• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.32-40
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• 1996

To investigate the effect of dietary docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) and environmental enrichment on brain fatty acid composition and acetylcholinesterase(AChE) activity, two groups of was fed isocaloric diets containing 10 or 12% dietary lipids for 7 weeks. A third group was fed 10% (w/w) dietary lipids with supplemented 2% DHA-rich fish oil. Each diet group was housed either in a stainless steel cage individually or in a large enriched cage with toys where 7 rats were kept together. The fatty acid composition of plasma and brain was significantly affected by dietary lipid composition but not by environmental enrichment. Fish oil supplementation significanlty decreased plasma levels of monounsaturated fatty acids(MUFA) and increased polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA). Fish oil supplemented groups also maintained lower plasma n-6 fatty acids and higher n-3 fatty acids levels than unsupplemented groups. The fish oil supplementation significantly decreased arachidonic acid and increased eicosapentaenic, docosapentaenoic acids, and DHA in brain fatty acid composition. In addition, brain DHA level in supplemented groups tended higher than the unsupplemented. Brain, AChE activity significantly increased by the environmental enrichment but not by the fish oil supplementation. These finding suggest that the 2% fish oil (0.57% DHA & 0.31% EPA, per diet weigth) supplementation is enough to accumulate n-3 fatty acids and to change the n-6 n-3 ratio in brain and environmental enrichment might promote the learning ability.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.617-626
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• 1992

This study was designed to observe the effects of the feeding mixed oils of the sardine oil containing n-3 EPA(eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and the safflower oil in which were plenty of n-6 linoleic acid, on the fatty acid metabolism of serum and liver in the dietary hyperlipidemic rats. Experimental oils mixed with 16% butter(control group), 8% butter + 8% olive oil and 8% butter with various level of sardine and safflower oils were administered to the male rats of the Sprague Dawley for 4 weeks. In the fatty acid compositions of serum phospholipid, triglyceride and cholesteryl ester, according as the contents of mixed safflower oil increased, n-3 PUFA(polyunsaturated fatty acid) contents and ratio of EPA/AA(arachidonic acid) tended to be decreased, but n-6 PUFA contents and ratio of AA/PUFA tended to be increased. In the fatty acid composition of triglyceride component in liver lipid, DHA contents were most in the liver lipid. And components of cholesteryl ester, n-6 linoleic acid contents were high percentage. Fatty acid compositions of serum and liver lipids were influenced from the fatty acid composition of the test lipids.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.548-554
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• 1994

In order to observe the effects of the feeds mixed with the lard and two vegetable seed oils on the fatty acid compositions of serum lipkid and lipoprotein, the oils mixed with 2.5% lard and various levels of perilla oil and evening promrose oil were administered to the male rats of the Sprague-DAwley for 4 weeks. In the fatty acid compositions of serum lipid and serum lipoprotein fractions, as the content so f mixed perilla oil decreased and the contents of mixed evening primrose oil increased, n -3 PUFa (polyunsaturated fatty acid) contents and ratio of EPA/AA (eicisapentaenoiidacid/arachidonic acid) tended to decrease, but n-6 PUFA contents and ratio of AA/PUFA tended to increase. Fatty acid compositions of serum lipid and serum lipoprotein fractions were influenced from the fatty acid composition of the test lipids.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.59-69
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• 1995

This study designed to compare the hypolipidemic e(feats of n6 linoleic acid (LA), n3 w-linolenic acid(LL) and n3 eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) In rats fed high fat (40% Cal) diet. Male Sprague-Dawley rats fed experimental diets for 6 weeks, which were different only in fatty acid composition. The dietary fats were beef tallow (BT) as a source of saturated fatty acid (SFA), corn oil(CO) for n6 LA, perilla oil (PO) for n3 a-LL and fish oil (FO) for n3 EPA+DHA. Plasma total cholesterol (T-chol) level was increased by n6 LA but decreased by n3 LL and n3 EPA+DHA and most effectively reduced by n3 EPA+DHA. Plasma triglyceride(TG ) level was reduced by n6 LA, but lipogenesis in liver was not affected by n6 LA. However, plasma TG level was lowered by n3 LL and EPA+DHA. Both lipogenic enzyme activity and liver TG level were also decreased by n3 PUFA. PO and FO groups were significantly higher in the relative Proportions of C20:5 and C22:6 of plasma and liver and lower in those of C20:4/C20:5 ratio. Overall, the lipid-lowering effect was in the order of n3 EPA+DHA >n3 LL > n6 LA and fish oil and perilla oil rich in n3 PUFA may have important nutritional applications in the prevention and treatment of hyperlipidemia.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.773-777
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• 2013

This study examined the effects of cage rearing system and backyard raising system on fatty acid profile of egg in laying hens during 9 weeks. Two hundred hens, 70-wk-old, Hy-line Brown, were used in this study and fed basal diets. 100 hens, randomly collected from facility, were transferred to cage rearing system and 100 remaining hens were moved to backyard raising system. For overall period, higher unsaturated fatty acid percentages in two different rearing systems than did saturated fatty acid (SFA) were observed. In unsaturated fatty acid compositions, both rearing system showed a higher mono unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) contents than poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents. Egg quality traits of laying hens reared in backyard system had considerably lower contents of SFA and higher contents of MUFA compared with eggs from cage rearing system (P<0.05). In addition, eggs from cage rearing system resulted in a significantly lower n-3 contents and higher n-6:n-3 ratios and CLA contents in comparison with backyard raising system (P<0.05). However, no significant effects of two different rearing systems on PUFA, PUFA:SFA ratio, and n-6 contents were observed during the experimental period. In conclusion, this result suggests that cage rearing system and backyard raising system will play an important role in improving egg production as functional foods.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.1608-1614
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to investigate the different dietary ratios of n-6 to n-3 (n-6/n-3) fatty acid (FA) on performance and n-6/n-3 FA in muscles of broiler chickens. A total of 300 one-day-old Cobb chicks were randomly assigned to 3 treatments of 10 replicates in each (10 birds/replicate). Birds were fed on a corn-soybean meal-based diet containing 1% oil during starter (day 1 to 21) and 2% oil during finisher (day 22 to 39) phases, respectively. Treatments of high, medium and low dietary n-6/n-3 FA were formulated by replacing rice bran oil with linseed oil to achieve n-6/n-3 FA close to >20:1, 10:1 and 5:1, respectively. Average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were similar (p>0.05) among the treatments. Serum glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations were not affected (p>0.05) by dietary treatments. In breast, concentration of C18:3n-3 was significantly greater (p = 0.001) for medium and low vs high n-6/n-3 FA, while concentrations of C20:5n-3, C22:6n-3, total n-3 FA, and n-6/n-3 FA were significantly higher for low vs medium, and medium vs high dietary n-6/n-3 FA. In contrast, concentrations of C18:2 and mono-unsaturated FA (MUFA) were lower for low vs high dietary n-6/n-3 FA. In thigh muscles, concentrations of C20:5n-3 were higher (p<0.05) for medium and low vs high dietary n-6/n-3 FA, and concentrations of C18:3n-3, C22:6, and n-3 FA were greater (p<0.05) for medium vs high, low vs medium dietary n-6/n-3 FA. However, concentrations of C18:1, MUFA, n-6/n-3 were lower (p<0.05) for low and medium vs high dietary n-6/n-3 FA. In conclusion, lowering the dietary n-6/n-3 FA did not affect the performance of chickens, but enhanced beneficial long-chain n-3 FA and decreased n-6/n-3 FA in chicken breast and thigh, which could be advantageous for obtaining healthy chicken products.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.264-271
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• 2011

The effect of replacement of fish meal (FM) in diets with sand smelt meal (SSM) on fatty acid composition of carp fry, Cyprinus carpio, was examined. Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic (38% crude protein, $15.75\;kJ\;g^{-1}$) diets replacing 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% FM protein by SSM protein were formulated. Each diet was randomly allocated to triplicate groups of fish in aquaria, and each aquarium was stocked with 20 fish (initial average weight of $0.300{\pm}0.65\;g\;fish^{-1}$). Fish were fed twice daily to apparent satiation for 13 weeks. Results indicated that final weight, specific growth rate and feed efficiency ratio of fish fed with different SSM replacement diets did not differ significantly (p>0.05) from fish fed the control diet, except for 100% SSM level. No significant differences were noted among experimental treatments on dry matter, protein, lipid and ash contents of the fish body composition (p>0.05). Fatty acid analysis showed that saturated fatty acids in fish muscle significantly decreased, but monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) did not change with increasing dietary SSM. However, some changes also could be observed for some particular fatty acids in experimental fish. For example, the amounts of 15:0, 17:0, 18:1n-7, 18:2n-6 and 22:5n-3 significantly increased, but 16:0, 18:1n-9, 18:3n-3 and 20:1 n-9 significantly decreased with increasing dietary SSM. Total n-6 PUFA increased with increasing dietary SSM, but total n-3 PUFA were not changed in muscle of fish fed the experimental diets. The ratio of n-3 to n-6 was not affected significantly in muscle of fish fed the experimental diets containing different proportions of SSM, including the control diet.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.543-551
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• 1993

This study was designed to observe the effects of the feeding mixed with the sardine oil containing n-3 EPA, DHA and the safflower oil in which rich n-6 linoleic acid on the improvement of the lipids and on the fatty acid matabolism of serum lipoprotein in the dietary hyperlipidemic rats. Experimental oils mixed with 16% butter(control group) and 8% butter+8% olive oil, 8% butter and various level of sardine and safflower oils were administered to the male rats of the Sprague Dawley for 4 weeks. Concentrations of total cholesterol in serum lipoproteins were highest in the LDL, followed by VLDL, HDL and chylomicron components. in the triglyceride concentrations, chylomicron were highest, and much VLDL, LDL, HDL components. There were highest in the HDL, followed by LDL, VLDL and chylomicron in phospholipid concentrations of serum lipoproteins. Concentrations of total cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid in serum lipoprotein were lower in the other groups than in the control groups, and particularly, lowest in the group 5(4% sardine oil+4% safflower oil). From this results, the feeding equal quantity mixed oil with n-3 PUFA rich sardine oil and n-6 PUFA rich safflower oil were effective on the improvement of the lipid composition in the serum lipoprotein. It might be due to the effects of appropriate rations of P/S, 0.85 and n-6/n-3P, 2.85 in the test lipids. In the fatty acid composition of serum lipoprotein, ratio of P/S and n-3/n-6P were influenced from the fatty acid compositions of the mixed test lipids. And EPA contents were higher in the chylomicron components.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.391-397
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• 2015

Two hundred and sixteen Institut de S$\acute{e}$lection Animale (ISA) brown layers (40 wks of age) were studied for 6 wks to examine the effect of microalgae powder (MAP) on egg production, egg quality, blood lipid profile, and fatty acid concentration of egg yolk. Dietary treatments were as follows: i) CON (basal diet), ii) 0.5% MAP (CON+0.5% Schizochytrium powder), and iii) 1.0% MAP (CON+1.0% Schizochytrium powder). From 44 to 46 wks, egg production was higher in 1.0% MAP treatment than in control treatment (linear, p = 0.034); however, there was no difference on the egg production from 40 to 43 wks (p>0.05). Serum triglyceride and total cholesterol were significantly reduced in the groups fed with MAP, compared to those in groups fed with control diets (Quadratic, p = 0.034 and p = 0.039, respectively). Inclusion of 0.5% MAP in the diet of layers improved egg yolk color, compared with hens fed with basal diet at 46 wks (quadratic, p = 0.044). Eggshell thickness was linearly increased in MAP-fed treatments at 46th wk (p<0.05). Concentration of yolk docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6n-3) was increased in treatment groups fed with MAP (linear, p<0.05). The n-6 fatty acids, n-6/n-3 fatty acid, and unsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid were decreased in treatment groups fed with MAP (linear, p<0.05). These results suggest that MAP improved the egg production and egg quality, and may affect serum lipid metabolites in the layers. In addition, MAP increases yolk DHA levels, and deceases n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.182-187
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has been shown to generally decrease levels of innate immune markers and inflammatory cytokines, but the specific associations between blood levels of PUFAs and those of innate immune markers have not been investigated. Thus, the present study was conducted to test the hypothesis that innate immune markers as well as cytokines are negatively associated with n-3 PUFAs but positively associated with n-6 PUFAs in healthy adults. MATERIALS/METHODS: One hundred sixty-five healthy Korean adults aged 25-70 years old were included in this cross-sectional study. RESULTS: Serum levels of n-3 PUFAs, such as 18:3n3, 20:5n3, 22:5n3, and 22:6n3 were negatively correlated with eosinophil and basophil counts and $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IFN-{\gamma}$, IL-4, and IL-10 levels. Multivariate analysis also showed that serum levels of n-3 PUFAs were negatively associated with monocyte, eosinophil, and basophil counts and $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IFN-{\gamma}$, IL-4, and IL-12 levels. Additionally, the ratio of 20:4n6 to 20:5n3 was positively correlated with eosinophil counts and associated with $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IFN-{\gamma}$, and IL-4 levels. However, NK cell activity was not associated with serum fatty acid composition. CONCLUSIONS: Innate immune markers such as eosinophil, monocyte, and basophil counts were inversely associated with serum levels of n-3 PUFAs, but were positively associated with the 20:4n6/20:5n3 ratio in this population.