• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.378-385
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• 2009

Arsenic (As) is known to be very toxic and carcinogenic to human beings. Arsenic contaminated soil was collected from a timber mill site at Busan Metropolitan City, Korea, where chromated copper arsenate (CCA) had been used to protect wood from rotting caused by insects and microbial agents. The soil was stabilized using both natural oyster shells (NOS) and calcinated oyster shells (POS). The calcination of natural oyster shells was accomplished at a high temperature in order to activate quicklime from calcite. Two different oyster shell particle sizes (-#10 mesh and -#20 mesh) and curing periods of up to 28 days were investigated. The stabilization effectiveness was evaluated based on the Korean Standard Test (KST) method (1N HCl extraction). The stabilization results showed that the POS treatment was more effective than the NOS treatment at immobilizing the As in the contaminated soils. A significant As reduction (96%) was attained upon a POS treatment at 20 wt% and passed the Korean warning standard of 20 mg/kg ('Na' area). However, an As reduction of only 47% (169 mg/kg) was achieved upon a NOS treatment at 20 wt%. The -#20 mesh oyster shells seem to perform better than the -#10 materials. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) results showed that As immobilization was strongly associated with Ca and O in the presence of Al and Si.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.371-380
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• 2013

Doxorubicin is still main drug in chemotherapy with limitation of use due to adverse drug reaction. Increased oxidative stress and alteration of nitric oxide control have been involved in cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin (DOX). A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase (ADAMs) are transmembrane ectoproteases to regulate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, but role in cardiac disease is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine whether DOX activates peroxynitrite and ADAM 10 and thus ADAM and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) induce cardiac remodeling in DOX-induced cardiomyopathy. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to cardiomyopathy by DOX (6 times of 2.5 mg/kg DOX over 2-weeks), and were randomized as four groups. Then followed by 3, 5, 7, and 14 days after cessation of DOX injection. DOX-injected animals significantly decreased left ventricular fractional shortening compared with control by M-mode echocardiography. The expressions of cardiac nitrotyrosine by immunohistochemistry were significant increased, and persisted for 2 weeks following the last injection. The expression of eNOS was increased by 1.9 times (p<0.05), and iNOS was marked increased in DOX-heart compared with control (p<0.001). Compared to control rats, cardiac ADAM10- and MMP 9- protein expressions increased by 20 times, and active/total MMP 9 proteolytic activity showed increase tendency at day 14 after cessation of DOX injection (n=10, each group). DOX-treated $H_9C_2$ cell showed increased ADAM10 protein expression with dose-dependency (p<0.01) and morphometric changes showed the increase of ventricular interstitial, nonvascular collagen deposition. These data suggest that activation of cardiac peroxynitrite with increased iNOS expression and ADAM 10-dependent MMP 9 expression may be a molecular mechanism that contributes to left ventricular remodeling in DOXinduced cardiomyopathy.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제1권5호
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• pp.581-589
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• 1997

This study was undertaken to examine the effects of ultraviolet light (UVL) and rebamipide on the cutaneous blood flow and tissue survival on rabbit skin flap. In a random bipedicle flap, Laser Doppler Flowmetry (LDF) was employed to measure the blood flow of flap (BFF). Wound Margin Strength (WMS) measured by force transducer and Light microscophy were used for evaluation of tissue viability. Single exposure to UVL increased the BFF gradually for more than 15 hours, and decreased the vasoconstrictor effect of intravenous phenylephrine. The UVL-induced increase in BFF regressed after 18 hours of irradiation, and this regression was tended to be enhanced by intradermal injection of L-NAME, a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, but the regression was significantly reversed by acetylcholine, an endothelial constitutive NOS (cNOS) activator and L-arginine, an NO precusor. Rebamipide, a novel antiulcer agent known to scavenge the hydroxyl radical, abruptly reversed the spontaneous regression of the UVL- induced increase in BFF by the same manner as L-arginine. In ischemic skin flap, rebamipide increased the BFF abruptly by the same manner as sodium nitroprusside (SNP), an NO doner, while N-acetylcystein (NAC), a free radical scavenger, gradually increase the BFF. The rebamipide-induced increase in BFF was sustained at the level of the SNP-induced increase in BFF during the late period of experiment. Rebamipide increased the WMS of skin flaps and prevented the tissue necrosis in comparison with L-NAME. Based on these results, it is concluded that in rabbit skin, UVL irradiation increases the BFF by NO release, and rebamipide exerts a protective effect on the viability of ischemic skin flaps by either or both the increase in BFF by NO release and free radical scavenger effect.

• 약학회지
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.347-354
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• 2005

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces synthesis of several inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide (NO). NO in brain is involved not only in the regulation of important metabolic pathways via intracellular cyclic GMP-dependent path­ways, but also in neurotoxic damage by reacting with superoxide ion leading to form peroxynitrite radical. Oxidative stress has suggested to be related to the inhibition of NO synthase/cyclic GMP pathway. OQ21 is a new fluorinated quinone compound that is recently known to have inhibitory effects on both NO synthase (NOS) and guanylyl cyclase (GC). In this study, we examined effects of OQ21, other known NOS or GC inhibitors, or an antioxidant, melatonin, on the oxidative stress produced by LPS in rat brain. Oxidative stress was observed by using the 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate to measure intra-cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and by measuring the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances to measure lipid peroxidation. LPS induced significant increase in both ROS produdction and lipid peroxidation in all brain regions tested (striatum, hippocampus and cortex), which were dissected 6hr after intraperitoneal administration of LPS to rats. Direct striatal injection of two NOS inhibitors, N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester and diphenyleneiodonium, or a GC inhibitor, IH-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline-l-one, produced no significant ROS increase. However, OQ21 enhanced ROS formation in striatal tissues from LPS-treated rats. Melatonin decreased LPS-induced ROS formation and decreased ROS formation increased by OQ21 in striatum of LPS-treated rats.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.31-40
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• 2014

Objectives Trachelospermi caulis, known as Nak-Suk-Deung in Korea, is the dried leafy stem of Trachelospermum asiaticum var. intermedium Nakai, and climbing stems and branches of Trachelospermum sdisyivum var, intermedium nakai or Apocyanaceae. Trachelospermi caulis has antipyretic and analgesic activity. It has traditionally been used as a folk remedy in Korea for the treatment of various infla mMatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Effects of Trachelospermum caulis extract on SNP-induced infla mMatory responses in rabbit HIG-82 synovial membrane cells. Methods Anti-infla mMatory effects of the extract of Trachelospermum caulis were investigated using rabbit HIG-82 synovial membrane cells. For this study, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, western blot analysis, PGE2 i mMunoassay, and NO detection were conducted. Results The aqueous extract of Trachelospermum caulis exerted cytotoxicity and suppressed PGE2 synthesis and NO production in rabbit HIG-82 synovial membrane cells. The aqueous extract of Trachelospermum caulis also inhibited the SNP-induced expressions of COX-2, iNOS, and TNF-$\alpha$ in rabbit HIG-82 synovial membrane cells. Conclusions These results showed that the extract of Trachelospermum caulis exerts the anti-infla mMatory effect by suppressing COX-2, iNOS, and TNF-$\alpha$ expressions in the synovial membrane cells.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.77-86
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• 2016

Objectives Hataedock (HTD) is an oral Korean herbal medical oral treatment that removes fetal toxic heat and meconium from new born babies. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether Hataedock treatment of Duchi extracts has anti-inflammation effects in atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in House Dust Mite-Induced NC/Nga Mice. Methods The mice were divided into 3 groups (n=10 per group) as follows: the control group (Ctrl group), AD-induced group (AE group), AD-induced with HTD treatment group (DT group). 3-week-old NC/Nga mice were introduced to Hataedock treatment, made of Duchi extract. After 4 weeks, House Dust Mite-Induced application was used six times per week for 3 weeks to induce the first atopic dermatitis, and second AD in 7 weeks after. To examine skin injuries and anti-inflammatory effect, PKC, MMP-9, iNOS immunohistochemistry were used. Results The alleviate effect of the skin damage and angiogenesis was observed in DT group. The damage of stratum corneum, hyperplasia, edema, infiltration of lymphocytes and distribution of capillary were decreased in DT group. Also, the study results suggested that Hataedock treatment made of Duchi extracts in DT group remarkably decreased skin damages by 51% (p < 0.001), as well as PKC by 91%, MMP-9 by 48% (p < 0.001), iNOS by 51% (p < 0.001). Conclusions Based on the study results, we observed that Hataedock treatment of Duchi extracts alleviates AD by diminishing various inflammatory cytokines, initial steps of AD development, in the skin lesions. Potential applications for prevention and treatment of atopic dermatitis are expected.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.362-374
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• 2013

Objectives : This study was carried out to investigate the inhibitory effect of Banhasasim-tang on early reflux esophagitis by control of gastric peristalsis and the lower esophageal sphincter in mice. Methods : Experimental mice were classified into three groups. The normal group were mice with no inflammation. The control group were mice with gastroesophageal reflux elicited by alcohol. The sample group were mice administered Banhasasim-tang after gastroesophageal reflux elicitation. We observed morphological change and production of ghrelin, substance P, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in gastroesophageal junction mucosa. In addition, we examined change of epithelial junction in esophageal mucosa and change of lower esophageal sphincter distribution. Results : The migration of inflammation-related cells in lamina propria of gastroesophageal junction decreased more in the sample group than in the control group. The positive reaction of ghrelin, substance P, and iNOS significantly decreased more in the sample group than in the control group (p<0.05). Injury of the epithelial junction in the esophageal mucosa and outer oblique layer in the lower esophageal sphincter were significantly mitigated by Banhasasim-tang administration in the sample group (p<0.05). Conclusions : According to the above results, it is supposed that Banhasasim-tang inhibits early reflux esophagitis by controlling not only gastric peristalsis and acid secretion through ghrelin, and substance P but also the lower esophageal sphincter through iNOS.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.121-134
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• 2008

Objectives: Melia toosendan(MT) has been used as a traditional Korean herbal medicine, and today it is used as a medication for colic, side aches, heartache and other disorders of liver. The aim of this study was to determine whether fractionated extracts of MT inhibit free radical generation such as DPPH radical, superoxide radical and nitric oxide, production of nitrite, an index of NO, PGE2, iNOS, COX-2 and proinflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Methods: MT extract prepared with methanol, and then fractionated with hexane, dichloromethane, ethylacetate, n-butanol and water. Inhibitory effect of MT onto free radical generation was determined by measuring DPPH, superoxide anions and nitric oxide scavenging activities in vitro. Cytotoxic activity of extracts on RAW 264.7 cells was measured using 5-(3-caroboxymeth-oxyphenyl)-2H-tetra-zolium inner salt(MTS) assay. Intracelluar oxidation was analysed by DCF-DA assay. The nitric oxide(NO) production was measured by Griess reagent system. The levels of iNOS and COX-2 expression were confirmed by western blot. And pro inflammatory cytokines were measured by ELISA kit. Results: Our results indicated that fractionated extracts, especially dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts, significantly inhibited free radical generation, the LPS-induced $H_2O_2$, NO, $PGE_2$ production and iNOS, COX-2 expression accompanied by an attenuation of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-1${\beta}$ and IL-6 formation in macrophages. Conclusions: These results indicate that dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts of MT have potential as an agent of chronic inflammatory diseases.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제30권11호
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• pp.1688-1696
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• 2020

Soil physical and chemical characteristics, soil potential denitrification rates (PDR), community composition and nirK-, nirS- and nosZ-encoding denitrifiers were studied by using MiSeq sequencing, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and terminal restriction fragment polymorphism (T-RFLP) technologies base on short-term (5-year) tillage field experiment. The experiment included four tillage treatments: conventional tillage with crop residue incorporation (CT), rotary tillage with crop residue incorporation (RT), no-tillage with crop residue retention (NT), and rotary tillage with crop residue removed as control (RTO). The results indicated that soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and NH₄⁺-N contents were increased with CT, RT and NT treatments. Compared with RTO treatment, the copies number of nirK, nirS and nosZ in paddy soil with CT, RT and NT treatments were significantly increased. The principal coordinate analysis indicated that tillage management and crop residue returning management were the most and the second important factors for the change of denitrifying bacteria community, respectively. Meanwhile, this study indicated that activity and community composition of denitrifiers with CT, RT and NT treatments were increased, compared with RTO treatment. This result showed that nirK, nirS and nosZ-type denitrifiers communities in crop residue applied soil had higher species diversity compared with crop residue removed soil, and denitrifying bacteria community composition were dominated by Gammaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, and Betaproteobacteria. Therefore, it is a beneficial practice to increase soil PDR level, abundance and community composition of nitrogen-functional soil microorganism by combined application of tillage with crop residue management.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.191-197
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• 2013

Purpose: Nitric oxide (NO) is a short-lived bioactive molecule that is known to play an important role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. In the current study, we investigated the effect of the flavonoid quercetin on the production of NO in murine macrophages activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Prevotella intermedia, a pathogen related to inflammatory periodontal disease, and tried to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action. Methods: LPS was isolated from P. intermedia ATCC 25611 cells by the standard hot phenol-water method. The concentration of NO in cell culture supernatants was determined by measuring the accumulation of nitrite. Inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein expression, phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38, inhibitory ${\kappa}B$ $(I{\kappa}B)-{\alpha}$ degradation, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) phosphorylation were analyzed via immunoblotting. Results: Quercetin significantly attenuated iNOS-derived NO production in RAW246.7 cells activated by P. intermedia LPS. In addition, quercetin induced HO-1 protein expression in cells activated with P. intermedia LPS. Tin protoporphyrin IX (SnPP), a competitive inhibitor of HO-1, abolished the inhibitory effect of quercetin on LPS-induced NO production. Quercetin did not affect the phosphorylation of JNK and p38 induced by P. intermedia LPS. The degradation of $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ induced by P. intermedia LPS was inhibited when the cells were treated with quercetin. Quercetin also inhibited LPS-induced STAT1 signaling. Conclusions: Quercetin significantly inhibits iNOS-derived NO production in murine macrophages activated by P. intermedia LPS via anti-inflammatory HO-1 induction and inhibition of the nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ and STAT1 signaling pathways. Our study suggests that quercetin may contribute to the modulation of host-destructive responses mediated by NO and appears to have potential as a novel therapeutic agent for treating inflammatory periodontal disease.