• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.67-76
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• 2023

Objectives: Previous studies have reported that people with disabilities are more likely to be impoverished and affected by excessive medical costs than people without disabilities. Public transfer income (PTI) reduces financial strain in low-income households. This study examined the impact of PTI on catastrophic health expenditures (CHE), focusing on low-income households and households with Medical Aid beneficiaries that contained people with disabilities. Methods: We constructed a panel dataset by extracting data on registered households with disabilities from the Korea Welfare Panel Study 2012-2019. We then used a generalized estimating equation model to estimate the impacts of PTI on CHE. A subgroup analysis was carried out to assess the moderating effects of family income levels and health insurance types. Results: As PTI increased, the odds ratio (OR) of CHE in households that contained people with disabilities decreased significantly (OR, 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.89 to 0.94; p<0.001). In particular, PTI effectively reduced the likelihood of CHE for low-income households (OR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.81 to 0.89; p<0.001) and those who received medical benefits (OR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.68 to 0.89; p<0.001). Conclusions: This study highlights the positive effect of PTI on decreasing CHE. Household income and the health insurance type were significant effect modifiers, but economic barriers seemed to persist among low-income households with non-Medical Aid beneficiaries. Federal policies or programs should consider increasing the total amount of PTI targeting low-income households with disabilities that are not covered by the Medical Aid program.

• 농촌계획
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.81-95
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• 2006

The objective of the this study is to find a way to increase fm household income through investigating their computer applications. We utilized the 2000 Korea Agricultural Survey data and applied a Heckman Selection Model to correct a selection bias. The present study found the following results. First, determinant of income among fm households by the level of computer applications has significant statistical differences based on their choices of computer applications. Accordingly, the application of general linear regression about fm income without adjusting these choices may cause statistical fallacy. Second, it has been reported that increasing the member of household is not directly related to increasing the fm income. In case of computer-own farm household, the effect of decrease in income according to increasing in age was predicted. However, in the fm household not possessing computer, it shows negative relationship. It shows that an agricultural career of farm owner and educational attainment of all farm household members have positive relationship regardless of computer possession. The income of the farm household those main field is not agriculture is also found to be lower than that of farm household whose major earnings come from agriculture.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.29-62
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• 2021

The current research develops and tests the theory that beliefs in economic mobility are affected by social capital at the community level, especially for low-income individuals. Integrating concepts from social capital and perceived economic mobility (PEM), this research hypothesizes that members of disadvantaged groups (vs. members of advantaged groups) are more likely to adjust their PEM depending on the social capital at the community level. Using archival data, multilevel analysis is employed to examine whether individual- or community-level social capital increases PEM and the extent to which income moderates this relationship. Consistent with our hypotheses, social capital at the community level is significantly associated with PEM and this relationship is stronger for low-income (vs. high-income) earners. Study 1 shows that individuals in communities with high levels of social relations and participation are more likely to have higher PEM than those in communities with lower levels. Study 2 replicates this finding with a similar dependent variable: negative prospects. Further, the PEM-enhancing and negative prospects-decreasing effects of community-level social capital are consistently stronger for low-income (vs. high-income) earners. This study extends the investigation of PEM and social capital by suggesting social capital as a possible antecedent of PEM.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제109권1호
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• pp.99-108
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• 2020

이 연구는 소득과 불평등 간의 관계에 대한 다양한 논의가 진행되고 있는 가운데 임가의 소득과 소득불평등 간의 관계를 알아보기 위해 동태적 접근법을 통해 그 관계를 알아보고자 하는데 있다. 이를 위해 단위근 검정과 공적분 검정을 실시한 후 불안정한 시계열 자료를 안정적인 시계열 자료로 변환시킨 후 VAR 모형을 추정하였고 이를 바탕으로 충격반응, 분산분해 분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과, 임가 소득의 영향이 지니계수에 의한 영향에 비해 상대적으로 큰 것으로 나타났으며 임가 소득의 충격이 자체 소득을 증가시키는 방향으로 작용할 뿐만 아니라 지니계수를 감소시키는 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 지니계수의 충격은 임가 소득을 감소시키는 방향으로 영향을 미치며 소득불평등을 더욱 심화시키는 것을 보여주고 있다. 따라서 임가 소득불평등을 완화시키기 위해서는 소득분배 정책보다는 소득성장 정책이 보다 효과적일 수 있을 것이라는 결론을 얻을 수 있었다.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.50-67
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• 2007

This study investigated income elasticity of household health expenditures and differences by income level from 1998 through 2003. Data from Korean Labor and Income Panel Study was used for empirical analyses. To estimate the income effects on health expenditure, the two-part model was employed: a logistic regression for any health expenditure-first part-and a Ordinary Least Square regression for health expenditure conditional on any spending-second part. To estimate income elasticity, both health expenditure and income were log transformed in the second part. In addition, the random effects(RE) model was used for a longitudinal panel which was continuously followed from 1998 through 2003 to estimate income effects on health expenditures controlling for within and between unobservable household characteristics. Furthermore, difference in income effects on health expenditure across income level was investigated. Although income slightly increased odds of any health expenditure, there was not no table differences across income level. Income significantly increased health expenditures during study period(overall income elasticity: about 0.2) and the highest 20% income group presented higher income elasticity than the lowest 20% income group.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.467-481
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• 2021

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the biochemical characteristics, intake of energy, and nutrients by household income levels of Korean adolescents aged 12 to 18 years. Methods: Data from the 6th (2013 ~ 2015) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES) were used for the study. A total of 1,839 (966 boys, 873 girls) subjects were included, and they were divided into four income groups according to their household income level. We examined general characteristics (gender, region of residence, skipping or not-skipping breakfast, lunch, dinner, frequency of eating-out), anthropometric characteristics (height, weight, weight status), biochemical characteristics (fasting plasma glucose, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, hemoglobin, and hematocrit), the quantitative intake of energy and nutrients using the Korean Dietary Reference Intakes (KDRI), and the qualitative intake evaluated by the nutrition adequacy ratio (NAR) and mean nutrition adequacy ratio (MAR) of the four groups. Results: There were significant differences by income group within the region of residence and the rate of skipping breakfast, lunch, and dinner. The low-income group had a higher rate of skipping breakfast, lunch, and dinner. According to the income group, there was a difference in the height of boys, and there was no difference in the weight and obesity of boys and girls. In the biochemical characteristics, only the hematocrit of girls showed differences by income group. The quantitative intake of energy and nutrients compared with KDRI differed by income group. There were differences in energy, carbohydrates, proteins, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and phosphorus levels in boys and protein, vitamin A, niacin, and sodium levels in girls. The qualitative intake of energy and nutrients examined using NAR and MAR also differed according to the income group. The NAR showed differences in calcium in boys and vitamin C and calcium in girls. The MAR revealed differences in both boys and girls by income group. Conclusions: Among adolescents in the low-income group, the rate of skipping meals was high, and the quantitative and qualitative intake of energy and some nutrients was low. It is suggested that the nutritional intake can be improved by lowering the rate of skipping breakfast, lunch, dinner. We suggest that even just providing breakfast in schools can be considered highly effective in improving the rate of avoidance of skipping meals and improving nutrient intake. Also, we suggest that it is necessary to improve the food environment, food availability, and food accessibility through national and social support for low-household income adolescents.

• 국토계획
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• 제53권6호
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• pp.101-116
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• 2018

Paying an attention to the issue of energy poverty of low-income households and ensuing regressivity of energy consumption, this study empirically analyzes the effects of both household and housing characteristics on heating energy consumption in an integrated way and identifies their causal structure based on the 2016 Korea Housing Survey data provided by the Korean government. Multiple regression analysis shows that household income and deteriorated level of housing, such as age and degree of cracks have positive effects and floor area of housing has a negative effect on the heating energy consumption per unit area of housing (HECPUH). Path analyses further reveal that the direct effect of household income on HECPUH is offset by the indirect effects that are mediated by deteriorated level and floor area of housing, making the total effect statistically insignificant. As a result, there is no significant difference in HECPUH across all income strata, implying that low-income (high-income) households pay more (less) heating costs relative to their income level, since they reside in the houses with relatively low (high) energy efficiency. To deal with this regressive causal structure of energy consumption, a policy option is recommended to improve energy efficiency of low-income housing through the government assistance in its maintenance and repair.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.77-90
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• 2023

This study employed the Gini coefficient decomposition analysis to classify and examine fishery household income inequality according to income sources. The raw data from the Fisheries Economic Survey by the National Statistical Office were used for the analysis after equalization according to the recommended method of the OECD. In particular, the Gini coefficient was decomposed by classifying with and without public subsidies, and the contribution, correlation, and marginal effect by income source were presented.As a result of the analysis, the inequality of fishing income and non-fishing income of fishermen was worsening, and the inequality of transfer income was continuously easing. Among them, fisheries subsidies have been analyzed to have the greatest contribution to the Gini coefficient of gross income and the highest relative marginal effect, although distribution inequality has been alleviated. On the other hand, other subsidies, including public pensions, were found to have the opposite contribution, correlation, and marginal effect to fisheries subsidies. The results of this analysis showed that even within public subsidies, the contribution to income redistribution might differ depending on the nature of the subsidy. In addition, in the case of other public subsidies, it can be seen that the transition from selective welfare to universal welfare occurs.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제45권10호
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• pp.59-71
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in wives' financial management behavior according to variables related employment and income, and perceived economic instability of household. Financial management behaviors were constructed with 4 sub dimensions : investment, income expenditure, risk, and debt management behavior. The subjects of this study were 225 wives. Factor analysis and MANOVA were performed for data analysis. The results of this study were as follows : First, there were signigicant differences in financial management behavior according to variables related employment, i. e. employment state of wives and husbands. Second, there were signigicant differences in financial management behavior according to variables related income, i. e. monthly income, additional income, income stability. Third, there were signigicant differences in financial management behavior according to perceived economic instability of urban household.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.985-997
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• 2006

In this study, we grasped the life time structure according to working woman's income using '2004 life time research' of Korea National Statistical Office. Concrete results are shown as follows. First, inspecting the difference of individual characteristic according to income, young women who have higher education level and larger house area had acquired more income. Second, in case of the difference of life time according to income, there was no difference of individual support time, while there was statistically significant difference of working hours, household affairs, leisure time and moving hours. Third, inspecting the individual time of working, household affairs, bringing up and leisure according to income, there was statistically significant difference by age, education level, sense of time oppression, and fatigue cognition. This individual difference was revealed more strongly in medium to low-ranked group.