• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.101-107
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• 1989

To evaluate disposition characteristics of procainamide and its active metabolite, N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA), cross-over study for procainamide and NAPA was performed in 5 male adult dogs. After single administration of 10 mg/kg procainamide over 15 minutes, the range of measured plasma NAPA concentrations during experimental period were 0.03 to 0.124 ug/ml and early 'dip' phenomenon was distinct on NAPA concentration to time curve in all 5 dogs. Volume of distribution (Vss) and central compartment volume (Vc) of procainamide were $1.20{\pm}0.27\;L/kg$ of body weight and $0.36{\pm}0.08\;L/kg$, respectively. Vss and Vc of NAPA were $1.21{\pm}0.21\;L/kg$ and $0.26{\pm}0.07\;L/kg$, respectively. Intercompartmental clearance (Clint) of procainamide was 3.44 L/kg/hr and that of NAPA was 1.62 L/kg/hr. Total body clearance (Cl) of procainamide and NAPA were $0.47{\pm}0.08$ and $0.35{\pm}0.08\;L/kg/hr$. The half-life $(t_{1/2{\beta}})$ of procainamide and NAPA were 2.85 hrs and 2.77 hrs, respectively. Metabolic clearance (Clm)of procainamide by N-acetylation was $18.24{\pm}6.22\;ml/kg/hr$, which corresponded to 3.9% of total procainamide clearance.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.249-256
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• 2021

Napa cabbage (Brassica campestris var. Pekinensis) is the main material of Kimchi so that important crop in South Korea. There are two typical napa cabbage cropping systems in the alpine area. One is cultivating napa cabbage annually while another is cultivating napa cabbage and potato biennially. In this research, we evaluated soil physiochemical properties, yield, and mineral contents of napa cabbage depending on two cropping systems. As a result, organic matter, available P₂O₅, exchangeable K⁺ was decreased after six-years of cultivation on both cropping systems. However, soil pH was only decreased in a continuous napa cabbage cropping system. Soil porosity is also decreased in both cropping systems on topsoil while is increased in rotation with potato on subsoil. The rotation system showed a significantly higher yield with a higher value of leaf and napa cabbage size than the continuous cropping system. Total nitrogen, Ca²⁺, and Ma²⁺ were increased and total carbon and phosphate decreased in both cropping systems after six-years. Especially, total nitrogen and Mg²⁺ were significantly higher in the continuous system while Ca²⁺ was higher in the rotation system. In conclusion, the cropping system influences soil physiochemical properties and plant production in an agricultural field.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.188-193
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• 2016

The purposes of this study were to prolong the storage period and maintain quality of kimchi made from spring napa cabbage, which is used less frequently than winter napa cabbage. The results show that the firmness of kimchi from early July, the latest harvest period, was significantly higher than that of kimchi from mid-June. However, as maturation proceeded, no significant difference was observed following the harvest period when kimchi was stored for 8 weeks. Regarding pH and acidity, which are highly related to maturation of kimchi, pH generally decreased from the initial storage period while acidity increased. In the sensory evaluation, appearance was best in kimchi manufactured in late June according to manufacturing and maturation periods (p<0.05). After 4 and 8 weeks of storage, kimchi manufactured in early July had the highest scores with no significant difference. Texture and overall acceptability also showed no significant difference in each processing period.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.1177-1182
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• 2009

In order to establish in vitro infection model for research of plant pathogen based on tissue softening disease in napa cabbage, eighty independent bacterial strains were isolated from the softened napa cabbage tissues. Eight bacterial isolates were primarily screened with the generation of reproducible tissue softening disease to fresh napa cabbages within 24${\sim}$48 hours after inoculation. Through various microbiological biochemical and morphological examinations, three Gram (-) isolates which harbor independent biological properties were finally chosen, and named as RBI, RB2 and RB6. Collective results obtained from API 20E test and analyses of VITEK 2 COMPACT and nucleotide sequences of 165 rRNA of each isolate proposed that isolates RBI and RB2 are close to the Erwinia carotovora subsp. odorifera, and RB6 is close to the Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora. These isolates grew optimally at $30^{\circ}C$ with neutral pH culture condition. The isolates caused softening tissue disease with dose-dependent manner regardless of pre-surface damages of napa cabbage. Minimum dose to cause soft rot disease for RBI, RB2 or RB6 were $8.0{\times}10^8$ CFU/mt $10^9$ CFU/ml or $4.7{\times}10^6$ CFU/ml respectively. These isolates caused tissue softening disease to eggplant, paprika and napa cabbage out of 14 different tested vegetables, indicating that these isolates damages specific plant tissues. The bacterial isolates obtained in this research and in vitro plant infection model will be adapted in the understanding of the mechanism of pathogenesis by plant pathogen.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.587-594
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• 2020

In this study, we analyzed glucosinolates and their metabolites in the inner and outer parts of napa cabbage (NC; Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis) and napa cabbage kimchi (NKC) using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. In the extracts from NC and NKC, glucobrassicanapin (m/z 386), glucoalyssin (m/z 450), glucobrassicin (m/z 447), 4-methoxyglucobrassicin (m/z 477), and neoglucobrassicin (m/z 477) were detected using the MS scan mode ([M-H]-), and gluconapin (m/z 372→97), progoitrin (m/z 388→97), glucoiberin (m/z 422→97), 4-methoxyglucobrassicin (m/z 477→97), and neoglucobrassicin (m/z 477→447) were detected using the MS/MS MRM mode ([M-H]-). Ascorbigen (m/z 306→130) and indole-3-carboxaldehyde (I3A; m/z 146→118), which were metabolites of glucobrassicins, were detected using the MS/MS MRM ([M+H]+) mode. The peak intensities of ascorbigen in the extract from the inner and outer parts of NC were significantly higher than those of the NKC extract (p<0.05); however, there was no significant difference in I3A peak intensity between the NC and NKC extracts.

• Proceedings of the Culinary Society of Korean Academy Conference
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• 2006.07a
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• pp.155-177
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• 2006

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1896-1907
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• 2018

Salmonellosis is commonly associated with meat and poultry products, but an increasing number of Salmonella outbreaks have been attributed to contaminated vegetables and fruits. Enteric pathogens including Salmonella enterica spp. can colonize diverse produce and persist for a long time. Considering that fresh vegetables and fruits are usually consumed raw without heat treatments, Salmonella contamination may subsequently lead to serious human infections. In order to understand the underlying mechanism of Salmonella adaptation to produce, we investigated the transcriptomics of Salmonella in contact with green vegetables, namely cabbage and napa cabbage. Interestingly, Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI)-1 genes, which are required for Salmonella invasion into host cells, were up-regulated upon contact with vegetables, suggesting that SPI-1 may be implicated in Salmonella colonization of plant tissues as well as animal tissues. Furthermore, Salmonella transcriptomic profiling revealed several genetic loci that showed significant changes in their expression in response to vegetables and were associated with bacterial adaptation to unfavorable niches, including STM14_0818 and STM14_0817 (speF/potE), STM14_0880 (nadA), STM14_1894 to STM14_1892 (fdnGHI), STM14_2006 (ogt), STM14_2269, and STM14_2513 to STM14_2523 (cbi operon). Here, we show that nadA was required for bacterial growth under nutrient-restricted conditions, while the other genes were required for bacterial invasion into host cells. The transcriptomes of Salmonella in contact with cabbage and napa cabbage provided insights into the comprehensive bacterial transcriptional response to produce and also suggested diverse virulence determinants relevant to Salmonella survival and adaptation.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.130-147
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• 2008

Spanish missionaries started to grow vine grapes and make wines in California 230 years ago. Earlier pioneers of the land started to do the same works for commercial purposes 130 years ago. Now California became one of the most important wine making places of the world. The quality of California wines in fact have been acknowledged as the best in the world by being ranked on the top in international wine tasting competition, such as Paris Tasting. A large wine cluster, consisted of grape growing, wine making, wine tours, and research and education, has been created in the area centered by Napa and Sonoma, California. In this context, this paper examines the process of formulating the cluster, factors contributing the success, articulates core actors, and draws policy and theoretical implications. It concludes that innovative actors, such as winery founders, local universities, and business organizations, have played key roles in establishing the California wine cluster.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.396-403
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate water quality for irrigation water used in Napa cabbage cultivation. The water samples were analyzed for physiochemical and microbiological quality for a total of 111 samples including surface water (n = 75) and groundwater (n = 36) collected from five different regions where Napa cabbage is massively grown. As a conclusion, the levels of fecal indicators for surface water were higher than those for groundwater. The numbers of coliform from surface water and groundwater were 1.96-4.96 and 0-3.98 log MPN/100 mL, respectively. Enterococci were detected in 95% (72/75) of surface water samples and 22% (8/36) of groundwater samples. Besides, 97% (73/75) of surface water samples were observed being contaminated with Escherichia coli, and 22% (8/36) of groundwater sample was positive for E. coli. In the case of surface water, E. coli and coliform correlate to T-P, and enterococci showed relevance to the suspended solid (SS) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). In groundwater, fecal indicator bacteria showed relevance to the SS and chemical oxygen demand (COD). These results could be provided as fundamental date for establishing microbial standard of water used in leafy vegetables cultivation.

• Proceedings of The Korean Society of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology Conference
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• 2016.09a
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• pp.11-14
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• 2016