이예람;장은영;손홍주
    • 생명과학회지
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    • 제24권9호
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    • pp.988-994
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    • 2014
  • 페놀과 각종 난분해성 화합물이 함유된 폐수를 미생물학적으로 처리하기 위하여 폭넓은 연구가 진행되고 있으나 이들 균주들은 200 ppm 이상의 고농도 페놀이 존재할 경우, 기질저해 현상에 따른 생육이 일어나지 않는 단점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 유류로 오염된 토양에서 고농도 페놀을 분해할 수 있는 P21 균주를 분리하였으며, 표현형 및 계통분류에 근거하여 동정한 결과, Rhodococcus pyridinovorans로 동정되었다. 본 균주에 의한 페놀분해 최적조건은 0.09% $KNO_3$, 0.1% $K_2HPO_4$, 0.3% $NaH_2PO_4$, 0.015% $MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$, 0.001% $FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$, 초기 pH 9 및 $20-30^{\circ}C$이었으며, 이 조건에서 1000 ppm의 페놀을 2일 만에 완전히 분해하였다. 1,500 ppm의 페놀은 3일 만에 완전히 분해할 수 있었으나 그 이상의 페놀은 분해할 수 없었다. 또한 본 균주는 toluene, xylene 및 hexane과 같은 독성 화합물을 이용하여 생육할 수 있었으며, chloroform에서는 생육할 수 없었다.

Improving Corsican pine somatic embryo maturation: comparison of somatic and zygotic embryo morphology and germination

  • Wtpsk, Senarath;Shaw, D.S.;Lee, Kui-Jae;Lee, Wang-Hyu
    • 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국자원식물학회 2003년도 춘계 학술발표대회
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    • pp.61-62
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    • 2003
  • Clonal propagation of high-value forest trees through somatic embryogenesis (SE) has the potential to rapidly capture the benefits of breeding or genetic engineering programs and to improve raw material uniformity and quality. A major barrier to the commercialization of this technology is the low quality of the resulting embryos. Several factors limit commercialization of SE for Corsican pine, including low initiation rates, low culture survival, culture decline causing low or no embryo production, and inability of somatic embryos to fully mature, resulting in low germination and reduced vigour of somatic seedlings. The objective was to develop a Corsican pine maturation medium that would produce cotyledonary embryos capable of germination. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance, and significant differences between treatments determined by multiple range test at P=0.05. Corsican pine (Pinus nigra var. maritima) cultures were initiated on modified !P6 medium. Modifications of the same media were used for culture multiplication and maintenance. Embryogenic cultures were maintained on the same medium semi solidified with 2.5 g/l Gelrite. A maturation medium, capable of promoting the development of Corsican pine somatic embryos that can germinate, is a combination of iP6 modified salts, 2% maltose, 13% polyethylene glycol (PEG), 5 mg!l abscisic acid (ABA), and 2.5 g/l Gelrite. After initiation and once enough tissue developed they were grown in liquid medium. Embryogenic cell suspensions were established by adding 0.951.05 g of 10- to 14-day-old semisolid-grown embryogenic tissue to 9 ml of liquid maintenance media in a 250ml Erlenmeyer flask. Cultures were then incubated in the dark at 2022$^{\circ}$C and rotated at 120 rpm. After 2.53 months on maturation medium, somatic embryos were selected that exhibited normal embryo shape. Ten embryos were placed horizontally on 20 ml of either germination medium ($\frac{2}{1}$strength Murashige and Skoog (1962) salts with 2.5 g/l activated charcoal) or same medium with copper sulphate adjusted to 0.25 mg/1 to compensate for copper adsorption by activated carbon. 2% and 4% maltose was substituted by 7.5% and 13% PEG respectively to improve the yield of the embryos. Substitution of' maltose with PEG was clearly beneficial to embryo development. When 2% of the maltose was replaced with 7.5% PEG, many embryos developed to large bullet-shaped embryos. At latter stages of development most embryos callused and stopped development. A few short, barrel-shaped cotyledonary embryos formed that were covered by callus on the sides and base. When 4% of the maltose was removed and substituted with 13% PEG, the embryos developed further, emerging from the callus and increasing yield slightly. Microscopic examination of the cultures showed differing morphologies, varying from mostly single cells or clumps to well-formed somatic embryos that resembled early zygotic embryos only liquid cultures with organized early-stag. A procedure for converting and acclimating germinants to growth in soil and greenhouse conditions is also tested. Seedling conversion and growth were highly related to the quality of the germinant at the time of planting. Germinants with larger shoots, longer, straighter hypocotyls and longer roots performed best. When mature zygotic embryos germinate the root emerges, before or coincident with the shoot. In contrast, somatic embryos germinate in reverse sequence, with the cotyledons greening first, then shoot emergence and then, much later, if at all, the appearance of the root. Somatic seedlings, produced from the maturation medium, showed 100% survival when planted in a field setting. Somatic seedlings showed normal yearly growth relative to standard seedlings from natural seed.

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미나리의 중금속 흡수량 측정 및 중금속 결합단백질의 동정 (Uptake of Heavy Metal Ions by Water Dropwort (Oenanthe stolonifera DC.) and Identification of Its Heavy Metal-Binding Protein)

  • 박영일;김희근;김유영;김인수
    • Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • 제39권6호
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    • pp.494-500
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    • 1996
  • 중요한 환경문제로 대두되고 있는 중금속 오염의 대처 방안으로 식물을 이용한 경제적인 정화 방법을 모색하고자 미나리의 중금속 흡수능력을 검정하고 카드늄 결합단백질을 동정하였다. 미나리의 중금속 흡수능력은 미나리를 카드늄 $(Cd^{2+})$, 크롬 $(Cr^{3+})$ 및 납 $(Pb^{2+})$의 농도를 달리한 배양액에서 재배한 후 미나리에 잔류하는 중금속을 정량함으로써 측정되었다. 중금속의 처리 기간은 3일과 7일로 하였고, 생장 저해가 일어나는 농도까지 처리하였다. 카드늄은 16.68 ppm, 크롬은 20 ppm까지 지속적으로 잔류량이 증가하였고 그 농도 이상에서는 생장 저해가 일어나면서 잔류량의 증가율이 둔화되었다. 식물체 부위별 카드늄과 크롬의 잔류량은 뿌리에서 월등하게 높게 나타났고 줄기와 잎의 순으로 낮아졌다. 납의 경우는 카드늄과 크롬에 비하여 잔류량이 가장 높은 뿌리에서 4배 정도 잔류량이 높게 나타났다. 20 ppm의 중금속 용액에서 7일간 재배한 미나리 뿌리에는 건조중량 1 g에 대하여, 카드늄이 6.1 mg, 크롬은 5.2 mg 그리고 납은 23.6 mg이 잔류하고 있었다. 이것은 잔류하고 있는 중금속 중에서 카드늄은 80%, 크롬은 92%그리고 납은 96%이상이 미나리 뿌리에 잔류하고 있는 것이다. 20 ppm카드늄이 함유된 배양액에서 7일간 자란 미나리 뿌리 추출액을 Sephadex G-50과 DEAE-Cellulose 크로마토그래피를 수행하여, polyacrylamide gel 전기영동 상으로 단일 단백질 분리대의 중금속 결합단백질을 정제하였다. 이 단백질의 분자량은 gel filtration 상에서 약 5,000 Da이었고 아미노산의 조성을 보면 산성 아미노산이 27.3%, cystein이 9.9%로서 중금속 결합단백질의 특성을 가지고 있었다. 그러나 그 아미노산 조성은 지금까지 알려진 phytochelatin과는 다른 새로운 중금속 결합단백질로 나타났다.

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표식유전자를 이용한 담배와 감자의 원형질체 융합 (Protoplast Fusion of Nicotiana glauca and Solanum tuberosum Using Selectable Marker Genes)

  • 박태은;정해준
    • 자연과학논문집
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    • 제4권
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    • pp.103-142
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    • 1991
  • 표식 유전자를 이용하여 체세포 잡종체를 선발하기 위한 연구의 일환으로 감자조직에는 T-DNA를 도입하여 식물호르몬 무첨가 배지에서도 생장가능한 형질전환체을 획득하고, 담배조직에는 NPT H gene을 도입하여 kanamycin에 대해서 저항성을 나타내는 형질전환체를 획득하여 각각의 특성구명과 원형질체를 유리하여 도입된 유전자 marker를 이용해서 융합을 시도한 바 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 감자 괴경에서 Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ach5와 A. rhizogenes ATCC15834를 접종하여 crown gall tumor 및 hairy root를 유기하였으며 이러한 tumor조직은 식물 호르몬 무첨가 배지에서 생장이 가능하였다. 2. 감자에서 유기된 hairy root로부터 callus 형성은 2.4-D 2mg/1 첨가된 MS 배지에서 가장 양호하였으며 casein hydrolysate 1g/1가 첨가하면 유연 한 callus의 증식이 더욱 왕성하였다. 3. Activated charcoal이 0.5~2.0g/1 첨가된 배지에서는 crown gall tumor callus의 절단면이 갈변되는 것을 방지 할 수 있어 생존률을 높일 수 있었으나 hairy root에서는 갈변되어 고사되었다. 4. 2, 4-D 2mg/1와 casein hydrolysate 1g/1를 첨가한 배지에 hairy root callus를 현탁배의한 결과 양호한 많은 callus 덩어리들을 단시간에 얻을 수 있었다. 5. $Tri^-$parental mating으로 NPTII gene이 coding되어있는 binary vector인 pGA643을 wild type 및 disarmid된 Agrobacterium 내에 도입하여 Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ach5/pGA643, A.tumefaciens $A_4T$/pGA643, A. tumefaciens LBA4404/pGA643를 획득하였다. 이 세 개의 conjugant를 사용하여 0.7% agarose gel 상에서 pGA643을 확인하였다. 6. pGA643이 도입왼 Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404와 담배 조직과 동시배양하여 kanamycin $100\mug$/ml 첨가된 배지에 생존하는 callus를 선발하였으며 동일배지에서 callus의 증식이 가능하였다. 7.형질전환된 담배 callus로부터 식물체 형성은 BA 2mg/1를 첨가한 배지에서 가능하였다. 8. 재분화된 담배의 엽조직은 kanamycin.이 $1000\mug$/ml 첨가된 MS 배지에서도 왕성히 callus가 유기되어, 이는 재분화체에서도 NPTII gene이 그대로 유지되고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 9. 담배의 정상 shoot와 형질전환된 shoot를 kanamycin이 $100\mug$/ml이 함유된 MS배지에 기내삽목한 결과, 정상 shoot는 발근이 되지 않고 황화 되었으나 형질전환된 shoot는 발근이되었으며 정상적으로 생장을 하였다. 10. 감자의 T-DNA가 도입된 현탁배양 callus는 cellulase 2%, macerozyme 2%, dricelase 1%에서 양호하게 유리되었다. 11. Osmoticum으로서 mannitol 농도 0.8M에서 담배와 감자의 두 조직 모두 원형질체유리가 가장 효과적이었다. 생존력은 T-DNA가 도입된 감자의 hairy root를 callus로 탈분화 시킨 후 현탁배양한 callus가 mannitol 0.5M에서 97%를 나타냈고, 그리고 NPTII gene이 도입된 담배의 엽조직은 mannitol 0.7M에서 94%로 최고를 타나냈다. 12. 원형질체 융합은 PEG solution 처리 15분 후부터 관찰되기 시작하여 20분에 완전히 융합되었고, 융합된 원형질체는 선발 marker인 호르몬 무첨가 및 kanamycin 첨가배지에서 배양 5일 후에 세포벽이 재생되었으며 4주일 후부터 colony들이 관찰되었다.

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2-Hexylthieno[3,2-b]thiophene-substituted Anthracene Derivatives for Organic Field Effect Transistors and Photovoltaic Cells

  • Jo, So-Young;Hur, Jung-A;Kim, Kyung-Hwan;Lee, Tae-Wan;Shin, Ji-Cheol;Hwang, Kyung-Seok;Chin, Byung-Doo;Choi, Dong-Hoon
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제33권9호
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    • pp.3061-3070
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    • 2012
  • Novel 2-hexylthieno[3,2-b]thiophene-containing conjugated molecules have been synthesized via a reduction reaction using tin chloride in an acidic medium. They exhibited good solubility in common organic solvents and good self-film and crystal-forming properties. The single-crystalline objects were fabricated by a solvent slow diffusion process and then were employed for fabricating field-effect transistors (FETs) along with thinfilm transistors (TFTs). TFTs made of 5 and 6 exhibited carrier mobility as high as 0.10-0.15 $cm^2V^{-1}s^{-1}$. The single-crystal-based FET made of 6 showed 0.70 $cm^2V^{-1}s^{-1}$ which was relatively higher than that of the 5-based FET (${\mu}=0.23cm^2V^{-1}s^{-1}$). In addition, we fabricated organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells with new 2-hexylthieno [3,2-b]thiophene-containing conjugated molecules and methanofullerene [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester ($PC_{61}BM$) without thermal annealing. The ternary system for a bulk heterojunction (BHJ) OPV cell was elaborated using $PC_{61}BM$ and two p-type conjugated molecules such as 5 and 7 for modulating the molecular energy levels. As a result, the OPV cell containing 5, 7, and $PC_{61}BM$ had improved results with an open-circuit voltage of 0.90 V, a short-circuit current density of 2.83 $mA/cm^2$, and a fill factor of 0.31, offering an overall power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 0.78%, which was larger than those of the devices made of only molecule 5 (${\eta}$~0.67%) or 7 (${\eta}$~0.46%) with $PC_{61}BM$ under identical weight compositions.